Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Authenticated | 192.87.31.20
Download Date | 5/20/14 3:47 PM
2.
Tenney Frank
Charles T. Seltman
6.
7.
Cecil M. Bowra
8.
Epigraphica Attica
Benjamin D. Meritt
10.
I I.
I3.
15.
1955
COPYRIGHT, 1955
BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF OBERLIN COLLEGE
TO MY COLLEAGUES
AT COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
PREFACE
I welcomed the
but
I de
1 3, 1 954.
CONTENTS
PAGE
I.
2.
RENAISSANCE PLATONISM
.f..
3
-
- .24
- 48
70
1.
THE CLASSICS
5
a
THE CLASSICS
THE CLASSICS
10
THE CLASSICS
II
THE CLASSICS
13
THE CLASSICS
IS
16
THE CLASSICS
More obvious
17
18
THE CLASSICS
19
cal works provided the theory, and his orations, letters, and
dialogues the concrete models for the main branches of prose
literature, whereas the structure of his well-cadenced sen
tences was imitated in all kinds of literary compositions.
Through his philosophical writings, he served as a source of
information for several schools of Greek philosophy and also
as a model of that eclectic type of thinking which was pre
pared to take its crumbs of knowledge wherever it could
find them, and which also characterizes many of the human
ist treatises. Finally, the synthesis of philosophy and rhet
oric in his work provided the humanists with a favorite
ideal, namely the combination of eloquence and wisdom, an
ideal whic pervades so much of Renaissance literature. It
is true that many of the minor humanists were quite satis
fied with eloquence alone, or convinced that enough wisdom
would come along with it without further effort; whereas
many others took shallow commonplaces for wisdom. Yet
we should also remember that many of the greater human
ists such as Petrarch and Salutati, Valla and Bruni, Alberti
and Pontano, Erasmus, More and Montaigne were able to
add genuine wisdom to their eloquence.
After the middle of the fifteenth century, the inftuence
of humanistic learning spread outside the limits of the studi
humanitatis into all areas of Renaissance culture, including
philosophy and the various sciences. This was due not only
to the fashionable prestige of the humanities, but also to the
fact that practically every scholar received a humanistic
training in secondary school before he acquired a profes
sional training in any of the other disciplines at the univer
sity. On the other hand, some of the humanists also began
to realize that a thorough study of philosophy should be
added to the studia humnitatis.11 Consequently, we find a
number of important thinkers in the fifteenth century, such
as Cusanus, Ficino, and Pico, and many more in the six
teenth, who combined a more or less thoroughgoing human-
20
THE CLASSICS
21
22
THE CLASSICS
23
2.
25
26
THE CLASSICS
AN D RENAISSANCE THOUGHT
27
THE CLASSICS
29
30
THE CLASSICS
31
32
THE CLASSICS
33
34
THE CLASSICS
3S
THE CLASSICS
37
THE CLASSICS
39
40
THE CLASSICS
THE CLASSICS
43
THE CLASSICS
4S
THE CLASSICS
47
3.
RENAISSANCE
PLATONISM
49
so
THE CLASSICS
51
52
THE CLASSICS
patristic authors.
53
54
THE CLASSICS
.55
THE CLASSICS
57
ss
THE CLASSICS
logues were for the first time translated into Latin during
the first half of the fifteenth century, including such works
as the Republic, the Laws, the Gorgias and the Phaedrus.
Some of these translations, like those of Leonardo Bruni,
attained great popularity.21 Other Platonist authors of an
tiquity- were .also made available in new Latin versions, and
in the eclectic thought of the literary humanists Plato and
his ancient followers occupied their appropriate place.
Finally, . .at a time when a revival of everything -ancient was
the order of the day, and when restatements of many an
cient philosophies were being attempted as a philosop'hical
sequel to classical humanism, a revival -of Platonism in one
form or another was bound to occur.
. However, Renaissance Platonism, in spite of its close
links with classical humanism, cannot be understood as a
mere part ot offshoot of the humanistic movement. It pos
sesses independent significance as a philosophical, not mere
ly as a scholarly or literary, movement ; it is connected both
with the Augustinian and Aristotelian traditions of medie
val philosophy ; and thanks to the work of three major
thinkers of the late fifteenth century, it became a major
factor in the intellectual history of the sixteenth, and even
a fterwards. The earliest and greatest of the three, Nico
laus Cusanus, was indebted to German and Dutch mysti
cism. as well as to Italian humanism. 22 In his philosophical
thought, which has many original features, notions derived
from Plato, Proclus, and the Areopagite play a major part.
He interprets the ideas in the divine mind as a single arche-
59
6o
THE CLASSICS
61
6.2
THE CLASSICS
THE CLASSICS
6s
66
THE CLASSICS
.
68
THE CLASSICS
Plato. On the other hand, his claims for the absolute cer
tainty of mathematical knowledge are truly Platonic, and
his demand that nature should be understood in quantita
tive, mathematical terms is no less in line with the Platonist
position of his time because he rejects the Pythagorean
number symbolism often associated with it. Finally, in the
famous passage where he also refers to Plato's theory of
reminiscence, he states not merely that first principles are
evident without demonstration, as any Aristotelian would
have granted, but that they are spontaneously known and
produced by the human mind, which is specifically Pla
tonic!' The fact that there are Aristotelian, Democritean,
and novel elements in Galileo's thought does not disprove
that Platonic notions are also present in it, and as long as
we are inclined to attribute any significance to these latter
notions, we are entitled to assign to Galileo a place in the
history of Platonism.
With the beginning of a new period of philosophical
and scientific thought in the seventeenth century, the Pla
tonic tradition ceases to dominate the development as a
separate movement, but continues to influence a number o f
secondary currents and the thought of many leading think
ers. In the case of Descartes, his indebtedness to scholas
tic terminology and arguments is now generally admitted,
but it has also been shown, though this is less widely known,
that he borrowed important elements in ethics from the
Stoics, and in epistemology and metaphysics from Plato
nism.u Spinoza's thought contains many Platonist elements,
and his notion of the intellectual love of God has been con
nected with the love speculation of the Renaissance, and
especially with Leone Ebreo. It is even easier to point out
the Platonizing elements in Malebranche, Leibniz, Kant,
and Goethe. Even England, where the prevailing philo
sophical and scientific tradition seems to be represented by
B acon, Locke, and Hume, by Boyle and Newton, produced
6g
4.
THE CLASSICS
73
THE CLASSICS
74
75
THE CLASSICS
77
THE CLASSICS
79
The theo
8o
THE CLASSICS
81
THE CLASSICS
among the
At the
THE CLASSICS
ss
86
THE CLASSICS
88
THE CLASSICS
8g
go
THE CLASSICS
91
GENERAL B I B LIOGRAPHY
BoLGAR, R. R. The Classical Heritage and Its Beneficiaries. Cambridge, 1954.
CASSIRER, E. Das Erkenntnisproblem. vol. I. Berlin, 1922.
The Renaissance
Bern, 1948.
au
Mittelalterliches Geistesleben.
2nd ed.
Cambridge,
Oxford, 1949.
3 vols.
Paris-Ottawa, 1933.
RAsHDALL, H.
93
SAI'ITA, G. 11
SANDYS, SIR J.
3 vols.
3 vols.
Cambridge,
1908-1921.
SAR.TON, G.
1948.
Storia letteraria d'Italia. Milan : Vallardi.
11 Quattrocento, 1933.
THOilNDIKE,
TIRABOSCHI, G,
ToFFANIN, G.
UEBERWEG, F.
1924-1928.
Die Wiederbelebung des classischen Althertums.
Berlin, 1 893.
VOIGT, G.
3rd ed.
2 vols.
WooDWARD, WILLIAM
----
ZELLER,
NOTES
x.
95
rarch and the Textual Tradition of Livy," Journal of the Warburg and Crnsrt
auld Institutes, XIV ( 195 1 ) , 137-208.
I3 Louise R. Loomis, Medie'flal Hellenism (Lancaster, Pa. 1906 ) . Valua
ble recent studies by R. Weiss and others do not fundamentally alter this picture.
14- K. Krumbacher, Geschichte der byzantinischen Literatur, 2nd ed. (Mu
nich, 1897) ; L Brehier, La ci'llilisation byzantine ( Paris, 1950) ; A. A. Vasiliev,
History of the Byzantine Empire ( Madison, Wis., 1952) , 713-722 ; J. Verpeaux,
"Byzance et l'humanisme," Bulletin de /'Association Guillaume Bude, ser. 3, no.
3 ( October 1952) , 25-38.
IS. M. De Wulf, Histoire de Ia philosophie mtdie'Uale ( Louvain, I 934I947 ) , I ( I934 ) , 64-80, II ( 1936 ) , 25-58 ( these valuable sections by A. Pelzer
have not been completely included in the American translation) ; G. Sarton,
Introduction to the History of Science, 3 vols. ( Baltimore, 192.7-I948) ; J. T.
Muckle, "Greek Works translated directly into Latin before I3SO," Mediaeflal
Studies, IV ( 1 942.) , 33-42., V ( 1943 ) , I02.- I I4 ; G. Lacombe and others, Aris
toteles LatitiiJls, I ( Rome, 1939) ; E. Garin, "Le traduzioni umanistiche di Aris
totele nel secolo XV," Atti dell 'AccaJemia Fiormtina di Scienze Morali 'La
Colombariti1 VIII ( I9SO),
I 6. Cf. the works of Gentile, Saitta, and Garin.
I7 C. Lenient, De Ciceroniano bell'() apud recentiores ( Paris, 1855) ; R.
Sabbadini, Storia del Ciceronianismo ( Turin, 1885 ) ; Th. Zielinski, Cicero im
Wandel der Jahrhunderte1 3rd ed. ( Leipzig, 1912) ; H. Baron, "Cicero and the
Roman Civic Spirit in the Middle Ages and Early Renaissance," Bulletin of
the John Rylands Library) XXII ( I93 8 ) , 72.-97 ; W. Riiegg, CictrtJ und der Hu
manismus, lzora Scott, Controflersies Ofltr the Imitation of Cicero (New York,
I910) .
1 8. Alamanno Rinuccini, Lettere ed Orazioni, ed. V. R. Giustiniani ( Flor
ence, I95 3 ) , 97
I9 P. 0. Kristeller, "Florentine Platonism and Its Relations with Human
ism and Scholasticism," Church History, VIII ( 1939) , 2.01-:Z.I I.
20.
G. Gentile, "II concetto dell'uomo nel Rinascimento," in his II Pensiero
italiano del Rmascimento, 3rd ed. ( Florence, 1940), 47-II3 ; P. 0. Kristeller,
"The Philosophy of Man in the Italian Renaissance," Italica1 XXIV ( 1947 ) ,
931 JZ,
21. Cf. "Du repentir," Essais1 III, 2..
2.
THE CLASSICS
g6
97
RENAISSANCE PLATONISM
1.
z.
3
4
5
1954) .
6.
193 3 ) .
THE CLASSICS
1 R. Klibansky, The Continuity of the Plato11ic Tradition during the Mid
dle Ages (London, I939 and I950) . This little book is the most important
single, though not the only, source of this lecture down to the fifteenth century.
Cf. also P. Shorey, Platonism Ancient and Modern ( Berkeley, I938) .
8.
u.
99
25. loannes Picus, Oratio de hominis dignitate, in Latin and English (Lex
ington, Ky., 1953 ) .
26. P. 0. Kristeller, "Francesco d a Diacceto and Florentine Platonism in
the Sixteenth Century," Miscellanea Gio'llanni Mercati, IV (Vatican City,
1946), 260-304 ; Nesca A. Robb, Neop/atonism of the Italian Renaissance (Lon
don, 193 5 ) .
27. S. Greenberg, The Infinite in Giordano Bruno ( New York, 1950) ;
Dorothy W. Singer, Giordano Bruno ( New York, 1950) .
28. R. Marcel, "Les 'decouvertes' d'Erasme en Angleterre," Bibliotheque
d'Humanisme et Renaissance, XIV ( 1952) I I 7-123.
29. J. Hexter, More's Utopia (Princeton, 1952) .
30 A. Renaudet, Pririforme et Humanisme a Paris (Paris, 1916) .
3 1. Chr. Sigwart, Ulrich Zwi.ngli, Der Charakter seiner Theologie mit be
sonderer Rucksicht auf Picus 'liOn Mirando/a dargestellt ( Stuttgart, 185s ) .
32. J. Blau, The Christian Interpretation of the Cabala in the Renaissance
( New York, 1944) .
33 Roy W. Battenhouse, "The Doctrine of Man in Calvin and in Renais
sance Platonism," Journal of the History of Ideas, IX ( 1948 ) , 447-471.
34 E. Massa, "L'anima e l'uomo in Egidio di Viterbo e nelle foote classiche
e medievali," Testi Umanistici inediti sui 'De A.nima' (Archivio di Filosofia,
Padua, 195 1 ) , 37-86.
35 J. D. Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum Nova et Amplissima Collectio,
XXXII (Paris, 1902 ) , 842-843.
36. W. Moench, Die italienische Platonrenaissance <JMd ihre Bedeutung
fiir Frankreichs Literatur- und Geistes{/eschichte ( Berlin, 193 6 } .
37 Sears Jayne, "Ficino and the Platonism o f the English Renaissance,"
Comparative Literature, IV ( 1952 ) , 214-238.
38. Robb, Neoplatonism of the Italian Renaissance, 1 77ff : L. Tonelli,
L'amore nella poesia e :nel pensiero del Rinascimento ( Florence, 1933 ) .
39 I n his Poetica, a work of which I was able to discover extensive un
published sections in a group of manuscripts ( Parma, Biblioteca Palatina, cod.
Pal. 408, 417, and 42 1 ) .
40. P. 0. Kristeller, "The Modern System o f the Arts," J6urnal o f the His
tory of Ideas, XII ( 195 1 ) , 496-527, XIII ( 1952) , 1 7-46.
41.
100
THE CLASSICS
101
u.
K. Burdach, Reformation, Renaissance, Humanismus, 2nd ed. ( Berlin
Leipzig, 1926 ) .
12. G . Toffanin, Storia dell 'umanesimo ; Che cosa fu l'umanesimo (Flor
ence, 1 929 ) .
1 3 . H.-I. Marrou, Saint A.ugustin e t Ia fin de Ia cu[t.ure antique (Paris,
1938) ; Renucci, L'Aventure de l'Humanisme Europeen au Moyen Age, Martin
R. P. McGuire, "Mediaeval Humanism," The Catholic Historical Re'View,
XXXVIII ( 1 9 5 3 ) , 397-409.
14. Charles N. Cochrane, Christianity and Classical Culture (London,
1 944) , cf. my review in the Journal of Philosophy, XLI ( 1944) , 576-5 8 1 ; Harry
A. Wolfson, Philo, 2 vols. ( Cambridge, Mass., 1947) , cf. my review in the
Journal of Philosophy, XLVI ( 1949 ) , 359-363. One may also compare the
manner in which E. Gilson (Les Metam orphoses de Ia cite de Dieu [Louvain
Paris, 1952], 6ff) tries to evade the obvious contribution of Stoicism to the no
tion of human solidarity.
1 5 . M. Grabmann, Die Geschichte der katholischen Theo logie ( Freiburg,
1933 ) , 1 5ff ; J. De Ghellinck, Le mouvement thtfologique du XII e siecle, 2nd
ed. ( Brussels-Paris, 1 948) ; Artur M. Landgraf, Einfiihrung in die Geschichte
der theologischen Literatur der Friihscholastik (Regensburg, 1948 ) .
16. P. 0. Kristeller, "Augustine and the Early Renaissance," Re'View of
Religion, VIII ( 1944) , 3 39-3 58.
1 7. P. De Nolhac, Petrarque et I'humanisme, 2nd ed. (Paris, 1907 ) .
1 8 . Q. Breen, John Calvin: A Study i n French Humanism ( Grand Rapids,
193 1 ) ; Paul Wernle, Die Renaissance des Christentums im 16. Jahrhundert
( Tuebingen-Leipzig, 1904) , who stresses this aspect especially in Erasmus and
Zwingli.
19. Kristeller, "Augustine and the Early Renaissance" ; P. Polman, L'EU
ment historique dans Ia controverse religieuse d.u XIII e siecle ( Gembloux,
1932 ) .
20.
U. Cassuto, Gli Ebrei a Firem:e nell 'eta del rinascimento ( Florence,
1 9 18 ) , 275 ; S. Garofalo, "Gii umanisti italiani del secolo XV e Ia Bibbia,"
Biblica, XXVII ( 1946 ) , 33 8-375.
21. Grabmann, Die Geschichte der katholischen Theologie, ISS ; L. von
Pastor, Geschichte der Piipste, X ( Freiburg, 1926 ) ' I47ff, s6off.
22. Polman, L'Etement historique.
23. Grabmann, Die Geschichte der katholischro Theologie, 18sff.
24. Bruni, Humanistisch-philosophische Schriften, ed. H. Baron, 99f, 1 6of.
25. R. Sabbadini, La scuola e gli studi di Guarino Guarini flero,nese ( Cat
ania, 1896 ) , 13 8ff.
26. Pastor, Geschichte der Piipste, x, 189 ; Polman, L'EUment historique,
392ff.
27. Polman, 5 39ff ( "A Ia considerer dans son orientation historique, Ia
controverse religieuse du XVI e siecle se rattache a l'humanisme") . E. Fueter
( Geschichte der neueren Historiographic [Munich, 1 9 1 1 ] , 246ff) misses the
problem by stating that humanism ignored the church, and that ecclesiastic his
toriography, as a child of the Reformation, was independent of humanism.
THE CLASSICS
102
INDEX
Abelard 7S
Academy of Plato 26, so
Academy, Platonic, at Florence 59, 6o,
69
Aegidius of Viterbo 63
Agricola, Rudolphus 17
Alberti, Leone Battista 17, 19
Alcala, University of 35
Alcuin 10
Alexander of Aphrodisias 24, 26, 4off.
Alexandria (in Egypt) 29, so
Alfarabi 54
Ambrogio Traversari So
Ambrose, St. 76, S1
Ammonius Saccas 5 I
Anselm 36, 7S
Apologists, Christian 75
Apuleius 54
Aquinas, see Thomas, St.
Arabs, influence on Middle Ages 7 ;
Platonism in 5 3f. ; studies of Aris
totle and other Greek authors 27ff. ;
use of Arabic sources in western
Europe 30f., 6o, 62
Aristotle 7, n, 12, 16, 17, 21, 24ff.
( chapter 2 passim ) , 50ff., 53. 67 ;
influence of, chapter 2 ; Latin trans
lations of 29-30, 39 ; nature and
transmission of writings 25ff.
Aristotelian tradition and philosophy
12, 22, 24ff. ( chapter 2) , 56-7, 58,
60, 64, 67-S, 71, 72, 77-8, S2 j at
tacks on 42ff., 5S, 64t 67, S s ;
changes of 38ff. ; combined with or
adapted to Platonism 26., soff.,
6d. ; in medieval curriculum 3 1 ff. ;
overthrow of in seventeenth century
44ff.
Arnobius 76
Augustine, St. 29, 55, 76, 77, 81, 82 ;
Augustinianism ss ff. ptJSsim; "Ren
aissance Augustinianism" Szff.
INDEX
1 04
Champier, Symphonien 63
Chartres, school of II, s6f.
Chrysippus 24
Chrysoloras 5 7
Chrysostom, John So
Cicero 9, 12, 141 1 S-9, 2 1 , 29, 54f., 65
Classicism 6, 21, 70- 1, S S
Clement of Alexandria 5 1 , 7 6
Coimbra 3 5
Coleridge 6 9
Colet, John 62, 79, S 2
Corpus Juris Civilis I I , 3 1
Cremonini 3 6 , 6 2
Cusanus, Nicolaus 1 9 , s S-9, 6 d f.
passim, 73, 8 5
Cyprian
76
Damiani, Peter 7S
Dante 64
Democritus 24, 67f.
Demosthenes 17
Descartes 23, 35, 6S
Devotio Mo derna 57, 73, 84
Diacceto, Francesco da
6 1 , 64
Dictatores 1i-3
Diogenes Laertius 21
Dionysius the Areopagite
52, 5 5, 57f.,
62
22,
26, 29
Erasmus
87, 9 1
3 S,
59-66
63
Gafurio, Francesco 65
Galen 7, I I , 1 7, 2S, 45
Galileo Galilei 22, 3S, 42 ; attack on
Aristotelian natural philosophy
44ff. ; Platonism in 67-8
Galileo, Vincenzo 65
Gassendi 22
Gellius, Aulus 9
Gemistus Pletho 5 3 1 57, 59
Goethe 6S
Gratian 31, 7S
Gregory of Nazianus So
Gregory of Nyssa So
Guarino Guarini Veronese 8 1
Heraclitus 24
Hermes Trismegistus ( Hermetic writings) 2 1 , 5 I , 5 3 f., 56, 59. 6 I f.
Herodotus 17
Hippocrates 71 1 7
Homer 1 7
Humanism, history and meaning of
term S ff. ; Christian humanism,
meaning of 86ff. ; influence on Ren
aissance culture zoff. ; humanism
and religious thought in Renais
sance 74ff. ( chapter 4 passim)
Humanists, meaning of term in Ren
aissance 9ff. ; activities of Renais
sance humanists n ff., 39
Hume 22, 6S
Imitation of Christ 73
!socrates
30, 5 5
44,
Filelfo 1 7
Flandinus, Ambrosius
Florence 57, 6o, 61
12, 171 1 8
J ansenists 8 6
Jerome, St. 76, 791 S 1 , 84
Jesuits 3 S, 79, S7
John of Damascus 77
John, St., the Evangelist 75
John of Salisbury 10
INDEX
Kant 68
Kepler 66-7
Lactantius 76, 8 1
Landino 64
Lanfranc 35
Laon, school of 78
Leibniz 35, 68
Leiden, University 87
Leone Ebreo 64, 68
Lipsius, Justus 22
Livy 2 1
Locke 6 8
Louvain, University 34
Lucian 17, x 8, 21
Lucretius 14, 29
Luke, St., gospel of 75
Lupus of Ferrieres xo
Luther 35, 63, 79, 82, 85, 86-7
Lyon, poets of 63
Machiavelli 21
Macrobius 54
Maimonides 29
Malebranche 68
Manetti 20, 79
Manilius 14
Marguerite of Navarre 63
Mazzoni, Jacobo 61
Medici, Lorenzo de' 63
Melanchthon 35, 79, 87
Michelangelo 63, 65
Montaigne 19, 20, 22
Morcillo 6 1
More, Thomas 1 9 , 21, 62, 8 7
Mysticism 52, 57f., 7 3 , 83f.
Naples, University 36
Nemesius of Emesa 5 6
Neoplatonism Z I , 24, z6ff., sxff. ( chap
ter 3 passim ) , 76, 83
Neopytbagoreanism
51
( see also
Pythagoras)
Newton 68
Nifo 62
105
Nizolius 17, 43
Ockham, William of 33, 78 ; Occamism 32, 34, 37.
Oratori ans 86
Origen 5 I , 77
Orleans, grammarians of I I
Orpheus, writings attributed to
( Orphism) 2 1 , 53, 6 1
Ovid 14
Oxford, University 33, 34, 36, 87
Padua, University 37, 87
"Paganism" of Renaissance 7 1 ff.
Panaetius 24, 50
Pantheism 7 1
Paracelsus 44 , 6 1
Paris, University 3 1, 33, 34, 3 6 , 78
Parmenides 24, 49
Patrizi, Francesco 44, 6o, 6 x , 64, 66,
8s
Paul, St., the Apostle 52, 7 5 , 8 2
Peter Lombard 3 1 , 3 6 , 3 8, 7 8 , 79
Petrarch 17, 19, 20, 38, 42, 57-8, 78,
84f. ; "Petrarchism" 64
Philo Judaeus 26, 5 1 , 76, 77
Pico della Mirandola 19, 44, 6o-3
passim
Pisa, University 6o
Plato 12, 17, 21, 24ff. passim, 39, 41,
44 ; influence of 48ff. ( chapter 3
passim ) ; nature of writings 49ff.
Platonism, or Platonic tradition 22,
24-5, 29, 35, 43-4, 48ff. ( chapter 3
passim ) , 71, 76f., 82, 85 ; Middle
Platonism so-x, 54 ; "Musical Pla
tonism" 65 ; "Platonic Love" 59f.,
6z, 63f., 68 ( see also Neoplatonism)
Plotinus 17, 49, s x ff. passim, 62, 65,
66 ( see also Neoplatonism)
Plutarch 17, x 8, 2 1
Poetics of Aristotle i n sixteenth century 40
Poggio 17
Polybius 2 1
Pomponazzi 36-42 passim, 62, 63
Io6
INDEX
Pontano 19
Porphyry 27, 30, s6
Posidonius 24, so, 52
Proclus 30-1, szff. passim
Psellus, Michael 53
Ptolemy 7, n, 1 7
Pythagoras and Pythagoreanism 21,
5 1, 53, 59, 61, 66, 68
Ramus, Peter 17, 43, 63
Raphael 44, 65
Reformation 35, 70ff. passim
Renaissance, meaning of tenn as used
in this work 3ff.
Reuchlin 63
Rhetoric, tradition of in Western cul
ture n ff.
Rhetoric of Aristotle in sixteenth century 40
Rome, University 6o
Salamanca, University 35, 87
Salerno, University 36
Salutati 17, 19
Sanchez 22
Savonarola 73
Scholasticism 35f., 68, 75, 77-9, 83, 86,
87
Scotus, Duns 32, 33, 37, 38, 78
Seneca 14. 29, 54, 65, 87
Sextus Empiricus 17, 21, 24
Shaftesbury 69
Simplicius 26, 41
Skepticism 22, 26, 29, 35, so, 54
Socrates 49