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Blood pressure readings are taken to learn the force with which is pressing on artery walls. The
heart exerts the highest pressure (systole phase) when it is pumping a fresh supply of blood, and
the lowest pressure (diastole phase) when it pauses between beats to fill with blood. When
readings are repeatedly above 150 systolic and 100 diastolic, they indicate that the blood
circulation of the patient is impaired, and he is said to have high blood pressure, or hypertension.
Factors within the blood vessels, such as the elasticity and resistance of the circulatory system,
play a major role. The amount of blood within the circulatory system, the thickness of that blood,
and the amount of blood put out by the heart with each beat are other considerations.
Known causes of high blood pressure include anaemia, hyperthyroid disease, chronic kidney
diseases, certain endocrine disorders, brain tumors and congenital defects in the aorta. However, in
most patients suffering from high blood pressure, the cause is unknown.
Elevated or high blood pressure itself rarely produces any significant symptoms. There can be
complaints of dull, pounding headaches over the back of the head, which start in the morning and
wear off during the day. There can be nervousness, dizziness, palpitations and weakness.
Nosebleed is sometimes a symptom.
With kidney disease there may be blood in the urine. When hypertensive heart disease develops,
heart failure and its symptoms can follow. On rare occasions, hypertension will develop rapidly
and progressively with acute attacks marked by headaches, visual disturbances, vomiting, coma
and convulsions.
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