6/19/13

Seismic Performance of Shear Wall

Buildings with Gravity-Induced
Lateral Demands
Michael Dupuis
Tyler Best
Ken Elwood
Don Anderson

Dept. of Civil Engineering
University of BriCsh Columbia

LATBSDC Annual MeeAng 3 May 2013

Gravity-Induced Lateral Demand (GILD)

on SFRS

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Gravity systems resulAng in GILD

BMD

Real buildings
In design:
Vancouver, Canada

Grand Chancellor, Christchurch, New Zealand

BIG.dk

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SDOF Study
k
FGILD

Fyt

Fyc

VGILD

Clough

MGILD

What FDL /Fy will cause the structure to experience

much larger driXs than predicted by elasAc analysis?

a = FGILD /Fy

SDOF Study
The yield strengths of the model were adjusted to suit the
applied load, FDL = aFy :
F

Fyt = Fy+FDL = Fy(1+a)

Fyt =Fy+FDL
Fy

Fyc = -Fy+FDL = -Fy(1-a)

D

Fyc=-Fy+FDL
-Fy

Applied load amplicaAon factor, b:

RaAo of peak displacement from system with applied load to
peak displacement from system without applied load.

max ( 0)
max ( = 0)

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Varia>on of Mean b with

Inuence of reducing nega>ve yield strength

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MDOF Study

MDOF Study
Concrete core walls
N = 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 storeys
Yielding was assumed to occur within
a plasAc hinge length of 0.5lw
The hinge zone was assumed to not
exceed the height of the rst storey

PlasAc
hinge

Fibre model used for hinge region to

get realisAc hystereAc response
Limited degradaAon in model
(except P-d)
Non-conservaAve assessment of collapse.

Assumed building was constructed

straight.

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Core Wall Fibre Model

No.
tweb tange bw
lw
fc
Storeys (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (MPa)
5

300

300

4600

4600

25

10

300

450

6000

5500

30

20

450

550

8000

7500

35

30

600

700

9000

9000

40

40

700

800

11500 10750

45

50

800

850

13500 13750

50

Fibre secAon hysteresis examples

Low axial load on wall

High axial load on wall

200,000

200,000
150,000

100,000

100,000

50,000
Moment (kNm)
0
-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

Moment (kNm)

150,000

1.5 -1.0

50,000
0
-0.5

0.0

-50,000

-50,000

-100,000

-100,000

-150,000

-150,000

Curvature (rad/km)

0.5

1.0

1.5

Curvature (rad/km)

R = 2.0, = 0.1

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Models and MoAons

DeniAons
=/

=0= /

MGILD

MGILD

M
Myy == M
MEmax
/Ra=0
Emax/R

My = MEmax/R

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Inclined Columns
Example Vancouver:
Ra=0 = 4.0
a = 0.4
Higher a = More slope required
Taller Structure = Less slope
Higher Ra=0 = Less slope

Slope = 1.7

Slope = 5.7

N = 5

N = 50

CanAlevered shear wall

varying axial loads

=0=4.0 and =0.4

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CanAlever Wall
20 storey,

=0=2.0

=0.0

=0.2

=0.4

Coupled Wall

20 storey,

=0.0

=0=2.0

=0.2

=0.4

Coupling beam
=0=4.0

=0.0

=0.4

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Braced Frames
8 storey, Ra=0 = 4

=0.0

=0.2

Applied Load AmplicaAon Factor

max ( 0) max ( 0)
=

max ( = 0) max ( = 0)

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DeformaAon Demand AmplicaAon

=(=0,)/(=0,=0)

Can>levered

Coupled

=0=2.0

DeformaAon Demand AmplicaAon

Coupled Walls

=0=2.0

=0=6.0

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Variability

, =0.2, =0=2.0

RecommendaAon

Need limit on a above which linear analysis cannot

provide a reliable esAmate of deformaAon demands.
- Weak correlaCon with T and R ignore

12

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Probability of Collapse
, =30, =0=2.0

1.0

alpha=0.0
Probability of Collapse

0.8

alpha=0.4

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
0

2
3
Sa (T1 = 3.0 s) [g]

Proposed Structural Irregularity

2015 NaConal Building Code of Canada

Type

Notes

Vertical stiffness irregularity shall be considered to exist when the lateral

stiffness of the SFRS in a storey is less than 70% of the stiffness of any adjacent
storey, or less than 80% of the average stiffness of the three storeys above or
below.

Irregularity Type and Definition

Vertical Stiffness Irregularity

(1) (3)
(7)

Torsional Sensitivity- to be considered when diaphragms are not flexible.

Torsional sensitivity shall be considered to exist when the ratio B calculated

according to Sentence 4.1.8.11(9) exceeds 1.7.
Non-orthogonal Systems

A Non-orthogonal System irregularity shall be considered to exist when the

SFRS is not oriented along a set of orthogonal axes.
Gravity-Induced Lateral Demand Irregularity
A gravity-induced lateral demand irregularity on the SFRS shall be considered to
exist where the ratio calculated according to Sentence 4.1.8.10.(4) exceeds
0.1 for SFRS with self-centering characteristics and 0.03 for other systems.

(1) (3)
(4) (7)

(5) (7)

(3) (7)
(4)

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Proposed Structural Irregularity

2015 NaConal Building Code of Canada

where IEFaSa(0.2) 0.5g

Systems with self-

Other systems
centering characteris>cs

Code Requirement

0.0 a < 0.1

0.0 a < 0.03

No requirements

0.1 a < 0.2

0.03 a < 0.05

MulAply displacements
by 1.2

0.2 a

0.05 a

Nonlinear response
history analysis

where:
a = QG / Qy

QG = gravity-induced lateral demand on the SFRS at the base of the yielding

system
Qy = the resistance of the yielding mechanism required to resists the minimum
earthquake loads
overstrength x reduced design earthquake force

What acAon should be used for QG?

QG

QG

QG

QG

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Conclusions
Gravity-induced lateral demands can result in
amplied displacement demands and increased
collapse potenAal.
Large hysteresis more suscepAble to ratcheAng
Need NL analysis for QGILD > 0.05Qy

Self-centering less suscepAble to ratcheAng

Need NL analysis for QGILD > 0.1Qy

Weakening system in opposite direcAon from

GILD can improve performance.
Further studies required

QuesAons?

THANK YOU!

15

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Case Studies
Case Study

Descrip>on

Archetype (30 storey coupled shear wall building,

=0.2, R=0=4.0, Coupling RaAo = 0.70)

1.98

1.54a

Inclined Columns over Lobby

1.21

1.09a

0.71

Eccentric Floor Spans

2.27

1.77a

1.15

Coupling RaAo = 0.77

1.92

1.43 a

0.93

Coupling RaAo = 0.84

1.83

1.39a

0.90

Gravity System
Irregularity
Strengthened
Coupling Beams

2010 Chile Earthquake

-
2.03b
Subduc>on
Ground
Mto>ons
aMedian
b
from
he ten crustal ground
moAons
used in Etarthquake
he study; bValue from a single
moAon.
2011
Tohoku
- ground
1.62

1.32
1.05

ConsideraAon of verAcal ground moAon no dierence

16

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Adebar et al 2007

CanAlevered Walls
N = 30 stories R = 4

Alpha = 0.4
LA
2

1.5

1.5

Sa(T1) [g]

Sa(T1) [g]

Vancouver
2

0.5

0.5

Maximum Interstory Drift [%]

10

10

Maximum Interstory Drift [%]

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Varia>on of Mean with

Varia>on of Mean b with

18

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VariaAon of b with R

19