10/18/2015

PentronicPt100sensors

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Pt100sensors

Resistancethermometertheory
Content
Platinumresistancethermometers(Pt100/Pt1000)

Calibrationtheory

SPRTsforcalibration
IPRTsforindustrialuse
Filmdetectors(Pt100/Pt1000)

Tablesandpolynomials

BuildingblocksofthePt100sensor
TolerancesasperIEC60751
IEC60751(1995)
Protectivetubes
Outputsignalconnections
Temperatureranges
Propertiesandsourcesoferror
Hysteresis
Stability
Responsetime
Measuringjunctionlocation
Platinumoxides
WiringofPt100sensors
Twowireconnection
Threewireconnection
Fourwireconnection
Colourcoding
WhatthePt100indicatorreallymeasures
Synopsisoferrorsources
ComparisonThermocouplevsPt100

Platinumresistancethermometers(Pt100/Pt1000)
Resistancethermometersworkontheprinciplethattheresistanceofametalvarieswith
temperature.Whenaccuratelaboratorymeasurementsarerequired,onlystandard
platinumresistancethermometers(SPRTs)areused.
Therearetworeasonsforthis:

1. Platinumisnotonlyanoblemetalbutalsothemostelectricallystablemetal
knowntoman.
2. Theplatinumresistancethermometer,PRT,isthereferenceonwhichthe
internationaldefinitionoftemperatureisbased.Solongastheinternational
temperaturescale,ITS90,isvalid,thePRTisthemostaccuratemeansof
measuringtemperature.
IndustrialplatinumresistancethermometersareknownasIPRTs,themostwidelyusedof
whichisthePt100,whichhasaresistanceof100ohmsat0C.

SPRTsforcalibration
Standardplatinumresistancethermometers(SPRTs)are
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usedforcalibrationunderITS90.Thesearemadeof
extremelypureplatinumandthereforerespondmore
faithfullytothelawsofphysics(thermodynamics)andare
morepredictablethananyothertypeoftemperature
sensor.
Thetemperaturescaleiscreatedusinganumberoffixed
pointsphasetransitionpointsfordifferentmaterials.
ThePRTservesasaninterpolationinstrumentforthe
intervalsbetweenthefixedpointsonascalefrom
approx.259C(14K)to962C.
TheSPRThasthefollowingproperties:
Extremelypureplatinumwire(alfavalueatleast
0.003926).
Freelysuspendedbifilarwoundwires(0.07mm
diameterforPt25)
Thewiresareenclosedinceramicinhighpurity
aluminiumorquartzglass.
Thewiresareheattreatedtoreducestrainand
oxidation.
Theleadsareweldedplatinumtoplatinum
Theprobeissealedinacontrolledatmosphere.
Theentireprocessfromdrawingofthewirethrough
tofinalassemblyshouldtakeplaceunderthecleanest
possibleconditions.

Thereferencedetectorforcalibrationisthe
SPRT,whichisa
highlyaccurateanddelicateplatinum
resistancethermometer.
Hysteresisisminimizedbyfreesuspensionof
thewires.Thedetectorcanpracticallybe
constructedindifferentways.Normallythe
lengthofthedeviceis5070mm.

Thisresultsinanextremelyaccuratedetector,although
itisunfortunatelytoodelicateforuseoutsidethe
calibrationlaboratory.

IPRTsforindustrialuse
Theindustrialplatinumresistancethermometer(IPRT)is
ofmorerobustdesignthantheSPRTandcapableof
withstandinggreaterphysicalstresses.Asfaraspossible,
itcorrespondstothelaboratorystandard.

PentronicmainlyusesthePt100detector,
thedesignofwhichisveryclosetothatof

Nonetheless,industrialplatinumprobesalways
constituteacompromiseinordertooptimizecertain
requiredproperties.Commonrequirementsinclude:
Lowhysteresis
Highstability
Hightolerancetovibration
Hermeticallysealedenclosure
Widetemperaturerange
Automatedproduction
Minimumproductioncost
Smallsize
WhenaccuracyiscrucialPentronicusuallyusesdetectors
madebyTDIIsotechinBritain.Theconstructionisas
closetothatoftheSPRTasitispossibletogetat
present.
80%ofthelengthofthewireisfreelysuspendedto
minimizehysteresis
Bifilarwoundwires
Alfavalue=0.3851ohms/C(Pt100)asperIEC
60751
Ceramicsheathofpurealuminiumoxide
Cleanenvironmentformanufacture
Alldetectorsassembledbyhand
Pureplatinumleads
Heattreated

detectorsusedinthelaboratory.
80%ofthelengthofthebifilarwoundwireis
freelysuspendedtomakeitsuitablefor
industrialapplications.
Thebodymustnotbelessthandiameter1,5
x15mmtoincludethebestproperties.

PhotoshowingIPRTs.Abovetwothinfilm
Pt100detectorsandbelowonewirewound
devicewhichmeasuresdiameter2,8x25
mm.

BobbinwoundPt100detectorinprinciple.
Theplatinumwireisfixedtothesupporting
materialsbyglassoraluminiumoxide.
Whenthewireexpandsduetoheatcycling
hysteresiswillbetheresult.Seebelow.

Themixingofdifferentmetalsalongtheleadsfromthe
resistortothesensorterminalscangiverisetoSeebeck
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voltagesthatcausereadingerrors.

Filmdetectors(Pt100/Pt1000)
Filmdetectorsfirsthadtheirmarketinwhiteware
applications.Filmdetectorsaremadeinautomated
processesandfitthemeasurementneedsof
householdequipmentsverywell.

Filmdetectorshaveaplatinumpatternfixed
ontoitssurfacethatgives100or1000ohms

Nowthesedetectorsareusedinindustrialapplications
wherelowcosttakespriorityoveraccuracyandhigh
temperaturemeasurements.

resistanceat0C.TheyareknownasPt100and
Pt1000respectively.

Beawareofthefactthatfilmdetectorshavelimited
temperaturerangescomparedtothewirewound
resistors.ForexampleclassA30to+300Cfor
assembledsensors.

BuildingblocksofthePt100sensor
AnindustrialPt100sensorusuallycomprisesthreemaincomponents:asensingelement
ordetector,aprotectivetubeandaconnection.Thesecanbecombinedinnumerousways
toachievethedesiredproperties.
Detectors
PentronicstocksawiderangeofPt100wirewoundeddetectors,(alsocalledresistors)the
modelsvaryinginsizeandtoleranceclass.Thediameteroftheresistorelementranges
between0.9and2.8mm,andthelengthbetween6and50mm.
Therearetwoprincipalsizesofindustrialsensorforapplicationsinwhichpriorityisgiven
toaccuracyandstability:2.8mmdia.x25mmand1.5mmdia.x15mm.Ifyouneedto
specifyadifferentlength,wewillensurethatthediameteristhesizebestsuitedtothe
protectivetubebeingused.

TolerancesasperIEC60751:2008
IndustrialPt100detectorsaredividedintofour
tolerance
classesunderIEC60751:2008:AA,A,BandC.
(EarliertherewereonlytwoclassesAandB).
Thenewstandardmakesadifferencebetweenwire
woundresistorsandfilmresistors.Experienceshows
thatfilmresistorscan'thandleaswidetemperature
rangesaswirewoundresistorsunderthedifferent
toleranceclasses.
ThesensitivityofPt1000istentimesgreaterthan
theoneofPt100inohms/C.Tolerancesare10
timesgreateraswellinohms.IndegreesCboth
sensor'stolerancesareequal.

Pt100toleranceslessthanclassAA
areonlyvalidcloseto0Cwheretheselectionof
alreadymanufactured
detectorstakesplace.Dependingonwhich
platinumwirequality(AorB)isusedtheslopeof
theselecteddetectortolerancesoutsidethe
icepointwillnotbebetterthantheoneofthe
material.SeegraphsAandB.
ThusthegraphX("1/10DIN")doesnotexist.
Onlyrelevantcalibrationcansettlecloser
tolerancesoutsidethezeropoint.

Closertolerances
Mostmanufacturersemployclosertolerances,but
theseapplytojustonetemperature:0C.Thismeans,
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forinstance,thatatoleranceof0.03Capplyingto
1/10DIN(ClassB/10)isvalidonlyat0C.Forothertemperatures,thetoleranceswill
followtherespectiveslopeofcurveforClassAorB,dependingonwhichmaterialshave
beenused.Seediagrammetotheright.
Thus,theClassBvaluecannotbedividedbyten:itisimpossibletoachievethistolerance
curveusingtheIECplatinumalloy.
PentronicuseswirewoundPt100detectorsnormallymadeofClassAmaterial.Unlesswe
havebeengivenspecificinstructionstothecontrary,duringfinalinspectionofthe
temperaturesensorwecheckthetoleranceagainsttheClassBspecification,sothatother
typesoferrorareaccommodatedaswell.Detailsofthemeasuredvaluesareincludedwith
thedelivery.ResultsfromthefinalinspectiontestingareavailableunderTestcertificates
inthiswebsite.
Filmresistorsaregraduallyusedmoreofteninindustrialapplications.Thetestlimitsare
suitedtothecustomer'srequirements.
Closertolerancesatothertemperaturescanonlybeachievedthroughcalibrationthat
determinesthespecificpropertiesoftheindividualsensor.
ThisisbecausethequalityofplatinumspecifiedinIEC60751isreducedbythematerial
beinganalloywithaddedpalladiumdoneforcompliancewiththetraditionalDIN
standard.Thealloygivesrisetodeparturesfromtheidealcurve,necessitatingasafety
margincorrespondingtotheslopeofcurveAor,atworst,ofcurveB.
SomeJapaneseandAmericanstandardsspecifyaplatinumalloyofhigherpurity,which
givesclosertolerancesoverawidertemperaturerange.However,thesedetectorsgenerate
adifferentoutputsignal,whichisnotcompatiblewithEuropeaninstruments.For
competetivereasonsAmericanandJapaneseinstrumentmanufacturersusuallyproduce
theirindicatorsincludingtheIEC60751scale.
TemperatureresistancerelationshipasperIEC60751:2008
IEC60751:2008describesresistanceasafunctionofthetemperatureofaPt100which
relationshipwasestablishedin1983.SeeTablesandpolynomials.Theamendments
madein1995havelittlesignificancetomeasurementsmadeinpractice.Pentronicwillbe
pleasedtoexplaintheeffectoftheseoncalibration.
IEC60751:2008isnotatallchangedcomparedtothe1955versionconcerningresistance
asafunctionoftemperature.
TolerancesforassembledPt100sensorsasperIEC60751:2008

Protectivetubes
Detectorsusuallyneedtobeenclosedinaprotective
tubebeforebeingused.Tubesareoftwotypes,
dependingonthetemperaturerange.Pentronicuses
seamlesstubesofstainless,acidproofsteelunless
otherwisestated.Upto250300C.Asteeltubewith
PTFEorpolyimidinsulatedleadsisgenerallyused.The
temperature
limitisdeterminedbytheinsulation.

(1).Nonterminatedwires

Detectorsandtubediametersarechosentoobviatethe
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formationofproblematicairgaps.Asregardslargebore
tubes,weusuallypreventtheformationofairgapsby
packingthetubewithmetallicmaterial.
Thisresultsinthedetectorbeingcentrallylocatedinthe
tube,givingitgreaterprotectionagainstvibration.The
heattransferpropertiesarealsogreatlyenhanced,which
meansshorterresponsetimesandsmallerreadingerrors
causedbyheatlossesthroughtheprotectivetube.
OthermanufacturerspackthePt100sensingelementin
powder,whichhasinferiorheattransferpropertiesand
canbedispersedbyvibration,allowingairgapstoform
below.
Upto600C.Pentronicusesasheathingmaterial
(mineralinsulatedcable,MIC)inwhichtheleadsare
protectedbydenselypackedmagnesiumoxideinto
whichthesensorelementisinserted.Here,again,good
heattransferpropertiesandantivibrationprotectionare
assured.MIChasthefollowingadvantages:

(2).Extensionfitting(sleeveconnector)with
leadandoptional
armour

(3).Fittedconnector.

Hightemperaturetolerance
Providesexcellentmoistureprotectionandcanbe
immersed,eg,inwater.
Mechanicallystrongandpliant.
Outputsignalconnections
Sensorsareequippedwithoneofthefollowingtypesof
connection:
Nonterminatedwires(1)
Extensionfitting(sleeveconnector)withleadand
optionalarmour(2)
Fittedconnector(3)
Probewithprovisionforretrofittingofterminalblock
ortransmitter(4)
Probemountedterminalblock(5)
Probemountedtransmitter(6)

(4).Terminalblock.

Temperatureranges
Pt100sensorscanusuallybeusedtomeasure
temperaturesuptoapproximately250C.Forhigher
temperatures,protectivetubes,eg,withmineraloxide
insulation,arerequired.

(5).Mountedtransmitter.

Thereislittlepointinmeasuringtemperaturesinexcess
ofabout600CusingaPt100.Thisisbecausethe
resistanceoftheplatinumwireisshuntedunpredictably
bythesurroundingmaterial.Specialdetectorsare
availableformeasuringtemperaturesupto
approximately700C.Inthistemperaturerange,typeN
andtypeKthermocouplesconstituteagoodalternative.
(6).Forretrofittingterminalblockor
transmitter.

Propertiesandsourcesoferror
Hysteresis
AllIPRTsexhibithysteresis,ie,givedifferent
readingsdependingonwhetherthetemperature
isrisingorfalling.In1982,D.J.Curtisat
Rosemountinvestigateddifferentdesigns.
Hefoundthatthebestdesignwasanexpensive
specialsensorelement,closelyfollowedbythe
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wirewoundPt100(themodelusedbyPentronic).
Filmtypethermometerdetectorsandbobbin
woundelementsexhibitederrors510times
higher.
Thefollowingerrorvaluesarepercentagesofthe
measuringrange:
WirewoundPt1000.008%
BobbinwoundPt1000.08%
FilmtypePt1000.040.08%
TheoreticalexampleofhysteresisinPt100detector
elementsoncyclingbetweenlowandhigh
temperatures.Thedeviation(dT)dependsondifferent
expansioncoefficientsbetweenplatinumand
supportingmaterialwhicharemoreorlesslockedto
eachotherphysically.
FilmandbobbinwounddetectorsfollowgraphAwhile
the80%freewiredetectorwillbeaffectedbyafactor
downto0,1less(graphB).SPRTswithveryfreewires
aresubjecttohysteresisintheorderof<1mK.

Stability
Platinumdetectorsarehighlystableovertimebutflawsintroducedinthedesignand
duringmanufacturecanadverselyaffecttheproperties.
Detectorsneedtobeheattreatedtohomogenizethecrystalstructureandremoveany
oxidesthatmayhaveformed.
Wiressecuredtothebasearestressedduringheating:thefreerthewires,thesmallerthe
driftofthesensorontemperaturechanges.
Theresistancevaluechanges,eg,ifakinkisintroducedduringmanufacture,ifthesensor
issubjectedtoimpactorvibration,orifitcyclesbetweenhighandlowtemperatures.
AtypicaldriftvalueforaPt100detectoris0.05Cperannum.
Highqualitydetectorsexhibitmaximumdriftof0.01C.Ifthetemperaturerangeis
confinedto25150C,driftisaslowas0.005Cayear.

Responsetime
BecauseittakeslongerforthecomponentsofaPt100
detector
towarmup,Pt100detectorsgenerallyhavealonger
responsetimethanthermocouples.Allthermometers,of
course,areonlymeasuringtheirowntemperature,which
meansthattheresponsetimeisgovernedbythetimeit
takesforthesurroundingmediumtoheatuptheprobe
andsensor.
Fortheresponsetimetobeshort,thesensormusthave
goodthermalconductivitypropertiesandalowmass.
Pentronicsdesignisuniqueinthatthereiscontinuous
metalliccontactbetweenthesurroundingmediumand
thesensor.Thisgivesafasterresponse,asmaller
measuringerrorduetoheatdissipationthroughthe
protectivetube,andgreatertolerancetovibration.

APt100measuresacrosstheentirelengthof
thewire.However,someverysmallfilm
detectorscanmakemeasuringlocations
almostasshortasthermocoupleones
possible.

Measuringjunctionlocation
APt100measuresacrosstheentirelengthofthewire.
Thetemperaturereadingisthereforetheaverageforthe
wirelength.
Itisimportanttorememberthisifyouaremeasuring
surfacetemperaturesandthelikewithaspringloaded
probe.
Faultsintroducedduringmanufacture
Pt100detectorsaredelicateinstrumentsandneedtobetreatedwiththeutmostcare
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duringmanufacture.Impuritiescancreatedefectsthatcannotbedetectedduringfinal
inspectionbutmanifestthemselvesonlyaftersometimeinuse.
Ifthetubetothesensorinsertismoistorhastracesofoilonit,itwilladverselyaffectthe
insulationofthesensor.Atroomtemperature,thiswillprobablynotmatterbut,athigher
temperatures,thecontaminantsmaybevaporizedandabletopenetratetotheplatinum
wires.
Shortcomingsinthemanufacturecanalsoleadtotheplatinumwiresbeingcontaminated
byothermetals,eg,iron.
Detectorsfromthe1/10DINrangeincreasetheinfluenceoftheleadconnections.To
makeallowancefortheseandothervariations,Pentronicusuallypermitsadeviationof
0.05Cduringthefinalinspectionofsensorsat0C,whichcorrespondsto1/6DIN.
Platinumoxides
Thesurfaceofplatinumbecomesoxidized.Sincethesensorwiresarethin(approximately
0.02mm),thecoatingofoxidewillhaveameasurableeffectontheresistance.
Innormalenvironments,theprocessisaslowoneandtheeffectscanusuallybe
minimizedthroughregularcalibration.

WiringofPt100sensors
Twowireconnection
Twowireconnectionsmakelifeeasyforthetechnician
butattheexpenseofamuchgreaterlikelihoodof
measuringerrorsarisingwhenlongextensionleadsare
used.

NOTE!
Thenotationsinthe
diagrammesDONOTreferto
Pentronic'smarkingsonscrew
terminalsandsimilardevices.

Theproblemresultsfromtheresistanceoftheleadbeing
addedstraightintothemeasuredvalue.At20C,the
resistanceofa10m,2x0.25mm2copperleadis1.4
ohms.Intermsoftemperature,thistranslatesintoa
measuringerrorof3.6C.
Itispossibletoeliminatetheerrorthroughcalibration,
buteverytimetheambienttemperaturearoundthelead
changes,theresistancewillalsochange,producinga
newerror.APt1000filmdetectorwouldreducethe
magnitudeoftheerrortoatenth.Ifthisisacceptable
stilltherewouldthenbeagreaterriskofselfheating.

Colourcodingforextensionleadtotwo,
threeandfourwiresinglePt100asperIEC
60751.OnesideofthePt100detectoris
connectedtoredwireswhiletheothersideis
connectedtowhiteones.

Threewireconnection
Athreewireconnectionwilleliminatemostoftheeffect
oftheleadresistanceonthemeasuredvalue,although
thisisconditionalonallthreewireshavingthesame
resistance.Thisisalmostimpossibletoachievein
practice.Infactonlytwowireshavetohaveequal
resistancesbutastwoofthemarecolourcodedredyou
cannoteasilyknowwhichisthecriticalone.Thisisthe
reasonwesayallthreewiresshouldhavequal
resistances.
Wiresoftencomefromdifferentdrawingmillsandcan
thereforehavearesistancethatdiffersby510%.
Oneormorestrandsmaybemissinginoneofthe
leads.Pentronichasencounteredleadsinwhichtwoof BecausetheformerIECstandardofferedno
recommendationsofcolourcodefordual
thesevenstrandsweremissingadifferenceof28% Pt100s,Pentronicemploysitsownstandard
(above)wheneverpossible.Theextracircuits
intheleadresistance.
areconnectedtoblueandyellowwires.The
Connections,switchesandthelikecanintroduce
IEC:2008recommendsblackorgreycolour
wherewechoseblue.
differentresistances.
Inextremecases,theremaybeacombinationofthese
factorsatplay.Forexample:atenmetrelengthofthree
wireleadthathasaresistancedifferenceacrossthewires
of10%willgiveareadingerrorof0.18C.However,a
threewireleadwillsolvetheproblemoftheeffectofthe
temperaturerangeonthewires.
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Fourwireconnection

Terminalblockmarkingsforconnectionof

Allinstrumentsdesignedforoptimummeasuring
accuracyhavefourwireconnections.Thecurrentand
thesignalareseparatedintotwocircuits,whichrenders
theunbalanceintheresistancesofthewiresinsignificant.

Pt100sensors.Deviatingcolorsmightoccur .

Thisistrueprovidedthatthedifferenceisnotofan
excessivemagnitudeupto100ohmsisoften
acceptablewithmoderninstruments.Thefourwire
systemwaspreviouslyconfinedto
laboratoryusebutisnowusedinprocessequipment,
eg,indicatorsandcontrollers.

Colourcoding
TheIECrecommendsthatdifferentcolourcodesbeusedforPt100leads,inordertoease
connectionwork.Pentronicusestherecommendedcodeswheneverpossible.Seethe
pictureandcommentsintherighthandcolumn.
DependingonmarketdemandprobablycablemanufacturerswillfollowtheIECcolour
recommendationssoonerorlater.
Wecanalsosupplycableofthesamecolourcodeforadditionalruns.Seeillustrationsin
therighthandcolumn.

WhatthePt100indicatorreallymeasures
Resistancesincludedinthemeasuredvaluefordifferent
connections.Calibrationof2wireand3wireconnections
assumesthattheleadresistancesandthedifferencesinthe
resistancesinthecurrentwindingareknown.
Configuration

Measuringparameter

2wire

Sensor+(R1+R2)

Allleadresistanceincluded

3wire

Sensor+(R1R2)

Differenceinleadresistanceincluded

4wire

Sensor

Unaffectedbyleadresistance

Remarks

Synopsisoferrorsources
TypicalerrorsourcesandrangesforthePt100detector.
Thetabledoesnotincludeanyallowanceforenvironmental
effects,suchascontaminationbymetalmigration,platinum
oxidesandthelike.
Sourceoferror

ErrorcontributionintervalC

Sensorconstruction/installation

0,13

Pt100sensor

Tolerance

0,030,3(at0C)

Leadconfiguration

2wire

0,15

3wire

0,010,5

4wire

0,00

Instrumentation

0,023

ComparisonthermocouplevsPt100
Thefollowingtabledescribesbrieflythemaindifferencesbetweenthermocouplesand
Pt100singeneralterms:
Property

Thermocouple(TC)

Measuringrange Large:200<T<1000+C
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Pt100
Limited:200<T<600C
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Stability

Notgood,especiallyinhigh
temperature

Excellent.Annualdrift<0.01C

Measuring
location

Fromhotjunctiontoreferencelocation AcrossentirePtwirelength

Ageing

Significantinhightemperature

Insignificant,seeStability.

Responsetime

Veryshortpossible<1s

Notasshortascorresponding
TC

Excitationpower None

Significant<1mW

Physicalstrength Verygood

Limited

Pricing

Slightlyhigherthan
correspondingTC

ABOUTPENTRONIC
Wedevelop,manufactureandsellthermocouplesandPt100resistancethermometers
(RTDs),cablesandconnectors,andalsoprocessconnectionsandmarketIRradiation
pyrometers,transmittersaswellasinstrumentationlikeindicators,controllers,loggersand
temperaturecalibrationequipment.Pentronichasanaccreditedcalibrationlaboratorythat
havethecorrespondingqualitylevelofmanynationallaboratories.Wealsomarket
flowmetersandmeasuringsystemsformoisture,fat,proteinsandthickness.Youcanfind
Pentronicstemperaturesensorsinequipmentallovertheworld.WelcometoPentronic!

Slightlylowerthancorresponding
Pt100s

Pentronic,SE59093GUNNEBO
Tel:+46490258500
Fax:+4649023766
info@pentronic.se
Pentronic2015

http://www.pentronic.se/home/temperaturesensors/theoryofsensors/pt100sensors.aspx

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