Exp List

MECHANICAL MEASUREMENTS LAB MANUAL
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Calibration of Tachometer using Stroboscope
Exp No:1
Aim:- To calibrate the given tachometer using stroboscope

Apparatus:- Tachometer, stroboscope, rotating shaft
Principle
Tachometer often fails in accurately reading the speed of the given shaft. This is mainly due to
various losses incurred when the instrument is in contact with the shaft whose speed is to be
measured. Often the results are erroneous on account of the extra load applied by the operator
while recording the speed. The amount of error can be determined using a stroboscope which is
an optical instrument, the reading is reliable since the apparatus does not come in contact with
the rotating shaft and have no losses.
The term stroboscope is defined form the Greek word meaning whirling and to watch.
These are most often used in experimental work. The principle of stroboscope is to synchronize a
flashing light with the rotation of the shaft making it appear standstill. Usually a reference mark
is put on the rotating body and the speed of the oscillation of the flash produced from the
stroboscope itself is a measure of the rpm of the rotating body without requiring any contact. A
stroboscope can be effectively used to calibrate the tachometer and a calibration curve can be
plotted so that for any arbitrary reading of the tachometer the accurate value can be determined.
In a stroboscope high intensity light flashes are directed towards a rotating shaft on which
a distinct marking has already been marked. The period of flashes can be varied immediately.
The marking would appear stationary when time for one shaft revolution equals the flash period.
This is the fundamental period. Also single stationary image will be seen if the flash period is an
integral multiple of the above value. However for sub multiple flash period multiple stationary
images will be seen. The fundamental period is used for speed measurements and this is
identified as smallest period for which single stationary image is seen.
Start the machine
Wait for some time as it may take time to reach the desired rpm
Measure the rpm using stroboscope
Now measure the rpm using tachometer
Repeat the procedure for several speeds
From the observations obtain the calibration equation using the curve fitting technique.
Sample calculation
Form table
x=
y=
x2 =
xy=
SCMS SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
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Procedure
Curve fitting:
The method is used to plot graph between the x and y values. The method of least squares is
used to obtain the relation in the form of y = A + Bx
Solution is obtained by the following equations.
An + B
=
x
x2
A
+B
=
xy
(1)
(2)
Where n = No: of input variables, x is the input and y is the output

By solving the equations (1) and (2) by substituting the necessary values, we can obtain
the calibration equation.
Observations:
Sl No
Speed measured using
Speed measured using tachometer
Stroboscope
y rpm
xy
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x rpm
x2
x=
y=
x2 =
Result
xy=
Inference
Calibration of Strain Gauge.
Exp no 2
Aim: To calibrate the given strain gauge using weights and to draw the calibration curve and
hence determine an unknown load from the measured strain.

Apparatus: Strain gauge and weights.
Principle: Strain gauge is a passive transducer used to measure the lateral strain exerted on a
surface. This sensor converts the mechanical displacement into a change in resistance. An
optional external Wheatstones bridge is used to measure the bridge imbalance, which is a
measure of the strain. The sensors bonded on the surface of the rod in the apparatus converts
strain in the metallic rod in to a change in the resistance of the one arm of a balanced Wheatstone
bridge. If R1 is the change in resistance due to strain, the bridge which may be initially balanced
becomes unbalanced. This may be balanced again by changing the resistance of other arms of the
Wheatstone bridge says R3 or R4 which can be measured and computed to indicate the actual
strain suffered by the surface. Positioning and quality of bonding the sensor on the surface,
largely determine the accuracy of the strain gauge.
Strain suffered by the surface is given by
P= weight applied at the free end of the rod in Newton;

x = span of the rod in m;
E= youngs modulus of material of surface in N/m2;
b = width of surface in m;
t = thickness of the surface in m.
Specifications:
Material of strip: stainless steel

Youngs modulus E: 2.1 * 1011 Pascal
. (1)
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6 Px
Ebt 2
Length of the strain gauge: 10 mm

Strip thickness: 3mm;
Supporting limb of loading point: 220mm;
Length of strip: 290mm;
Width of strip: 25mm
Excitation voltage: 9V
Maximum weight: 1 kg
Observations:
Sl
Weight
No:
X1
(kg)
Loading
Strain
gauge
readin
g
a
x1
Actual
strain gauge
reading
y1=a/GF
Unloading
Strain
gauge
reading
b
y1
Actual strain
gauge
reading
y2=b/GF
x12
y2
x12
x1y1
x1y1
x1y2
x1y2
Sample calculation
From table
x2 = 2x12
=..
x = 2x1
= ..
y = y1+y2
xy = x1y1+x2y2 =...
Equation of the curve, y = A + Bx

An + B
=
x
x2
A
+B
=
xy
(1)
(2)
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Curve fitting:
Where n = No: of input variables.

For determining the unknown load:Strain suffered by the surface is given by
6 Px
Ebt 2
= strain from the calibration graph

P= weight applied at the free end of the rod in Newton;
x = span of the rod in m;
E= youngs modulus of material of surface in N/m2;
b = width of surface in m;
t = thickness of the surface in m.
Procedure:
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Switch on the instrument using on/off switch provided on rear side.

Let cantilever part of strain gauge be freely suspended.
Observe the digital display reading. Ensure it is to be zero, otherwise adjust the
zero of the potentiometer.
Add weights of 100 gm each sequentially and record the readings.
Repeat the procedure for unloading the cantilever.
Put the unknown weight and record its strain.
Switch off the apparatus.
From the observations, obtain the calibration equation using the curve fitting
technique.
Determine the strain corresponding to unknown load from the graph and verify.
Result:
Inference:
Exp no 3
Determination of the taper angle using sine bar and slip gauges
Aim ; To determine the taper angle of the given taper rod

Apparatus : surface plate ,taper rod ,sine bar slip gauges etc
Principle:
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A sine bar is s tool that is used to measure the angle accurately. It consists of a straight edge
having two rollers located at or near the ends as shown in figure. The rollers must be of the same
diameter. The center distance of sine bar preferably be an even number. The center distance of
the sine bar of the common use is 200mm. The sine bar is used with surface plate and precision
gauges or alternate measuring equipments to locate the work for mechanical or inspection
operations by raising one end of the bar at the plate to form a right angled triangle. Since the sine
of the angle is measured, its name is sine bar.
Specifications
Distance between the rollers of the sine bar L = 200mm

Maximum diameter of the taper rod = 30mm

Minimum diameter of the taper rod = 20mm
Length of the taper rod = 100mm
Procedure
Clean the surface plate using cotton wool and place the given taper rod over it. Align and place
the sine bar over the taper rod. Fill in the space between the rollers of the sine bar and the surface
plate using the slip gauges. This process requires immense trial and error technique. The slip
gauges should fit exactly in the space by bringing them properly. The thickness of the used slip
gauges are recorded. The procedure is repeated for different sets of slip gauges. The average
value of all these trails may be taken as the required angle of the taper.
Observations
Left side
Trial
Slip gauge
thickness
(mm)
Slip
gauge no
h1-h2
(mm)
Right side
Total
thickness
(mm)
Slip
gauge
no
Slip gauge
thickness
(mm)
Taper angle
sin-1((h1-h2)/L)
Total
thicknes
s
(mm)
Sample calculation
h1
h2
=
mm
= ..mm
h1-h2=
..mm
L
= ..mm
Sin = (h1-h2)
L
hence =
Result
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Inference
Expt. No. 4
Temperature Measurement Using Thermocouple
OBJECTIVE:To measure the temperature using Thermocouples J/K/T types and Mercury Thermometer, plot
the calibration curve for the thermocouples and to verify the various thermocouple laws.
APPARATUS:1. Temperature transducers
2. Digital temperature indicator
3. Thermometer and
4. Electric Sterilizer
Thermocouples are available in different combination of metals. The most common types are J,
K, T and E. Each has a different temperature range and environment, although the maximum
temperature varies with the diameter of the wire used in the thermocouple.
Thermocouple Type and Range:
Type
J
K
T
Metal
Positive
Iron
Chromel
Copper
Negative
Constantan
Alumel
Constanton
Range oF
-300 to 1600
-300 to 1400
-300 to 650
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Pair of dissimilar metals that are in physical contact with each other, form a thermocouple. The
operation of a thermocouple is based on Seebeck effect. When heat is applied to a junction (hot
junction) of two dissimilar metals, an emf is generated which can be measured at the other
junction (cold junction).The two dissimilar metals form an electric circuit, and a current flows as
a result of the generated emf.
BASIC PRINCIPLE:-
Thermocouples provide an economic means of measuring temperature with many practical

following advantages for the user.
1. They can be extremely robust, by using thick wire.
2. Fine wire thermocouples respond very rapidly to temperature changes (less than 0.1
seconds). For ultra fast response (10 seconds typical), foil thermo-couples are used.
3. Capable of measuring over very wide temperature ranges, from cryogenics to engine
exhausts.
4. Thermocouples are easy to install and are available in many packages, from Probes to bare
wires or foil.
The number of free electrons in a piece of metal depends on both temperature and composition
of the metal, therefore pieces of dissimilar metal in isothermal contact will exhibit a potential
difference that is a repeatable function of temperature. The resulting voltage depends on the
temperatures, T1 and T2, in a repeatable way as shown in Figure 1.
Since the thermocouple is basically a differential rather than an absolute temperature measuring
device, one junction must be at a known temperature if the temperature of the other junction is to
be found from the value of the output voltage.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Thermocouple selection:
Following criteria are used in selecting a thermocouple.
Temperature range
Chemical resistance of the thermocouple or sheath material
Abrasion and vibration resistance

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An alternative measurement technique is illustrated in Figure 2. This is used in most practical

applications. The reference junction temperature is allowed to change but some type of absolute
thermometer carefully measures it. A measurement of the thermocouple voltage combined with
knowledge of the reference temperature can be used to calculate the measurement junction
temperature. Usual practice, however, is to use a convenient thermoelectric method to measure
the reference temperature and to arrange its output voltage so that it corresponds to a
thermocouple referred to 0C. Thermocouples are available in different combinations of metals.
The four most common types are J, K, T and E. Each type has a different temperature range and
environment, although the maximum temperature varies with the diameter of the wire used in the
thermocouple.
Installation requirements (may need to be compatible with existing equipment; existing holes
may determine probe diameter).
Thermocouple Effects:a. Seebeck effect:When the junctions of two dissimilar metals forming a closed circuit are exposed to different
temperatures, a new thermal electromotive force is generated which induces a continuous electric
current. The emf produced is proportional to the difference in temperature and further, to the
difference in the metallic thermal transport constants. Thus, if the metals are the same, the emf is
zero, and if the temperatures are the same, the emf is also zero.
Figure 3
emf produced in Volts ()
where,
(T2 - T1)
= constant in volts /C, and
T1, T2
= junction Temperatures in C
Figure 4
When an electric current flows across a junction of two dissimilar metals, heat is liberated or
absorbed. When the electric current flows in the same direction as the Seebeck current, heat is
absorbed at the hotter junction and liberated at the colder junction. The Peltier effect is defined as
the change in heat content when a quantity of charge (1 coulomb) crosses the junction. See figure
4. This is the basis for thermoelectric refrigeration and heating.
c. Thomson effect:-
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10
b. Peltier effect:-
The Thomson effect is defined as the change in the heat content of a single conductor of unit
cross section when a unit quantity of electricity flows through it along a temperature gradient of
1 Kelvin.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THERMOCOUPLE:PROCEDURE:1. Select the J/K/T Thermocouples by selector switch.

2. Connect the J/K/T Thermocouples to the sensor socket provided at the front panel.
3. Set the min pot to read the ambient temperature in display.
4. Insert the J/K/T Thermocouples in the HOT bath.
5. 3 Digit LED display shows the temperature obtaining at the HOT bath directly in oC.
6. If necessary adjust the MAX pot for the maximum level temperature.
7. Recorder Red and Green terminals for the analog output.
8. Fuse holder provided to protect the circuit from the over load (500 Ma).
9. Plot the graph of
a. Thermometer reading Vs J type reading
b. Thermometer reading Vs J type reading
c. Thermometer reading Vs J type reading
K type Reading
in oC
T type Reading
in oC
Thermometer
reading in oC
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11
OBSERVATIONS:J type Readingin

Sl No:
o
C
CALIBRATION OF THERMOCOUPLE:For getting the best fit and calibrated equation, y = mx + c
where x
y
x y n xy
x n x
2
and
x m y
n
xynxy
( x ) 2nx 2
= Theoretical o/p voltage w.e.t temperature indicator reading

= actual O/P of thermocouple
m = slope
c
= y intercept of best fit line
Temp indicator
reading oC
Theoretical o/p voltage

wet temperature indicator
reading (x)
actual O/P of
thermocouple
(y)mV
xy
x2
RESULT:Calibration equation thermocouple, y = mx + c =
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INFERENCE:-
Expt. No. 5
CALIBRATION OF LVDT USING MICROMETER

Aim: To calibrate the given Linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) using micrometer
and to plot the calibration curve.

Apparatus: LVDT- micrometer setup
Principle:
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13
LVDT consists of a cylindrical, insulating, non-magnetic form that has primary coil in the mid
segment and a secondary coil symmetrically wound in the two end segments. The two secondary
coils are connected in series opposition, so that the
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14
potentials induced in the two coils segments oppose each other. A core of ferromagnetic material
is inserted coaxially in the cylindrical form without actually touching it.
PROCEDURE
1. Connect the o/p of LVDT to the Analog transducer Amplifier.
2. Adjust the micrometer to 0mm,note the corresponding reading from LVDT .
3. Take readings for increasing value of displacements
4. Similarly take the readings for decreasing value of displacement till 0 reading of micrometer.
Tabulation Column
Sl
Displacement in
No:
micrometer
X(mm)
Displacement measured by LVDT

Loading
Unloading
Mean Y
mm
mm
mm
X2
X2 =
XY
XY =
X =
Sample calculation
Curve fitting:
An + B
=
x
x2
A
+B
=
xy
(1)
(2)
Where n = No: of input variables.
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15
Equation of the curve, Y = A + BX
Result:
Inference:
Expt.6
TORSIONAL VIBRATION OF A SINGLE ROTOR SYSTEM

AIM: To determine the natural frequency of undamped torsional vibration of a single rotor shaft
system.
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16
APPARATUS:
SPECIFICATIONS:
Shaft diameter, d =
mm
Diameter of disc, D =
mm
Weight of the disc, W =
N
Modulus of rigidity for shaft, C =
N/m2
THEORY: When the particles of the shaft or disc move in a circle about the axis of the shaft,
then the vibrations are known as torsional vibrations. The shaft is twisted and untwisted
alternatively and the torsional shear stresses are induced in the shaft. Since there is no damping
in the system these are undamped vibrations. Also there is no external force is acting on the
body after giving an initial angular displacement then the body is said to be under free or natural
vibrations. Hence the given system is an undamped free torsional vibratory system.
PROCEDURE:
1. Fix the brackets at convinent position along the beam.
2. Grip one end of the shaft at the bracket by chuck.
3. Fix the rotor on the other end of the shaft.
4. Twist the rotor through some angle and release.
5. Note down the time required for 10 oscillations.
6. Repeat the procedure for different length of the shaft.
Tabulation :
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17
Sample calculations:
Results:
Inference:
INTRODUCTION
Surface topography is of great importance in specifying the function of a surface. A significant
proportion of component failure starts at the surface due to either an isolated manufacturing
discontinuity or gradual deterioration of the surface quality.
The most important parameter describing surface integrity is surface roughness. In the
manufacturing industry, surface must be within certain limits of roughness. Therefore, measuring
surface roughness is vital to quality control of machining work piece.
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STUDY OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS
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Expt.7
Fig.1 : Surface texture includes roughness and waviness

ROUGHNESS a quantitative measure of the process marks produced during the creation of the
surface and other factors such as the structure of the material. The action of the cutting tool,
chemical action, polishing, lapping, and the structure of the material all contribute to the
roughness of the surface.
WAVINESS a longer wavelength variation in surface away from its basic form (e.g. straight
line or arc). . It may result from such factors as machine or work deflection, vibration, chatter,
heat treatment, or warping strains
LAY refers to the predominant direction of the surface texture. Ordinarily lay is determined by
the particular production method and geometry used.Turning, milling, drilling, grinding, and
other cutting tool machining processes usually produce a surface that has lay
SAMPLE LENGTH : after the data has been filtered with a cut off, we then sample it.
Sampling is done by breaking the data into equal sample lengths. The sample lengths have the
same numeric value as the cut-off. In other words, if you use a 0.8mm cut-off, then the filtered
data will be broken down into 0.8mm sample lengths. These sample lengths are chosen in such
a way that a good statistical analysis can be made of the surface. In most cases, five sample
lengths are used for analysis.
Roughness parameters
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FORM of a surface is the profile of the surface under consideration ignoring variations due to
roughness and waviness. Deviations from the desired form result from clamping marks or
sliding marks machining guide errors etc.
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PROFILE is, mathematically, the line of intersection of a surface with a sectioning plane which
is (ordinarily) perpendicular to the surface. It is a two-dimensional slice of the threedimensional
surface. Almost always profiles are measured across the surface in a direction perpendicular to
the lay of the surface. Shortly saying, it's the graphical representation of the surface.
CENTER LINE (Mean line) : mathematically it's positioned in such a way that within the
sampling length the sum of areas enclosed by the profile above & below the center line are equal.
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EXPERIMENT NO: 8
Autocollimator
AIM: measurement of the straightness using Autocollimator
APPARATUS: autocollimator,
THEORY: definition of straightness: - A plane is to be said straight over a given

length if the variation or distance of its points from two planes perpendicular to
each other and parallel to the generation direction at of the line remains within
specified tolerance limits the reference planes being so chosen that there
intersection is parallel to the straight line joining two points suitably located on the
line to be tested and two points being close ends of the length to be measured.
PRINCIPLE OF AUTOCOLLIMATOR: it works on the principle that if the light source is placed in the focus of a
collimating lens then the light is projected as a parallel beam .If this beam is made
to strike a plane reflector normal (perpendicular) to the optical axis then it is
reflected back along its own path and brought to the same focus.
But if reflector is tilted through a small angle 0 the parallel beam is reflector
through twice that angle and is brought to focus in same plane as a light source but
to one side at a distance x=20f.
f =focal length of collimating lens
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WORKING: - When the lamp is illuminated then ray from lamp passes through
condenser, target reticule and strilus on 45 transparent beam splitter. Beam splitter
then reflects the image on collimating lens which projects the rays as parallel
beam. Now a plane reflector is placed normal to optical axis which reflects the rays
along its own path and an image is collected at target graticale . But while
reflectors some of the rays crosses the 45 transparent beam splitter and the image is
seen through eye piece of microscopic on external reflector. Now we tilt the plane
reflector by a small angle 0 the rays will reflect back but twice the angle and in this
condition we couldnt find the image on microscope eye piece. Therefore in order
to obtain an image operate micrometer microscope till the image is seen or
collected on an external reflector. Stop rotating
micrometer, note down the reading. The reading are directly in angular value that is
in
minutes 1, 2, 3 and 10 on.
Hence the difference in two readings of micrometer gives the value of x
.Therefore we can calculate from equation x= 2f0
Where f is focal length of collimating lens.
Auto collimator is quite accurate and read unto 0.1 sec and
used for distance 30 m.
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CONSTRUCTION:-A line diagram of injected reticule autocollimator consists of

three parts as micrometer microscope, lighting unit and collimating lens.
PROCEDURE:(1)Mark the distance of 50mm internal on the w/p.

(2)Set the cross wire so that the two cross wire will coincide.
(3)Set the mirror so that the cross wire will be visible.
(4)Move the reflector on next 50 mm mark and adjust it to see reflection of cross
wire.
(5)Take the reading of reflected crosswire deviated or moved up or down. Measure
the distance between two crosswire.
RESULT:Inference
Expt.9
Apparatus: - Tool makers microscope, cutting tool.

Tool makers microscope:Tool makers microscope is versatile instrument that measures by optical means
with no pressure being involved .it is thus a very useful instrument for making
measurements on small and delicates parts . the tool makers microscope is
designed for the following measurements; measurements on parts of complex form
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Aim- Measurement of cutting tool angles using tool makers microscope.
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Tool makers microscope
Procedure:The use of tool makers microscope for the taking the various angular
measurements is explained belowTo determine the tool angle, the screen is rotated until a line on the angle of screen
rotation is noted. The screen is further rotated until the
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A tool makers microscope is as shown in fig. the optical head can be moved up or
down the vertical column and can be clamped at any height by means of a
clamping screw .The table which is mounted on the base of the instruments can be
moved in two mutually perpendicular horizontal directions (longitudinal and
lateral) by means of accurate micrometers screws having thimble scale and vernier.
A ray of light from light source (fig- 2) is reflected by a mirror through 90.it is then
passes through a transparent glass plate (on which flat parts may be placed). A
shadow image of the outline or contour of the work piece passes through the
objective of the optical head and is projected by a system of three prisms to a
ground glass screen. Observations are made through an eyepiece. Measurements
are made by means of cross-lines engraved on the ground glass screen. The screen
can be rotated through 360 the angle of rotation is read through an auxiliary
eyepiece.
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for example, the profile of external thread as well as for the tools, templates and
gauges ,measuring centre to centre distance of holes in any plane and other wide
variety of linear measurements and accurate angular measurements.
same line coincides with the other side. The angle of tool on the screen will be
difference in two angular readings. Different types of graduated and engraved
screens and corresponding eye piece are used for measuring different elements.
Result:Inference:-
Aim: To calibrate bourdon tube pressure gauge and plot the following graphs.
Gauge pressure Vs true pressure using dead weight
Calibration curve
Apparatus:- pressure gauge tester, Dead weight piston and standard weights.
Description:-
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CALIBRATION OF BOURDON TUBE PRESSURE GAUGE USING DEAD WEIGHTS
24
Expt.10
Result:Inference:-
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Procedure:Before starting the experiment, the cup is filled with oil. The entrapped air is removed by lifting
the handle up and down, one or two times, until trapped air is removed from oil completely .The
valve of oil pump is closed and floating plunger is made vertical by adjusting leveling screw
using spirit level.
Place a known weight on the carrier and slowly pump by moving the handle up and down. This
increase the pressure inside the system and pressure gauge indicates the same. Rotate the weight
career in order to reduce friction of plunger due to offset. move handle up and down such that
plunger lift weights unto 7mm.
The weight and pressure gauge reading are noted. Now some more weights are added and the
above procedures repeated and pressure gauge readings are noted. Repeat for more weights up to
maximum.
Now the weight added is removed one by one and corresponding pressure gauge readings are
noted. Then the mean of pressure gauge readings is taken as the output pressure gauge readings.
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Needle valve:
There are two needle valve, one on right side to fill oil pump and left side to pressure gauge.
Main block:House, Piston cylinder assembly and plunger piston and cylinder.
It consists of a main cylinder and piston supported by a handle By moving the handle up and
down, pressure builds inside the cylinder will cause pumping of oil from cylinder through non
return valve to the fulcrum which will move needle in the pressure gauge simultaneously
pressure developed will lift load placed.
Set of weights:All weights marked in terms of pressure equivalent weights.
Oil:- SAE 20 or 30 is used. The oil should be clean.
Principle:-
Expt.11
DAMPED TORSIONAL OSCILLATIONS
Aim: To study the damped torsional oscillations and to determine the damping coefficient
Equipment setup:
It consists of a long elastic shaft gripped at the upper end by chuck in the bracket. The
bracket is clamped to upper beam of the main frame. A heavy steel flywheel clamped at the
lower end of the Shaft suspends form bracket. Damping drum is fixed to the lower face of the
flywheel.
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Recording drum is mounted to the upper face of the flywheel. Paper is to be wrapped around the
recording drum. Oscillations are recorded on the paper with the help of specially designed piston
of dashpot. The piston carries the attachment for fixing sketch pen
Principle:
The torsional stiffness of shaft
q
CJ
l
where
C= modulus of rigidity of shaft =0.8 x 106 kg/cm2

d4
32
J = polar moment of inertia of shaft =
d= shaft dia =3mm
l
= length of shaft=98cm
Moment of inertia of flywheel

Mr 2
I
2
M=mass of disc =9.844kg
r= radius of disc=12.5cm
Periodic time of oscillations in still air
I
T 2
q
Procedure:
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Logarithmic decrement
x
1
log 0
x0
n
xn
where
= amplitude of vibration at the beginning of measurement
xn
= amplitude of Vibration after n cycles from record
Damping factor or damping ratio
c
2
cc 4
where c= damping coefficient
27
Critical damping coefficient

cc 4 Iq
1.
2.
3.
4.
Arrange the set up as shown in fig

Put the sketch pen in its bracket
Allow the flywheel to vibrate
Allow the pen to descend. See that the pen always makes contact with paper and record
oscillations.
5. Measure the time for some oscillations by means of stop clock
x0
xn
6. Determine
and
Observation Table
No of oscillations
Time for n oscillations(s)
x0
xn
(cm)
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28
(cm)
Expt.11
VERIFICATION OF DUNKERLEYS PRINCIPLE
Aim: To verify the Dunkerleys rule

Principle :The Dunkerleys equation is given by the formula
1/F2 = (1/
fB
) + (1/
fL
Where
F=Natural frequency of given beam (considering the weight of beam) with central load W.
FL= Natural frequency of given beam (neglecting the weight of beam) with central load W.
Fb= Natural frequency of given beam.
fn
General equation for natural frequency
g
1
fn
2
L
of beam =
W1l 3
48EI
gEI
fB 2
W2
2L
I=M I of beam section=bh3/12

E= Modulus of elasticity of beam material (to be taken as 2x106 kg/cm2).
Experimental time period, Texpt = t/n
Where n= Number of oscillations.
t = Time for n oscillations.
Experimental Natural frequency, Fexpt= 1/ Texpt
Procedure:
Arrange the set up as shown in Fiq with some weight W clamped to weight platform.
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Deflection of beam due to load is

W1
Where
= Central load on the beam ,or weight attached.
W2
is the weight per unit length
L = Length of the beam.
29
Pull the platform and release it to set the system in to natural vibrations.
Find periodic time T and frequency of vibrations F by measuring time for some
oscillations.
Repeat experiment by putting additional masses on weight platform
Plot graph of 1/F2 Vs W. Intercept of the graph with W=0 gives the value of frequency Fb
of the beam.
Compare the values of natural frequency of the beam obtained by using theoretical
expression and obtained form graph.
Observation:
Length of beam, L=
Weight of the beam W=
Weight per cm of the beam=w2=W/L=
Section of the beam (bxh)=
Sl.No
Weight
Attached(k
g)
No of
Time for
Oscillation
n
s
oscillation
N
s
Texpt
(s)
Fexpt
(Hz)
fL
fB
(Hz)
(Hz)
1/F2
1
2
Sample calculation:
I= bh3/12
fL
1
2
g
L
Page
30
W1l 3
L
48EI
gEI
fB 2
W2
2L
1/F = (1/
fB
) + (1/
fL
)=
Page
31
From Graph y intercept=1/F2 =

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