Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
E N G I N E E R I N G.
BRITISH COLONIES AT CHICAGO.
IV.- NEW SouTH WALES-continuecl.
THE most striking feature of the exhibit of New
South \Vales in the Mines and Mining Building is
the great coal trophy which forms a background to
the section, and emphasises the fact t hat the colony
is a great coal-producing country, although comparatively little has been don e up to t he present
time in drawing on an almost unlimited supply.
The coal measures cover an area of nearly 24,000
square miles. There are five main coalfields : t hose
of Newcastle in the north, of Dlawara in the south,
the Lithgow field in the west, the South-Western
or Mittagong, and the Gunnedah coalfields. Sydney
occupies an almost central position with regard to the
various dep0sits, and boreholes recently put down
show the existence at a depth of between 2000 ft.
and 3000 ft. of workable deposits from 17 to 26
miles from the chief city of the colony. According to Professor T. W. E. David, late Geological
Surveyor, Department of Mines, the coal of New
South Wales belongs to three separate systems.
The first is assigned to the L ower Carboniferous
age, and so far is commercially useless, for although
two of the upper seams are 5 ft . and 7 ft. thick, t he
quality is too inferior to pay for working. Much more
recent in geological time is the second or PermoCarboniferous system, with three distinct series in
New South Wales, two of which extend into
Queensland. The total thickness of t his formation at Newcastle is about 11,000 ft., and it includes
150 ft. of coal in seams of upwards of 3 ft. The
third system is still more modern, as shown by the
modified fossils ; it consists largely of shales containing coal seams that are not worth working.
Although the existence of coal in New South WaJes
was known a century since, its extraction dates
back only to 1829, in which year 50,000 tons were
raised. The amount last year was 3, 780,000 ton s,
but this was less than in 1891, when over 4 million
tons were obtained. The average price per ton in
1892 was 7s. 8. 82d., r epresenting a. total of
1,462,388l. More than half t his quantity was exported (2,191,000 tons), of which 1,300,000 tons
found its way to other Australasian colonies, and
the r emainder went to foreign por ts. The expor t
coal trade of New Sout h Wales h as, indeed, been
important since 1858, more than 34t n1illion tons out
of the 56 millions total having been sent abroad,
leaving 21,690,000 tons for home consumption. Of
course the figures of the New South 'Nales coal
industry are insignificant when compared with
those of Gr eat Britain; but they were far more
insignificant a few years ago, as the following
statistics will show. They are selected from t he
last return of the Department of Mines and
Agriculture:
United Kingdom.
"0
~
>-.
.2
Cl.
(I)
c::
...d
>-
Il-l
1875
1878
1881
1884
1887
1890
1891
536,845
475,329
495,477
620,376
526,277
613,2.'{3
().18,450
...
Cl)
Cl)
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.,
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Cl) r::
~Cl)
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. ... 0
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124t
1453
954
9!2
995
1160
979
eo .
o88
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~CD
ao
.3 ~CD
~..J
Cl)
~~c
c::
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'> ...
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~8cPo
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Q),.,
o<a. -a
430
336
519
552
529
2.321
2.972
1.926
1.810
1.890
1.891
1.609
~-
629 1
662
~IINERALS, THE PRODUCE o~o NKw SooTu WALES ~oon THE YEAns
1891 AND 1892.
1891.
1892.
Increase in
Value.
Minerals.
Quantity.
old
~iher
"'
coal
s bale
oke
~ n ..
Co pp er
~ront
nt1mooy ..
B ismuth . .
s ilver
aoganese
..
..
~~ide of iron and pig iron
..
z1nc spelter
ead (pig) . .
..
imestone (ftux) ..
A lumite ..
be noble opal
~obalt
..
F ireclay
L 1me
~larble
tone (building) . .
., (ballast) ..
..
rindstooes
lntes
s uodry minerals
..
Value.
Quo.otity.
s.
163,335.62 0 7.
568,305 12
134,860 0
729,590.06 "
4,037,929.30 tone 1,742, 796 12
40,349.00
78,160 0
30,31().36 "
34,473 5
3,144. 52
271,412 0
4,525.66 "
205,093 0
4,125.81 "
36,101 0
'.
914.85
22,067 0
.40 "
500 0
H7,779.70 "
3,484, 739 0
1:38.20 "
3JO 0
228.75 "
43t 0
'
218.60
2,622 0
190.65 "
2,025 0
74,067.00 "
65,357 6
704.00 "
1,888 0
..
"
"
",.
1.15
16.80
410.00
635 pkg.
4735 No.
619 tons
471 No.
31,234
788.95 "tons
470
55
958
2,677
6,205
713
311
351
3,217
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
..
10,820
21
615
..
4
0
4
0
6
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
s. d.
10,S72 6 1
57,919 6
6,305,815 7 8
d.
0
25,620 17
42,702 0 0
680 0
l,C63,787 0 0
293 0 0
435 0
2,433 0
0
0
1,299 0 0
27,673
1,396
2,000
640
25
17,387 0 0
13,495 17 9
7,377 0 0
17 10
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
136
2,577
2,367
437
311
351
2,059
8.
77,966 0 0
280,407 3 2
146,6i6 811
Net decrease
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
1, 495,870 18 3
146,676 811
1,349,194 9 4
I
t>
The g reater par t of t he silver produced is exported in the shape of silver lead.
...
...
..
M oisture
...
. ..
Volatile hydrocarbon
F ixed carbon .. .
.. .
Ash
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
. ..
Per Cent.
... 2.1
... 32.7
... 60.6
...
4.6
100.0
(I)
1. 9-10
The coal industry has given Newcastle an importance in t he colony second only to t hat of
Sydney; its harbour accommodation is excellent,
and the facilities for shipping are very considerable.
On the south side of the harbour is a continuous
quay 3600 ft. long, well supplied with cxanes and
chiefly used for loading coal ; on the western side
is another wharf 6293 ft. long, of which 4490 ft.
are reserved for coal shipment. This wharf is well
supplied with hydraulic cranes, capable of handling
6000 tons in twelve hours. On t he north side of
the harbour t here is more wharf accommodation,
and there are two cranes each capable of shifting
1000 tons per twelve h0urs. Rail way connections
exist between the harbour, the collieries, and
the main lines. The southern coalfield has an outlet in the \Voolongong Harbour, 45 miles south
of Sydney; there U! a depth of 13ft. of water, but
wharf space is more limited, a restriction partly
compensated for by more powerful cranes, of which
s. d.
.,
3
166,870 00 oz.
669,177 17
0
56,884 0
360,661.60 "
6 3, 780,967.71 tons 1,462,388 9
0
74,197.15
136,079 6
10
7,899.00 "
8,~52 8
0
314, 114 0
3,492.10 "
0
4,834.20 "
187,706 0
3
2, 782. 17 "
22,606
0
728. 25 "
1-:1,6 0 0
1,0 0 0
0
14.25 "
0
133,354.95 "
2,420,952 0
47 0
0
16.80 "
869 0
0
453.15
0
6,055 0
444.55 "
0
726 0
70.90 "
2
103,36 .00 "
93,031 4
821.00 "
3,284 0
0
41.67 lb . "
2,000 0
0
1,110 0
76.00 tons
0
80 0
35.00
822 0
0
403.00 "
"
0
0
2,838 0
2478 No.
0
276 0
224 tons
0
0
1,158 0
6,665,009 17
Decrease in
Value.
Value.
d.
~CO
CO
.,J...;
~
c:: -~ Minister for l\1ines and Agriculture sends a fine
c
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tn ..
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41'tS
exhibit, consisting of 76 specimens of
... Cl)
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41Cl.
p..
C-c
A
~
Cl. bit uminous
and semi-bituminous coal, of shale
and graphite from various districts. The section
2.418
3,308
8 I 413
from the Wallarah Company's mines (Newcastle)
599
1.669
4,792
8
2049
. 4SS
2
4,09S
is of interest, as it represents the 10ft . seam under444
2.248
6,227 H
lying one of 2 ft. ; the analysis of this coal is as
11.752
86
7,998 94
1.260
793
10,316 13
follows:
.:::~~
379
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Sulphur
M 01sture
Ash ...
...
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. ..
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74.26
b.29
10. 98
.94
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1.30
6.78
100. 00
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====================================================================================
_., '
E N G I N E E R I N G.
THE
BRIDGE:
TOWER
:MR.
' VOLFE
OF
DETAILS
BARRY, ENGINEER,
CHAINS.
LONDON.
.Fig.32.
Fig.33
Fig.36.
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Section thro' A A.
\.(
Diagram of ChrJ.ins
Middlesex Chains
-- Surrey Chains
North
South .
M . h . E. .
North
Nt . S . E.
S. N. .
o !o ~==========~~~~~
lon.9
O==:::=:=== :u=======O
M N W.
_.
South
S.S..
M . S . W.
S~me/lt
Short Segm t
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1461
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''ill l111tanu
bt't~
Quantity.
Value.
s. d.
17 10
10 11
7 6
9 5
Gold ...
... 10,373,452 oz. 38,633,417
Coal .. .
. .. 53,870,743 tons 25,809,040
1, 416,716
Shale...
...
653,041 ,
75,620
Coke .. .
. ..
61,407 ,
Silver ingots
4,941,138 oz.
11,302,095 0
,
lead
199,616 tons
,
ore .. .
219,716 ,
Tin ingots .. .
100,400 ,
} 9,526, 796 0
, ore
...
17,793 ,
Copper ingots
93,926 , , } 6,023,431 0
,
ore ...
5,317 ,
383,565 13
Iron . ..
.. .
49,651 ,
2,647 G
, oxide .. .
1,173 ,
115,798 8
Antimony ...
6,047 ,
36,641 14
Bismuth .. .
168 ,
10, 322 0
Lead (pig) . ..
839 ,
0
0
0
8
0
6
0
0
Zinc spelter
Lim esto n e
flux
...
Alum
...
Manganese
ore...
.. .
Cobalt ore .. .
Opals
.. .
Sundry
minerals ...
Total . ..
5,988
526 t ons
115,494 "
924 ''
238 ,,
1.15 , '
195 lb.
.. .
. ..
s.
d.
0
107,346 11 11
4,888 0 0
665
470
15, 600
0
0
0
0
0
0
65,853
93, 536,963 13
"
,
''
,
,
1851
1861
1871
1881
1891
...
...
...
...
. ..
...
81,275
634,937
14,276,637
16,638,574
23,441,890
38,459,650
E N G I N E E RI N G.
as compared with that of l 891, but this is a natural
result of the financial collapse which marked so
disastrously the commercial history of the colony.
The effects of this, however, can only be temporary, despite the inconvenience and widespread
suffering that it caused , and the successful advance
of New South Wales cannot be arrested, for the
simple reason that it possesses within its borders
an alrno&t unlimited wealth.
(To be continued.)
ENGINEERING,
29, 1893.
SEPTEMBER
THE
TOWER
BRIDGE:
O F CHAINS.
DETAILS
.. to._ ...
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E N G I N E E R I N G.
who had visited the Lancashire Watch Company's
factory to the success of the work. Mr. E. Rigg,
the recorder of the section, who is a well-known
authority on watches, added his testimony to that
of others.
PNEUMATIC CAULKING AND CHIPPING T ooL.
Mr. Rosa next described a pneumatic caulking
and chipping hand tool, an example of which was
produced. This is a hand tool, and works at. great
rapidity, making over 10,000 strokes per mmute.
ome of the iron and steel chippings shown bore
evidence of the fine work done, the chipped surface
being a.s brigh~ as if polished: It would ~e difficult
to describe th18 apparatus w1thout dra.wmgs, and,
as we hope to illustrate it shortly, we will leave
further description for the present.
The meeting then adjourned.
The Monday meeting of the British Association
is always given up in Section G to electrical papers,
and the usual course was followed at the recent
meeting at Nottingham.
CosT oF ELECTRICAL CoNDUCTORS.
The first paper read was a contribution by Mr.
Gisbert Kapp, and was entitled ''The Relative
Cost of Conductors with Different Systems of
Electric Power Transmission. " The author commenced by saying that it was just twenty years since
the reversibility of the dynamo electric machine
wa.s discovered, and with it the electric t ransmission of mechanical power. The machines then,
and until recently employed, were of the continuous current type, but within the last few years
the transmission of power by alternating current
apparatus has come into use, chiefly because by it
the power could be carried to greater distances with
a moderate weight of, and therefore moderate
cost of, conductors. The reason for this economy
was to be found in the fact that owing to the
absence of commutators and the facility and certainty with which the alternating current transformers can be insulated, the effective pressure at
whieh the current is transmitted is much greater
with alternating than with continuous currents.
In other words, the author said, with continuous
current plant t he voltage is limited by the difficulty
of insulating the generating machinery.
With
alternating current plant there is no necessity of
high insulation of generator or motor, but only of
the step up and step-down transformers, and
since this type of apparatus can, by the use of oil
or other means, be insulated to any desired extent,
it is the difficulty of insulating the line, rather than
machinery, which limits t he voltage that can safely
be employed. It followed that in comparing
various systems of transmission as regards economy
of material all must be put on the same basis by so
desianing the plant that there shall be in each case
the :'ame stress on the insulation. The difference
of potential, therefore, the author said, between
any two points in the circuit, or between any point
and earth, should not exceed a predetermined limit.
'Ihe systems of transmi9sion which have as yet
been practically employed, and which, the author
said, alone need claim attention, he had formulated
in a table placed on the walls of the theatre. They
were as follows :
1. Single-phase alternating current transmitted
by three wires.
2. Double-phase alternating current transmitted
by four wires.
3. Double-phase alternating current transmitted
by three wires.
4. Three-phase alternating current transmitted
by three wires.
5. Continuous current transmitted by t hree
w1res.
Although the last case was practically impossible
for extra high potentials, the author included it
because it gave a convenient standard of comparison for the other four methods of transmission.
It is well known that in any circuit, the different
parts of which are equally well or equally badly
insulated, the electrical centre of gravity remains
always at zero of potential, and the author pointed
out that it followed from this axiom, that if
the circuit carry an alternating current, the
absolute potential of any point undergoes a
cyclic change, bringing it in turn above and
below the potential of the earth by an equal
amount. Thus, in a circuit carrying 10,000
effective volts, the greatest potential difference
between two points would be about 14,000
volts, and the greatest possible value of the poten-
E N G I N E E R I N G.
LIGHT
STATION
CONSTRUCTED
AT
FR0~1
EXP 0 SIT I 0 N.
COL UMBIAN
WORLD'S
THE
Fig. G.
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E N G I N E E R I N G.
compare Switzerland, or even Scotland, as the conditions were so different. With regard to pneumatic
transmission, the radius of transmission was comp:l.ratively small, so that they could n ot convey
power profitably to so grel.t a distance by air as by
water.
Sir Frederick Bramwell said t hat in his address
when Presid.ent of the Section many years ago:
h e was unwise enough to point out a source of
p ower n ot utilised in the instance of the flow of
wat er in the Bristol Channel. The Corporation of
Bristol unforunately t ook him at his word, and
asked him t o ad vise on a scheme by which the
unused energy of the river might b e m ad e available. On going into t he figures h e had to climb
do wn from the position he had taken, and to advise
the corporation that, until coal was very much
dearer indeed than it was ever likely to be in his
or their t ime, it would n ot pay t o install the
machinery necessary for the utilisation of t he river 's
fl ow. He n1ent.ion ed this as a warning to young
and enthusiastic engineers such as he was.
Mr. Mavor p ointed out the elements of loss in
water utilisation, and concluded that it was only
promising in cases like the Rhone, where the power
was largely in excess. Frost was the great enemy
t o the u se of water ; more so than drought. This
country was not big enough for big rivers, and we
h ad n o very important falls. The speaker next
went into the subject of t he rival merits of air and
electricity in mines, referring to the various wellknown points in favour of both.
Professor R obinson said that it was fair t o the
A.uthor to point out t hat the paper was entitled
"The Utilisation of Waste P ower by Electricity, "
and Mr. Snell did not pretend t o r efer to air or
other m eans of transmission.
The President, Mr. H ead, in proposing a vot e
of thanks to t he author, r eferred t o the cheapness
of coal as a reason why water power was not more
used. He said that a cargo steamer would carry
freight at 1d. per t on per 500 knots, which equalled
1 t on carried 1 knot with 1 oz. of coal. We wanted
our water for other purposes, and n ot for power
generat ion. This country was one of the worst for
water power and the best for coal. He had lately
visited Norway, and there was struck with t h e
enormous quantity of water running to waste in the
falls. He calculated that in one case there was 5000
h orse-power in one cascade, and this was entirely
unused. There, however , coal was obtained from
England, so that the conditions were q uite differ en t.
Soon er or later the available coal supply of the
country would be exhausted, and it would t hen be
time to look about for another source of energy.
In Niagara there was a vast q uantity of water running to waste so far as power was con cerned. He
would suggest that gas might be compressed and
h eld in steel flasks, as oxygen or hydrogen already
was, and we under stood Mr. H ead to propose that
power sh ould be obtained in this way.
1n use.
- - ... .
-:r - Mr. Hele-Shaw underst ood that Mr. Beaumont
had n ot actually experimented wit h epicycloidal
<
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gearing; the speaker, ho wever, had had experience
I
I
I
I
of it in pulley blocks, and found it was good when
I
not much power was required to be transmitted
I
I
through it, but there was great waste when it was
I
I
heavily loaded. H e was not sure whether that
I
form of gearing was the best for the purpose, and
before passing an opinion he would like to see exI
periments made of transmitting full power through
I
'I
it. Mr. A. Rigg said that the loss of power in
I
geared wheels was due t o t he bad form of gearing;
~
the proper way to tackle t he question was for electricians to d evis~ a dynamo that would also work
with reasonable efficiency at low speed.
Mr. Beaumont, in r eplying to the discussion,
pointed out that at the part where t he wear mostly
took place t h e bearing surfaces were very large,
and that t her e was a plentiful supply of oil. H e
believed it would be quite an easy matter t o
:L -
balance the moving parts. By way of illustrating
the necessity of t he device brought forward, he
mentioned that in some cases 30 horse-power
motors were used, whilst 2 horse-power was the
0
1799 c
~
usual rate of running. With a ratio of gearing 2 to
I
1 the maximum power could be reduced half. With
regard to t he electrical clutch, h e t hought it would sions, and practically consists of separate blocks, as
be possible to devise one t hat would be efficient, shown in Figs. 3 and 4. The sockets carrying the
but he preferred as a matter of practical utility to columns are bolted dowu t hrough the concrete; Fig. 5,
adhere to the mechanical arrangement sh own. which refers to t he central foundation, is a detail of
Ther e had been no t ime for experiments to be made, this fast ening; it will be seen that a tube is built in
but t h e gear was in the hands of a well-known firm , the concrete for the bolt to pass through. Fig. 16
and h e h op ed befor e long that there would n ot be gives plans and sections of the sockets for the columns.
It will be seen t hat lugs are cast on them for the attachin a gen erating station four engines of 100 hor se- ment of t he vertical diagonal bracing, and recesses are
power when three would be quite en ough.
formed for the horizontal bracing. ' his latter, which
consists of 3-in. round bars, is secured to the sockets
SELF-E xciTING A&MATURES.
by vertical or horizontal keys, as shown. Figs. 18 and
Mr. W. B. Sayers n ext r ead a paper en titled 19 are views of the upright diagonals and the adjusting
"Self-Exciting Armatures and Compensators for buckle. Fig. 13 shows the top casting for the column,
Loss of Pressure. " In a previous issue* we fully and Fig. 14 is one of the intermediate sockets ; Fig. 11
illustrated and descri bed Mr. Sayers' important being a sect ion of the horizontal diagonal bracing at
discovery, which formed the subject of the paper t he various stages. F ig. 12 is one of the segmental
now referred to. In his paper Mr. Sayers had central castings at the base of the structure, and r'ig.
made a comparison between the cost of his machine 17 is the casting in which rests the middle column
and the E dison-Hopkinson dynamo of t he Royal t hat rises to the lantern. The other figures are views
Society. The chief point that arose in the discus- of the watch-room and lantern floorJ, and details of
sion was r aised by Mr. Kapp, who pointed out t hat the roof. \ V e should mention that t he tower was
it was not fair to select a machine confessedly de- constructed by the Russell \Vheel and Foundry Company,
Detroit,
Michigan.
signed without consideration as to cost with a later
one in which cheapness was made a special point.
A L ARGE HYDRAULIC CnANE.-The most powerful by
E LECTRIC.AL CoNDUCTORS.
crane at present existing is reported to be one ab
Mr. E. Payne next described various devices for draulic
the Italian Government Arsenal at La Spezzia. It is
attaching electrical conductors for h ouse-wiring. capable of lifting 160 tons, or 10 tons more than the large
Many of t he arrangements were well-devised, but electric crane at the CreusOt Works.
the subject was not one which could be easily
dealt wit h in this repor t.
NEw SuLPHI'l'E-CELLULOSEJ MaNm'AoroRY IN SwEDEN.
- The project of erecting a large manufactory at Forshaga
(To be continued. )
W a.ttenfall, by the River Klarallfoen, in Vermland,
Sweden, is about to be realised. The annual production
GAS AT PAnrs.- The revenue of the Pa.risian Company is calculated to exceed 40,000 tons.
for Lighting and Heating by Gas in July amounted to
161,495l., as compared with 164,250l. in July, 1892, showing
THE RwnELL MECH A NICAL FILTER: EnRATU:\r. a decrease of 2755., or 1.68 per cent., this year. The
aggregate revenue collected by the company in the first Messrs. L Hugh Bristowe and Co., the exhibitors of
seven months of this year was 1,69R,897l., as compared the Ridde11 filter mentioned in our description of the
with 1, 725,15Gl. in the correspond ing period of. 1892, Laundry Exhibition in our last issue, inform us that we
showing a decrease of 26,259l. , or 1.52 _per c~nb. , this year. were in error in stating that in the cleaning of the filter
ItJ will be seen that the company ld st1ll suffermg- the supply of dirty water is out off. This is not the case,
although to a small extent> only- from the competition of as it is used to assist in cleaning the filter, the sand being
at once subjected to a scouring by the dirty water flowing
the electric light>.
in at the top and by clean water boiling up through ib
------------------------------from the bottom of the filter.
* See EKGl~EERING, vol. 1v ., page 77e.
I
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CO
E N G I N E E R I N G.
NOTE' FH M THE rNITED ST. .~TE~.
EN G I N E E RI N G.
THE
NEW
YORK
CENTRAL
HUDSON
RIVER
_,.
RAIL\VAY
COl\1 PAN Y .
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E N G I N E E R I N G.
29, 1893]
SEPT.
YORK
NE\r
THE
BY
CE NTRAL
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Ora11!pitu.-(Figs. 46 and 47, page 3 .) Crank pins to the following composition : S~ parts copper to one dri\ ing box cellar to have a hol e on side of cellar to allow
be of hammered iron case-hardened.
of Ajax metal. Oil cellar to be of cast iron; ftont driving for packing. H ole to be covered by a plate secured by
Dril'tnl} A.rlu.-Driving axles to be of hammered iron. boxes t o have holes cast through fla nge corre ponding tap bolts.
Journals 9 in. by 1 2~ in.
with holes in oil cellar to allow for packing, th e cellar hole
Driving Wh etli.-(Fig. 43.) Driving wheel centres to
Dri1:iu9 Boua -(Fig. 45. ) Driving boxes t o have , to be cloJed by a cover secured with tap bolts. Back 1be cast of the besb charcoal iron turned to 79 in. in
(To be corttinued. )
ENGINEERING.
390
P erhaps the Bilbao works are t oo far ad va.nced for any so far as we understand th em, by ri veting five troughs
change in the system of construc tion to be adopted, but t ogeth er and load ing them as indicated in ~he figure.
if Mr. de C burruca, when carrying out a new breakwater, The deflections were then measured a.t the pmnts A, B,
will adopt the monolith ic m~thod. I have d ~veloped, he 0, D, E with the following results:
will have cause for muoh satJ sfactJon both wtth the progress and cost of the works.
Deflection.
Yours truly,
Load.
W ALTER RoBERT KrNIPPLE, M. I. C. E.
3, Victoria-street, W estminster, L ondon,
c. I D.
E.
A.
B.
Ssptember 26, 1893.
I 1. D.
ln.
In.
tons
10.
m.
ID.
ln.
0. 7094
l. ~
0.9191
1.1010
1,1(f
1. 3012
1:11.4788
1/lT
1.6701
1~
2.0483
2
2.41 34
2t
2.7578
2~
3. 1491
3}
I am, Sir, your obedient servant,
,JOHN PHILLIP
M2dx,
2E I
0
~
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et
<:)
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5l
60
86!
,,.r
....-._
1\
liS
1 '"
:l
1 1\
J lf
full
( 11
(J
1 11
..!
..
bue
1 ol
:I
full
1"a full
b
..
l l
.... ~
!J!
--Now the deflection of C is supposed to be due t o a t ra:nsference of load to it through the n eighbouring troughs.
If this were so, the deflections of th e troughs B and D,
which are "assisted " by C, should be less than t hat of A
and E which are without such assistance, whereas the
revers~ is the case. Th is fact sho ws that the deflections
cannot be taken as measuring t h e bending moments in
the troughs, and that they are at least .partially due ~
t orsion . As regards the observed deflectiOn ~f C, there 1s
nothi ng t o show that it was not at l_east parttally due to
cha nge in the form of the cross sectiOn of th e trough. In
short after an examination of these experiments we are
st ill ~f the opinion expressed in our article that "it is
d ifficult to believe that any considerable am~)Unt ~f a
weight is transferred from a loaded trough to 1ts neighbours. " The matter can be settled by experiment, but the
experiment must be carefully designed to avoid the
vitiating effect s of t orsion. T he be~t plan w~uld be to
load a single trough and measure 1 ts d E>flectwn . . Then
rivet this up t o, say, a couple of others, and agam lo~d
it in exactly the sarue manner !"-~ before, the decrease 1_n
its deflection under these condtt10ns wou!d then be a fatr
criterion of the amount of load transferred. T o eliminate
torsion as far a.s possible, the deflection in eaoh instance
should be measured immedi~tely under the load. S hould
this experiment be made, we should be glad if the results
showe<l that our views are too pessimistic, as i t would
render j ustifiable t he adoption of troughing in places
where it ca.nnot now, in our opinion, b s j udiciously used.
-Eo. E]
T o THE EorToR OF ENGINEERING.
Srn,-In the interesting article on this suoject contained in your issue of September 15, the writer incidentally makes the remark that "the five simultaneous
equati ons used in determining t he s tresses on the roof of
the Olympia Hall, Kensington, t ook, we unders tand,
many weeks to solve by the determinant m eth od, and
there was with t h is latt&r m ethod far greater liability to
mi. takes."
As I did the g reater part of th is somewhat elaborate
calculation, perhaps he will allow me to state that he i 3
mis taken on this poi nt, as the whole of the calculation,
which principally consist ed in det ermin ing the influence
of certain forces, replacing supernumerary bars, on the
rest of tha structure, and by this m eans formin g t h e final
seven Pq uations, was accom plishud in seven week El, it will
ba clear t o everybody con versant with the subject that the
purely mech anica.l op('ra t ion of solvi ng these equations
cannot possi bly have taken "ma ny weeks." I t was, as a
matter of fact, done within a couple of days.
With regard t o hi s further remark t hat "the m ethod
of solution by determinan ts is the very worst th1t can be
adopted, " it would have been advisable on his part, before
making it, to stud y recent Conti nen tal literature on this
subject. H e would then have learned th at for the solution of equations of this particular fo rm, in which they
a.re obtained from s tatical calculations based on the
" principle of work, " the method of determinants offers
p eculiar advantages, a s the latter can b e transformed and
simplified in such a way that the a ctual work is reduced
by about on e-half. A ccording to Professor F r. Stein er,
of P rague, th e n umber of coefficien ts actually t o be calculated is, indeed, reduced from m2 to m (m -:- 1), a nd the
2
whole operation uee:omes a good deal clearer a.nd lees
laborious.
With regard to the article itself, it is a useful contribution t o our k nowled ge on the subject, which is decidedly
limited. It is1 of course, difficult to estimate th e influence of the different assumptions made, but it must be
confessed that without such assumptions the ca.lculation
becomes simply impracticable. If the author considered
it necessary t o mention th e fact that even the d efl ecti on
of the main girder has a cer tain influen ce on the result,
whinh may, however, be neglected, be might have made
the same remark with regard t o t he influence of the work
d one by the shearing forces of the trough girder itself,
which, of course, is not included in the expression
l
C)
Cl
41!
1
2E I
0
'v
SEPT.
29,
E N G I N E E R I N G.
893]
+ 6.90 - 1.17)
= 104
inch-tons, i. r., velocity to come into con tact with a {>Ortion of the ball
h~ v~ng ~ proportionately greater h?eal velocity, the
.
.
1
.
.
.
th.
10!
X 2.5
8
4
t
the add1t1ona stram ts m ts case
= . ons sh dmg fnct10n and con sequent abraston of the balls is
31
done away with.
per square inch. .
.
An a~ticle from which I have ex tract ed these notes apIt will be rea.dtly seen that under unfavourable mrcumetance the total strain may easily reach the limit of elasti- peared m t~e America"! /Jlachinist, and was reproduced
city, and there cannot, ~herefore, be any doubt that ~his m the Engl zsh Mecha nt.c for :i\Iay 9, 1890. It is well worth
overatrainiog of the ratl must be regarded as a sertous study by those interes ted.
As each groove may have the same angle, a single tool
disadvantage peculiar t o all narrow t rough flo<;>rings of
this kind. It may be added, ho we ver, that certam forms s uch as shown in Fig. 3, may be used t o out them an '
of flooring have been p!l.tented by M essrs. Buchanan and merely giving it a different inclination for each g roove a~
per Fig. 4.
'
am Eode in which this drawback has been avoided.
Referring t o Fig. 3, if a circle of the same diameter as the
'
I am, ir, your obedient servant,
ball is descri bed, and a line ab d rawn a.t the intended line
L . MERTENS.
of conta~b, as sh_ow!l, it iso~ly n ecessa ry (where the rest is
62. Stafford -place, ~. W .. September 26, 1893.
(\Ve are obl iged to :Mr. ~1erteos for his correction aCJ to fitted wtth a swm g mg mot10n, such as 1s used for turning
the Jength of time. required for . the s?lution . of th e
Olympia. roof equat10ns, but we s ttll retam our vtews as
to the unsuitability of the determinant method. Hitherto
the simultaneous equations arising in prac tical work have
Jlig.J.
been pri ncipally those due to an application of the method
of least squares to the correction of errors of observation.
The equations thus wet with are identical in form with
those arising in the application of the method of elastic
work to the calculation of s tresses in indeterminate
structures. The method of solution originally {>roposed
by Gauss-himself a Continental matbematiman-ha.s
bE'en examined into and discussed by hundreds of
computers since fi rst an noun~ed, a nd it is still t~at
universally adoJ?ted. Not only ts t he labour of calculatton
much less than 10 the determinant metboci. but a check is
provided at every step. Fur ther logarithmic computation is admissible, whilst in the determinant method the
.l?ig.2.
value of each determinant depends on the differences of
auantities which, large in themselves, may not be greatly
different in value, hence all the multipliC'a.tions must usually
be made by ord inar y arithmetic. It was thought unnecessary to mention that the work of the shearing forC"..eS
was so small as to be ne~ligible, as we understood this was
,
,
generally recognised. The importance of Mr. Martens'
I
%
remarks on the rai l stresses will be appreciated by our
,I
Fig.J.
readers.-Eo. E .]
'\
works out to (7.26
;;
Fig,J.
.Fig. 4.
.J.
"'
J':96
Fig.J.
.Fio-2 ~
I
391
to local interests in connection with the War Depart
ment. It must be rAmembered that manufacturers
were induced to lay down special plant of a most expensive character for the turning out of projectiles and
ordnance, on th e distinct understanding that they would
receive Goverament support, but the oonduct of the Ad
ministration during the past few months has been in
direct contravention of ~hat assurance. It is unders t ood
that the misstatements will receive a direct public con
t radiction. The question of price is a n important one,
but the attack on the quality of material turned out is
felt to be more serious still.
Iron and Stcel.-Some of the largest establishments,
th at have plenty of orders of a miscellaoaous character,
have this week be~n compelled to t otally suspend operations and close their gates pending a resumption of
supplies of fuel of suitable quality- at reasonabl e price.q.
The adoption of this course, whtch was inevitable, has
thrown many thousands of iron and steel workers, with
the mechanics and labourers dependent on them, out of
employment, and the greatest dis tress prevails. It is
evident that, un d ~r ordinary conditions, a.n improvement
would have t o be noted in the iron trad e, a'3 inquiries for
heavy lots of bar iron of best and medium quality are
coming in from India, South A frica, and Australia. I t
is also evident th at a. rise in the prices of a couple
of months ago could be afforded. Sheet rollers have lost
a lot of orders, which have for th e most part passed
to Staffordshire or Belgian houses. Pig iron, both
forge and foundry, is being delivered t o customers
out of stock at from 433. to 4us. per ton, but the ensuing
quarter's contracts should now be nE'gotiated. It is
impossible to do this, as, irrespective of prices, the
furnaces are all damped down or blown out, and sup
plies of coke at fair prices need not te looked for for a.
long time. The heavy s teel trades are suffering very
severely. Orders for marine material are being t>laced
elsewhere, and, with the exception of a few inquirtes for
India and South Africa., no ne w orders for railway material are t o band. Converters of crucible cast steel have
plenty of orders, but no suitable coke, and for the present
are in a d ilemma.
The Coal War.-As indicated in this column last week,
the miners of the district are now advocating a. resumption
of work at the pits where old prices are offered. A ballot
of the men is being t aken, and the result will be mad e
known at the federation conference to be held in Chesterfield on Friday. Theresultis a foregone conclusion. Within
the past few days supplies of coal have been sent here from
Durba.ma.nd Staffordshire, but th e quality is very poor, and
16s. per ton is asked for even engine slack. It has been
neglected, as customers believe the end of the s trike is
now approaching. The situation of the masters is peculiar. S ome of the leadi ng ones a re in favour of a resump
tion of work, with tho full 40 per cent. on, as stocks have
been cleared a nd the m arket is favourable. Others
think some concession should be obtained from the men,
but t he latter a re as determin ed as ever to accept no red uction whatever. As an indication of what may be
expect ed, it may be stated th at one of the largest colliery
owners is taking contracts for engine slack at the rates
of eight weeks ago, and undertaking to commence deliveries within fourteen days. The miners have suffered
g reat privations during the strike, but it is evident they
will endure more rather than accept reduced wages.
Armour-Plate Orders.-Messrs. Charles Cammell and
Co., L imited, Cyclops Steel and Iron W orkst....a nd M essrs.
Vickers, Sons, and Co., Limited, River lJon W orks,
hl\ve each received a large order for armour-pla.tes for
H. M. S. R eno wn, now jn course of construction at the
Government Dockyard, Pembroke.
NILE~
TOOL WORKS
COL UMBI AN
CO~IPANY,
HA~IILTON,
EXPOSITION.
0 .>
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OHIO, U.S.A.
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~
E N G I N E E R I N G.
AGENTS FOR
ENGINEERING."
u
. Lehmann a.nd Wentzel, Karntnerstrasse.
AUSTRIA, "'ennn
l 1
..,
C
TowN Gordon and Gotch.
EAP~suBGri : J ohn Menzies and Co.' 12, Han.ove~-. treet.
l.
22
on<.
p . . Borveau and Chevillet, Ltb rame Etrangere,
,
FRA~C~e l~nB~n ue; M. Em. Terquem, 31bi.s Boulevard Ha.u smann.
!f~ for Ad,eitisements, Agence Ha.Yas, 8, Place de la Bourse.
below.)
u te d L' d
(See JiY
GBRl.lA
Berlin: Messrs. A. Asher and Co., 5, n r en m en.
' Leipzig: F. A. Brockhaus.
Mulhouse.: H . tuckelberger.
GLASGOW: William Love ,
.
I NDIA Calcutta: Thacker, Spmk, an?
'BombaY: Thacker and Co. , Linuted.
ITALY: u. Hoepli , Milan, and ~ny post office.
Lt\'ERPOOt. : Mrs. Ta.ylor, Land ng tage.
~LHiCHESTER: John Heywood, 143, Deansgate.
Nxw sooTU wALSS, ydney: Turnet and Ilenderson, 16 and 18,
Hunter-street. Gordon and Gotch, Geor~e-street.
QUEENSLAND (SOOTll) Brisbane : Gordon ana GoU:h.
(NORTu): Townsville: T . Willmett, and Co.
RoTTERD.Uf : H . A. Kra.~1er and . on. . .
SouTn At'STRALIA Adelatde: W. C. Rgh.).
UNIT&D T.\TES, N'ew York : W. II. Wiley, 53, East !Oths~re~t.
Chicago: ll . Y. Holmes, 44 , La.kestde BUlldmg ..
YICTORL\, M&LBOUR~B : Melvi ll e,. M.ullen and lade, 261/204, Colhns
street. Cordon and Gotch, Lumted, Queen t reet.
qo.
The char~re for adverti ements is threesh i~l~ ngs fo ~ the first f9ur
line or under, a.nrl eightpence for ea.<'h addi tional line. The hne
averages seven words. Paytnen~ m.ust .acc9mpa~y all orders for
single a.dverti ements, other"'! e the1 ~ mser t10n cannot be
guaranteed. Terms fot displayed ad,:ertlsemen ts 9n t.he wra.p~er
and on t he in ide pages may he ?btamed on. apphcat10n. . Sennl
advert isemen ts will be inserted wtth all practicable regularity, but
absolute regularity cannot be iUaranteed.
--
------~----------=----------------
=---
CONTENTS.
P.AGB
PAGE
I"
391
391
391
393
395
396
397
399
400
401
401
402
404
406
393
ENGINEERING.
394
E N G I N E E R I N G.
18,340,671
30, 287,000 43,355, 914
9,351,607 16,197, 377 17,672,179
24,870, 738
creatures, and need favourable conditions in which Ma rch ..
12,780,832 173,356,318
21,408,864
36,897,000 44,618,741 10,838,290 18,209,238 20,441,4 6
27,191,727
14,006,728 193,615,074
19,266,033
26.727,227 13,252,164 179,968,931
9,68:3, 136 17,016,264 18,635,582
3'1, 585,000 42,803,636
even in distilled, or pure deep well water, t han t hey Oct ober . .
17,9R4,008
9,723,008 16,361.113 18,862,391
25,327,008
31,230.000 41,594,362
12,463,405 173,045,295
tion. This would double the present supply. In
equal t erms, between water front the Thames and
...
24,500,000
W est Middlesex
this
case,
again,
considerable
doubt
was
cast
on
the
Loch Katrine, it would be folly t o choose the
24,500,000
Grand Junction
even condemning t hem emphatically. This Com24,500,000
Southwark and V auxhall
that can be brought in favour of 1t. But 1n th1s
... 10,000,000
East L ondon ...
...
mission did n ot accept this plan .
world advantages are comparative, and generally
The third proposal as t o storage was by Mr.
have to be considf}red in r elation to price. More
130,000, 000
Waiter Hunter, director of the Grand Junction
lives are lost in L ondon each year from the use
Further, some of the companies obtain large Company, and Mr. Alexander Fraser, engineer to the
of tinned provisions than can .be alleged again~t
the Thames since the compan1es removed the1r quantities of water from the gravel beds besides same company, and consisted in t he construction of
The Lambeth Company can get nine reservoirs upon land in the neighbourhood of
intakes a hove the locks. Yet thousands of tons t he river.
of such food are consumed annually, for the 7,000,000 to 8,000,000 gallons daily in this way ; Staines, at only a few miles' distance above the existsimple reason that each purchase represents a few the Southwark and Vauxhall Company, 3, 000,000 ing works of the companies. The storage capacity
pence saving over the cost of fresh food. And gallons; the East L ondon Company, 1,200,000 was to be obtained by excavat ing below the surface
in almost fiat land, and forming t he material r esuch economy is by no means confined to the gallons ; and others variable quantities.
The New River Company derives a variable moved into banks, so as to increase the depth.
homes of the poor. It is possible to find tinned
articles on the t ables of the affluent . F or a com- amount from the Chad well Spring at Amwell, near By this combined process of sinking and raising, a
munity in which such a practice prevails t o spend H er tford. This ranges from a maximum of depth of 40ft . would be obtained, t he digging
even t wenty millions in r e_Pla..cing ~ w~ter supply 4,000,000gallons a day to 500,000gallons. The .River being entirely in gravel, which overlies the clay t o a
against which me:ely doc.tr1na1re obJec.t wns ~an be L ea supplies 22,500,000 gallons, and from deep depth of 20 ft. to 30 ft. This plan bears so close a
raised, would be 1n the highest degree mcons1stent, wells some 8,500,000 gallons additional are pro- r esemblance to that event ually formulated by the
to use n o stronger word. In other matt6rs we vided. The K ent Company gets all its supply from Commission, that we shall give a more detailed
are content t o accept certain slight risks. W e wells, and the E ast L ondon is r esorting to this account of it. It is gratifying to find that the
do not submit our medicine to an analyst to source in addit ion to the Lea. T.he Table above officials of one of the much-abused companies pr esented a desigQ that has been practically adopted
see if the pharmacist has used arsenic in place shows the production of each company.
E N G I N E E R I N G.
by the Commission, in preference to. schemes prepared by outsiders. The plan prov1d~d for v_ertica.l puddle walls around the rcserv01rs, carr~ed
down by trenches into the clay below, the Internal slopes being protected from wash by_ a
concrete lining. The complete. scheme was 1~1tended to provide for the takmg of 300 million gallons a day for suppl~, .and still ~o leave
200 millions to flow over Tectdmgton W eu. The
storaae would be gradually built up by instalments,
a sufficient amoun t being provided each ten years
to meet the demand as evidenced by the census.
The water was to be taken from the Thames at a
point above Staines, partly by gravitation a?d
partly by pumping, the top level of the reservous
beina 80ft. above Ordnance datum, while the ordina.r/'water level at the point of abstraction is 50 ft.
above Ordnance datum. From these reservoirs the
water would gravitate through pipes to filter beds
at the present works at H ampton and Molesey. It
was assumed that there would be four floods in a
year, and that no pumping would be done in the
first iifteen days of any flood.
In relation to the Lea Valley, Mr. Bryan presented a. scheme for storage. At present the New
River Company has storage for 740 million gallons,
which it proposes to iJ?-crea~e t o 1200 millions.
In addition, four reservoirs mtght be constructed at
Walthamstow, like those in the preceding scheme,
to contain 7130 million gallons. By means of this
combined capacity Mr. Bry~n estimates t~at 60
million gallons co~ld be obt~m~~ from the r~ver ?Y
his company, wtthout preJUdicu:Llly affectmg It.
The maximum take has hitherto been about 37
millions ; with the 22! millions constantly abstracted by the New River Company at Hertford.
this would increase the quantity taken from the Lea
t o 82! million gallons, or 4.483 in. of rainfall on the
460 square miles of the watershed area.
Con.siderations of space oblige us to hurry over
the remaining propositions (3 and 4). The abstraction of mor e water from the graval beds by the
river was rejected as equivalent to taking it from
the river. An immense amount of evidence was
taken relating to the supply to be obtained from
deep wells, and the effect that increased pumping
would have on the rivers and valleys. An assistant
commissioner was even appointed t o go over t he
ground and obtain information on the spot in regard
to certain points.
After examining the various plans and sifting t he
evidence, the Commissioners arrived at the following decisions : That the average daily flow of the
Thames is 1350 million gallons; for three consecutive dry years it is 1120 millions, and for the
driest year 900 millions. That by the construction
in the neighbourhood of Staines of reservoirs of
adequate capacity into which water shall be pumped
and stored in times of excess, to be used in times
of deficiency, at least 300 million gallons a day may
be obtained for the supply of London. That from
the River Lea, on the average of three consecutive
years, 81 million gallons flvw off daily by the
river at Feilde's Weir. At a lower point the discharge is probably 85 millions. Of this the New
River Company draw 22! millions, and the
East London Company have at times drawn 37 millions, but they only claim to take 30 millions. That
this abstraction is too great with the storage now
in existence, but if other reservoirs were constructed
adequately increasing the storage capacity, the
taking of 52! million gallons a day might be continued .. That from wells in the Lea Valley the
compames should not calculate on obtaining more
than 40 million gallons a day in dry years. That
from the existing wells of the Kent Company, and
from others to be sunk, 27! million gallons a day
might be taken. That from the t ract of chalk
country in the valley of the Med way and eastward
to the coast, a very considerable addition would be
procurable. The summary of the several quantities
above stated is as follows :
Millions of
Gallons
per Day.
300
The self-directed efforts t owards the r ealisation of
suf?cient at 35 gallons per head per day for a popu- these ideas established his suitability, even at the
latwn of 12,000,000.
early age of twenty-three years, for the appoint~his report will settle the question of metro- ment of engineer to the Nottingham Water ComJ>Ohtan water supply for many years to come, we pany, and for the undertaking of the works for the
395
E N G I N E E R I N G.
and L owestoft. He gave evidence before several
commissions on the London water supply, and the
report now issued by Lord Balfour's Commission,
and reviewed in another part of this issue, may be
said to be based largely on the evidence he gave.
Only on one or two minor points has his advice
been departed from. It is not n ecessary to enter
into the details of design of the works h e carried
out. Leeds was probably one of the largest, the
area of the watershed being 25,000 acres, and the
storage capacity of r eservoirs 3726 million gallons,
admitting of a daily supply of 22 million gallons.
The feature of all his work was its substantiality.
He preferred to err on the side which insured
safety, if, indeed, it can be said to be an error to
leave a large margin of strength. This probably
explained the popularity which he enjoyed as
the adviser of so many municipalities and water
companies, and partly explains his being chosen
to repair the damage done at Sheffield when a
disaster involved a loss of life some years ago.
He preferred earthwork embankments, and would
n ot s werve from t hose dimensions which his ripe
experience had established in his mind as th~
safest. In the matter of pumping plant, too, h e
sometimes paid greater r egard to the ornate and
b eautiful than to the interests of economy.
Sanitation, which is so closely associated with
water supply, was car efully studied by him, and
as early as 1848 he gave evidence at an inquiry
by the Government, and continued t o advocate
the necessity not only of effective sanitary arrangements, but of the~prevention of pollution of streams,
while at the same time discouraging exaggerated
r eports on t he subject by irresponsible people.
After the establishment of the Metropolitan Board
of Works, the whole question of L ondon sewage
was entered into, and in 185'7 h e, in conjunction
with Mr. Bidder and t he late Sir J oseph Bazalgette, considered t he subject. The result was the
carrying out of a scheme for the construction of
three m\in sewers to inter cept t he hundred and one
little sewers then discharging their poiRonous
liquids and noxious solids into the Thames at all
points. These three sewers-high, middle, and
low level- unite at Abbey Mills, n ear Stratford,
and thence run to Barking Creek, fourteen
miles below London Bridge. Two large sewers
were also built on the south side of the river,
delivering at Crossness. Subsequently purification works were established at the two discharge stations. Independently, Mr. Hawksley
carried out many works, including those at Birmingham, Worcester, Hertford, Windsor, Whitehaven, and Aylesbury. Except for small communities, he preferred purification by chemical
process rather than the adoption of sewage farms,
as the latter require t o be so large that the production becomes too great to be conveniently
disposed of '!it h profitable. results. \Vhile . admitting that 1n the defrecating process a variety
of agents may be used, such as alum, blood, and
clay, as at Aylesbury, his experience led him to the
belief that the best process was a moderate dose of
finely comminuted lime used to pr~duce a first pr~
cipitate, followed by a small quantity of crude acid
sulphate of alumina to produce a second precipitate,
fix any remaining ammonia, and form a mordant
with the r esidue, if any, of colouring matter.
This is the process he carried out at Windsor, and
it complied with the stringent requirements of the
River Thames Conservancy. For n early twenty
years Mr. H a'Y'ksley was one of .the statutory
arbitrators appointed by Act of Parliament to deal
with t he South Staffordshire mines drainage, and
it was chiefly on his advice and suggestion that
very successf~l and extensive p~mping plant was
erected in various par ts of t h e district.
Many gas works wer e al~o constructed by him, .in
addition t o t hose at N ottmgham, the number Including those at Derby, Sunderland, Cambridge,
L owestoft and Bombay. This latter suggests the
fact that his experience and ability wer e laid under
contribution by various foreign Govern ments. He
was consulted about the Vienna water supply, and
his services were acknowledged by the conferr ing of
the order of Commander of the Order of !rancis
J oseph of Austria. The Emperor of Braz~, '":ho
was elected an honorary member of the Instituho~
of Civil Engineers while Mr. Hawksley w~s President, sought his counsel on sever~! que.stwns, and
acknowledged his merit by creatmg him a Commander of the R ose. The construction of the
water works at Stockholm, the capital of Sweden,
and oth er ser vices, brought to him the Knighthood
E N G I N E E R I N G.
ra.tchet and pinion for regulating the feed. ~he
machine is provided with an out-bra_cket or housing
for work that will not pass the ~a.In bod_y of the
machine. The bracket has adJustment 1n every
direction, the limits being 6 ft. paral~el to planer,
6ft movement to head, and 4ft. honzontal moveme~t to column. The head is counterweighted in
the usual way, all feeds ~~ing by power. ~hrough
out the machine all dnving shaft s run ID brass
bearings, and the surface~ are large. The fe?ds are
positive and operated 1n a very short distance
travel of the table; they take no power. at all except when feeding . . T_h e belts ~re shifted by a
patented device, cons1stmg of a. circular ra.?k and
cam path which moves but one belt a.t a time, so
that the table can be stopped or started instantly.
The machine complete weighs 270,000 lb. Two
have recently been built, one of them being in the
General Electric Company's 'Vorks, Lynn, Massachusetts.
6-Ft. Boring and Tun,~i~tg lliill.-Th ~s type of
' 'horizontal turning lathe IS very extensively used
.Pig..Z.
397
riaht or left hand threads. The lead screw is
pl~ced well up under the shear of the be~, and
r.he nut so arranged as t o bring the str~un on
the carriage ae direct as p ossible. rr:he ta1l stock
is held down by four bolts, and 18 also provided with a strong pawl engaging with a rac_k
cast in the bed. Thus a positive resistance IS
offer ed, preventing all danger of slippi~g. The
upper side of the tail stock is also held Independently by four bolts, thus allowing it t o be set over
for taper work, without unclamping from the bed.
The lathe is provided with heavy steady and follower rests, the former having an opening to take
in large shafts. The gearing is in all cases accurately cut from the solid, and all working surfaces
carefully scraped, the general finish being of a high
class.
T 11 rret Lathes. A screw machine exhibited
is built more after the type of an engine lathe
than those previously described ; its capacity
is for screws from ! in. to 1-~ in. in diameter ;
the dies will work up to 2 in., and with the
leaders, threads can be cut up to t he full size of
bar the machine will take. The spindle is 4! in. in
diameter, with a front bearing 6! in. long, and has
a hole 2}g- in. in diameter through it. The cone
ranges from 14 in. to 7 in. in diameter, and has
four steps for a 3~-in. belt. Both the cone and face
gear are loose on the spindle, and are driven, the
one by a friction, and the other by a positive clutch,
connected t o a sliding hub working on a feather on
the spindle ; tha friction obviates the shock incident
to starting the spindle at a high velocity, the motion
being gradual, whila the positive clutch on the face
gear insures steadiness of motion under heavy strain.
'he turret is made to revolve and lock automatically. The p oint at which the r evolution of the
turret takes place is adjustable, and is indicated by a
gauge at the front of the turret slide. The carriage
has a power feed operated from the back feed shaft,
independent of the motion obtained by the leaders.
An oil pump is fixed to the side of the machine,
and is provided with a safety valve whereby all
excess of oil is returned to t he tank, and allows the
pump to continue working when the drip cocks at
the tools are closed .
H 01izontal B oring, D1illing, and M illing
Mach ine.-This machine will bore or drill holes, or
mill off any surface in a space 9 ft . or m ore in
length by 6 ft. in width. The machine consists of
a heavy column 10 ft. 6 in. high, mounted on a bedplate of any length to suit. r equirements. The
column is moved along the bedplate by power,
oper ating through worm gear and rack. The
column is 31 in. wide on the face, and is fitted with
a heavy saddle 40 in. square, carrying the spindle.
The saddle has a vertical traverse on the column of
6ft., and is raised and lowered by a heavy screw.
It is balanced by a counterweight hung in the column.
The boring and milling spindle is hammered steel,
4! in. in diameter ; it slides in a heavy revolving
sleeve, and has a traverse of 4 ft. It revolves in
either direction, right or left h and, r eversing by
lever conveniently located, and has eight power
feeds, ranging from 2~ in. to i in. p er revolution of
spindle. It is also ptovided with hand feed and
quick r eturn. The milling feeds are six in number,
ranging from -(-2 in. to 1.06 in. per revolution of
spindle. These feeds are applied only to the
column and saddle, and are operated by p ower. Any
of these feeds for the quick motion may be utilised
to set a drill, b oring bar, or milling cutter to work
anywhere on the surface which t he machine will
reach. At one end of the bedplate are placed the
driving gear, milling feed, and quick-traversing
mechanism for the column. The quick-power traverse for the column has a speed of 5 ft. per
minute. The driving con e has six steps for a 4-in.
belt, and is strong1y back-geared, giving twelve
changes of speed, ranging from 2 to 200 revolutions
per minute, a.nd has ample power for boring up to
24 in. diameter. A platen is placed in front of
the column, convenient to the spindle, for the
operator to stand on, and all movements of the
spindle, saddle, and column may be started, stopped,
and reversed by levers conveniently arranged on
and travelling with the saddle, within easy reach
of the operator while he watches the work.
E N G I N E E R I N G.
'Vindsor Richards, on the morning of Tuesday last,
the 26th inst. They were welcomed by Mr. David
Dale in a short speech, to which the President replied in suitable terms.
The ironmasters of the north-east coast district
claim the Iron and Steel Institute a'3 their own
child, pointing out that it was at a meeting of the
North of England Iron Trade Association, held in
Newcastle in 1868, that the proposal to form the
Iron and Steel Institute first took form in the shape
of a paper read by the late Mr. John J ones. How
the Iron and Steel In~titute was formed, with t he
Duke of Devonshire as first President, is a wellknown tale, but during the twenty-five years that
have since elapsed, only three meetings have been
held in the district, namely, two in Middlesbrough
(1869 and 1883), and one inNewcastle in 1877. The
present meeting is thus the first held in Darlington,
but, if we may judge by the cordial welcome g iven
to members by the reception committee and others,
it has been from no lack of good will that the visit
has been so long deferred.
On the members assembling, it was at once
seen that the meeting was a s uccess in point
of number3.
Over 400 members had signified
their intention of being present, and in spite of bad
weather, together with the perhaps more depressing influence of the colliers' strike, there must have
been fully that number present, as the large hall
of the Mechanics' Institute was quite full ; in fact,
we believe the gathering was the largest on record.
The list of papen, which was given in our
announcement of last week, was a full one for a
country meeting, there being eleven in all. At
first it had been feared that there would be a dearth
of contributions, but the secretary had worked so
successfully that that danger to the success of the
meeting had been quite overcome. We think Mr.
Brough's experience is n ot singular. When a
meeting of a scientific society is announced, contributors are very apt to hold back until the
authorities very naturally become alarmed. We
think such alarm is entirely without foundation,
for there is sufficient material in the applied science
of the country, as represented by industrial
undertakings, to keep all the important technical
societies in full swing ; and, furthermore, there are
sufficient competent men ready and indeed anxious
to bring suitable matters forward. Even in the
present year, when the Congress at Chicago has
swallowed papers like a cormorant, there has been
n o lack.
The question has a wider bearing than would
at first glance appear. We suppose no one
doubts that the meetings of these scientific societies
would gain immensely in value if the papers
could be printed and distributed beforehand.
The high order of the discussions at the Institution of Civil Engineers is a standing proof of this,
as also is the constantly growing importance of the
discussions of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers for Mr. Bache is no less assiduous in
his sphere than that prince of secretaries, Mr.
Forrest. It would be well if councils would take
heart of grace and insist on all con:tributions, with
illustrations, which often are the p1th of the paper,
being in the hands of their re~pective secretarie~ a
sufficient time before the meetmg to enable cop1es
to b e distributed a we~k or so before the meeting
to all likely to add to the value of the discussion.
The gain to engineering science- using the term in
its widest sense- would be enormous. To take
one point: At present a fallacy may pass undetected, especially if the su~j ect be a:t a~l
abstruse and that fallacy rece1 ve the tm1ntmat1tr ~f the society, so far as having passed
unquestioned at a meeting where acknowledged
authorities were present.
If, however, the
paper had been .in the hands of. members to be
read at leisure 1n the study-w1th references at
hand, or even the possibility 0f making an experiment-then the error would ha\e been exposed.
The impossibility of following a difficult pape~ as
read at a meeting- with perhaps a fidgety neighbour on one side and a talkative one on the other
- must be plain to all. .
.
.
Apologising for this d1gress~on, we w1ll at o~ce
proceed to deal with the bus1ness of the ~eetmg
now under notice. The first paper o~ the hst was
a contribution by Mr. Paul J{upelwteser, on the
manufacture of
opened by Mr. Snelu~, who spoke as to the advantages that followed the use of the system described
by the author, and r eferred to the fact that those
members who had attended the Vienna meeting had
seen the process at work. At vVitkowitz the pig
iron from the blast furnace is run into a ladle and
transferred to a Bessemer converter. It contains
only a small quantity of silicon, 0.8 to 1.2 percent.,
and small charges of about 4 tons are blown. The
oxidation in the acid converter is only continued
until the pig iron is desiliconised, which takes place
in five or six minutes, so that the product lies
somewhere between white iron and very hard steel.
The slag from the converter contains all the silicon,
a large proportion of manganese, but no phosphorus. The desiliconised product is placed in an
open-hearth furnace, and about 40 per cent. of cold
pig iron, with about 60 per cent. of melted pig iron,
are added with each charge. The completely desiliconised iron does not attack t he basic lining of
the furnace, and a smaller proportion of lime suffices
to keep the slag in the furnace basic. This was
in brief th e author's description of the process, and
he claimed that by it the time required for working
was considerably diminished, the amount of iron
taken up by the slag was less, whilst the expenditure of fuel and cost of wages were much smaller,
owing to rapidity of working. The data given in
the paper showed that the consumption of coal,
lime, and ore is so low as to r educe the cost of
conversion about 10s. per ton. Mr. Snelus had
been so struck with the success of the system that he
had tried it in Cumberland ; but, for certain reasons,
the experiment had not been carried very far. The
system might seem complicated, but it was really
cheap, as by it the action was very rapid, and the
lining of the Siemens furnace was saved in the
working. This combined process was, therefore,
economical, and was applicable to iron requiring
either basic or acid treatment, for it could be used
with great advantage with pig too high in phosphorus for the acid treatment, and too low in phosphorus for basic treatment.
Mr. J ames Riley said he was sorry he could n ot
agree with the last speaker in his views upon the
process described by the author. Nothing was said
in the paper about the loss which was the most
important, namely, the waste that took place in
the process. It was well known that this loss was
the most important item ; it was of far more consequence than the cost of labour. The author
had said that the blast furnaces could n ot always
keep up the supply of molten iron, so that solid pig
had to be used, and h e appeared to regret this fact.
The speaker, however, was of opinion that it was a
fortunate thing, for the loss would have been
greater had all fluid iron been used from the converter. In taking the figures from the paper, it
would be found that 91 to 92 per cent. was the
yield in ingots, but n o steel maker would be content
with this ; but the percentage of loss in working
was not mentioned, and that vitiated the whole of
the conclusions to be drawn from the paper. The
author had said that the fact that during the last
ten years the conversion in the open-hearth process
has, in spite of its greater cost, become rapidly
adopted, was to be explained by the circumstance that
few countries were in the fortunate position occupied
by England of being able to obtain by water carriage large quantities of pure ore at cheap rates ;
and also that open-hearth steel plants could be
started with smaller plant, and consequently less
expenditure of capital ; whereas the manufacture
of steel in the Bessemer or basic Bessemer process
involved the employment from the beginning of expensive plant, and required a large output to enable it
be carried on econ omically. This was very true, but
Mr. Riley wanted to know whether this expensive plant, in the author's process, was worked continuously or intermittently. The latter might b e
assumed, and how then, he would ask, could the working be economical when this expensive plant had
simply to be used as a feeder to the open-hearth
furnace ? In America, where trials had been made,
the conclusions arrived at were directly opposed to
those of Mr. Kupelwieser.
Mr. Whitwell remarked there was no need to say
that anything which came from Mr. PaulKupelweiser
would receive credence from the members of the
Institute, so that when the author said there was a
saving of 10s. per ton, the statement was known to
be a fact. He had seen tho process in operation at
\Vitkowitz, and he was sure the figure given was
BA I C STEEL AT WITKOWITZ.
This paper we shall print shortly i? full, a~d we the result of practice. \Vhen he was there he had
may at once proceed to the dis0uss10n. Th1s was gone into the whole of the figures very fully. This
399
E N G I N E E R I N G.
However that may be, Sir L? wt~ian Bell gave a
most interesting address on hts title matter as a
text- a text, however, which he did no~ a~ ways
adhere to absolutely. We regr~t t he hm1ts of
space do not perfD:it us follo~mg the author
into all his suggestive explanations. It wo~ld,
however be q ui te beyond our resources to do JUStice to the matter in this repor t of the meetmg,
and we can only refer our reader s to the full. paper
which we shall publish in e.rtenso in an early 1ssue.
I RoN AND STEEL AT TnE CHICAGO ExHIBITION.
The paper of Mr. H. B.auerman o.n .t~e iron and
steel exhibits at the Chtcago Exhi~ttwn 'Y'as ~he
next item in t.he programme, and thts was hkewtse
read in abstract. The paper itself, as befitted the
subject, was one of considerable bulk, ~ut the
author gave an admir~ble . abst~a?t, w h1eh . was
really an abstract, conc1s~, ln te~hgtb1 e, and interesting, in which .the chtef pot.n ts 'Yere touched
upon with just the1r due value gtven in accord~n~e
with the time allotted. !vir. Bauerman satd 1t
might be complained that his paper lacked. system,
but his excuse for that was that the subJect was
incapable of systematic treatment, as th.er.e was n o
system in the arrangement of t he exh1b1ts. !he
most strikinO' thina
was the fewness of Amencan
0
exhibits but no doubt a reason for this was to be
found id the badness of the iron and steel t rade in
America., so that manufacturers had not heart
to take t he trouble or to go to the exp.ense
of exhibiting. There were, however, exceptwns,
and a most striking one was the Bethlehem
Iron Company. This was ~n the Transportation Building, with the exceptwn of two sam~les
of armour plates, which w~re .on the North Pier.
Th\3 most important contr1but1<:~n made by a.ny
sinO"le exhibitor was t hat of Fried. K rupp, whtch
wa: contained in a special building on t he Lake
Front and covered nearly 20,000 square feet of
floor ~pace. The total weight of articles was about
1600 tons and a catalogue of more than 200 pages
was requi~ed for t heir description. ~he Swedish
exhi bit consisting of a general collectwn, was also
of great interest. I t would give an i~ea of t~e magnitude of the Exhibition to state that 1t required a two
miles' walk to O'et to these three exhibits, so far were
t hey apart. I; the English section .t~e President's
firm had an admirably arranged exh1b1t.
Two points of interest referred to by the author
were a method of separating iron from solutions containina other metals, and an apparat us for preventina bl~wholes in mild steel ingots. The new method
otseparating iron ~r~m ~olu.tions cont~ining other
metals without prec1p1tat10n 1s shown In the German mining collection by Mr. J. W. Roth~, of the
chemical depart ment of t he R oyal Techn1eal Experimental IJ?-stitute at Berli!l, wh:o has successfully applied It to the analys1s of u on and steel,
instead of the basic acetate method generally used.
It depends upon the circumstance, fi~st observed
by the exhibitor, that ferric salts In a strong
hydrochloric acid solut~on may be extrac.t ed by
ether which has no act10n upon the chlondes of
other' metals. Ferric chloride in excess of hydrochloric acid and ether form an olive-green liquor
containina two molecules of hydrochloric acid
to one ; f ferric chloride, which is extremely
soluble in ether, and being of low density,
separates from the acid liquor, and may be completely separated by decantation in an appr opriate
vessel. In practice the operation is effected in an
apparatus formed of two pipettes of 200 cubic centimetres capacity, each with an admission tube and
stopcock above, and united by a. small bore tube
with a three way cock as delivery t ube below. The
mixed solution, which must be free from suspended
matters, free chlorine or nitric acid, is placed in
one limb of the apparatus, and the necessary
volume of ether in the other, and the mixture is
effected by means of the t hreeway cock, when the
ether rises t hrough the chloride, taking out the
iron to within a small t race, which can entirely be
removed by a repetition of the operation. The
chlorides of manganese, cobalt, nickel, chromium,
aluminium, and copper are perfectly insoluble in
ether, and t he double operation may be performed
in half an hour.
The invention for the prevention of blowholes
in mild steel ingots is an apparatus introduced
by Mr. J. L. Sebenius, of Nykroppa, by which the
metal is subjected, while still liquid, to the action
of centrifugal force, so as to prevent the escape of
g~s from the upper surface. The moulds are slung
by trunnions about one-third down to a four-armed
N 0 T E S.
LARGE SLIP IN FINLAND .
400
time taken on the voyage was 5 days 17 hours
21 minutes. This is only second to the fastest
voyage of her sister ship the Campania a fortnight
ago, when the time taken was 5 days 14 hours
55 minutes. The Lucania's run home is only
6 minutes shorter than the first homeward passage of the Campania, which was a record
performance.
The latter vessel went on the
winter course, however, covering a much longer
distance than the Lucania, so that the mean speed
is greater--21.3 knots as compared with 20.4 knots
maintained by the Lucania in her 2801 miles' run.
But the newer vessel had to slow down her machinery for thirty.one hours owing to the fog on
the Newfoundland coast, and experienced strong
north-east winds and head seas for the remainder
of the voyage. These facts, which are demonstrated
by the increase in the day's run from 415 miles on
the third, the foggy, day to 514 miles on the fourth
day out, indicate that the vessel might, under normal
conditions, have easily broken even the Campania's
record and enabled Mr. Laing, the engineering
manager of Fairfield, who was on board, to claim the
credit of having with both ships beaten the record
in maiden voyages. As it is, there is every
likelihood of future record-breaking. On one of
the days of the run- the 20th inst. - the distance
covered was 514 miles. The day is not a complete twenty-four hours, as the vessel steams towards the sun, so that the mean of the day's run was
over 22 knots. The Campania., however, covered
517 miles in one day in her record passage early this
month ( vide page 342 ante). The daily runs of the
Lucania wer~ 480, 485, 415, 514, 473, and 434 knots.
As to the important question of vibration, the passengers are reported to have been high in their praise
of the steadiness and sea-going qualities of the
vessel, and the smooth working of the machinery.
It is, therefore, evident that the means taken to
obviate the vibration which developed in the Campania have had some effect. The changes made
may be briefly described. In the Campania there
is a well forward and aft, which separates the
promenade deck from the forecastle and the poop.
In the Lucania this well has been covered in, so
that the strong iron-plated promenade deck extends
right fore and aft, and must help to stiffen the
upper structure. In the interior . of the vessel
girders have been. thrown. athwartsh1p where c~n
venient, and part1cularly 1n the centre of the sh1p,
where the boiler compartments are situated. These
girders, again, are braced by diagonal stays. 'Tweendecks, too, extra columns or pillars have been introduced, so that the original strength of the vessel
haa been greatly augmented: That the vess.el was
originally very strongly. bu1lt was show~ 1n our
narrative of the operatwns of constructwn ; and
experience alone could show, in the case of a ve1sel
of such unusual proportions, how extraordinary
conditions could be met satisfactorily.
COi\IPULSORY INSURANCE OF LABOURERS IN SWEDEN.
E N G I N E E R I N G.
he, before that age, is incapacitated without any
palpable negligence or intentional act on his part.
At the death of the insured his legitimate children
obtain each a yearly pension of 30 kr. (ll. 13s. 3d.)
until they have reached the fifteenth year, and the
insurance also comprises the wives of married
labourers, for whom no special premiums are
paid, unless they themselves are so employed
that insurance becomes compulsory. The widow of
a labourer is, consequently, not entitled to a pension because she becomes a widow. The condition
for obtaining this pension is a payment before the
sixtieth year of 260 weekly premiums, unless the
insured become incapacitated whilst in such employment that he is under the compulsory insurance. There are three classes, viz. : 1. Male
labourers earning 10 kr. (11 s. ld. ) or nwre a week.
2. Male labourers not earning 10 kr. a week. 3.
Female labourers and wives of male labourers.
The weekly premiums of these three classes are
respectively 50 ore (6~d.), 30 ore (4d.), and 20 ore
(25d. ), and the variable pension rises respectively 10, 5, and 2 ore a year for each paid premium. If premiums have been paid the minimum
time of five years, the annual pension will be respectively 76 kr. (4l. 4s. ), 63 kr. (3l. 10s. ), and
55 kr. (3l. ls. ) ; if the premiums have been the
maximum number of years, viz., 52 years (from the
18th to the 70th year), the pensions for the three
classes will be respectively 320 kr. (17l. 16s. ),
185 kr. (lOl. 6s.), and 104 kr. (5l. 16s.). The State
pays with the municipalities all the expenses of
administration, &c., and pays, at least for some
time to come, 2 ore p ension a year for each premium paid.
MISCELLANEA.
THE manufacture of smokeless powder will, it seems, be
commenced about simultaneously by a.t lea.st two companies in West Sweden. One of these concerns has
already received the Government's sanction of their
regulations.
The Russian Government has ordered four steamers for
the new Libau port from the firm of Henry S atres, at
Arle8. These steamers are to be 600 tons, with engines
of 300 horsepower, and their cost will be a.bout 60,000l.
It is confidently asserted that the Russ~an Governm~nt
intends placing large orders for vessels w1th French shipyards.
We have recei ved from Miss W est, of the Br0adwa.y Chambers, W es~minster, a sp0cimen of the .\Vest "
photo '{>rints. By tb1s process a copy can be t~ken m de.ad
black hnes on a. white ground. The paper used tsof supenor
quality, and for colouring purposes. is equal to dr~wing
paper. The prices of the new pnnts are only sltghtly
greater tha.n those for the old black line or blue print.
The Swedish Government has ordered a number of
repeater riftes from the . Mauser manufac:tory at Oberndorff in Wlirtemberg, m order to subJect them to a.
thor~ugh test. A quantity of smokeless powder has
been ordered from the Rhen ish-\ Vestpbalia.n Explosives
Company a.t Cologne, and the Swedish Goyernment
intends giving a considerable amount of attent10n to the
question of both powder and small arms.
The City of Derry is to be lighted b:f elec~ricity, the
work being undertaken by the corporatiOn. The system
used is the pressure continuous current system. Two
separate circuits are to be laid along each street, the
lamps being alternately .in one or the other. ~be generating plant consists of SIX dynamos, two of ~hiCh are to
be held in reserve. These dynamos are of the Siemens constant-current type, and are each capable of supplying sixty
2000 candle-power a.rc lamps each. The la~ps to be used
are of the Brockie-Pell type. Mr. Blake ts the consulting engineer to the corporation, and is responsible for the
plans adopted.
The traffic receipts for the week ending S.eptemb~r 17 on
33 of the principal linea of the . U mted Kmgdom
amounted to 1,442,096l., which, bavmg been e~rned on
18 388 miles gave an average of 78l. Ss. per mtle. For
th~ corresp~nding week in 1892 t~e receipts of . the same
lines amounted to 1,630,661l., w1th 18,199 mtles open,
gtving a.n avera~e of 89l.. 12s. Th~re was thus a d~crea.se
of 188,565l. in the rece1pts, an ~~crease of 189 m .the
mileage and a decrease of lll. 4s. m the weekly receipts
per mil.;_ The aggregate receipts for eleven weeks to date
amounted on the same 33 lines to 17,186,78~l., in c<?mpa.rison with 18,403,7 4ll. for the correspondmg penod
last year ; decrease, 1,216, 959l.
A new device for fastening doors. has been brought
under our notice, and seems to cont~m s~vera.l valuable
features. It is know.n as . the hghtnmg . bolt, and
consists of a slotted hnk hmged on t~e Jamb voeb,
which passes o,er a sta.ple of s,PeClal for~ secured to the door. When the door IS closed,. si m ply
slamming the link in place secures the door, as the hnk then
passes over the staple ~nd is automatically lock ed there
by a special catch. Thts bolt also serves to . r~pla.ce a
chain, as the staple is so a:r~anged tha.t the. hnk can be
held in three different posttlOns, correspo~qmg to th~ee
different widths of door opening. For ~dd~t1ona.l secunty
the link can be, if desi~ed, padlocked ID ~ts staple, .Provision being made for thlB purpose at two different pomts.
Ger-
E N G I N E E R I N G.
CHUBB'S
SAFE.
CONSTRUCTED BY ~1ESSRS. CHUBB AND SON'. LOCK AND 'AFE CO., LTD., LONDON.
\VE illustrate above a large safe lately constructed similarly placed, though the coalfields covered by the
INDUSTRIAL NOTES.
coal strike has drifted into a condition of utter
hopelessness and helplessness. The policy of "all or
none," propounded by the Miners' Federation, has
broken down, as was anticipated and foretold even
by their best friends. It was, indeed, inevitable.
Durham, Northumberland, and outh Wales were
averse t o the policy from the first, though a large
contingent in each of these districts desired to
throw in their lot with the federation districts. It
has been pointed out over and over again in "Indus
trial Notes" that the conditions were not the same in
all cases; in some instances they were altogether dissimilar. In South Wales, and in parts of Staffordshire, the men were actually under contract, being
ruled as to rates of wages by a sliding scale. Even in
the Cleveland district of Yorkshire the men were
THE
401
to keep them out, have gone in to work in considerable
numbers. In the Forest of Dean the men have made
terms without the consent of the federation, a. course
of proceeding which has been condemned. But the
men were left without funds. The pay accorded to
them in the earlier days of the struggle was stopped.
The rift in the federation i~ widening by defections
more or less serious, for even the leaders are not quite
at one on matters of policy. The strike is drifting at
t he present moment, but at any momeut the end may
come, with or without a compromise.
The districts are at variance as to the policy of
returning to work, and the leaders appear not to be
at all agreed. The executive of the Yorkshire Miners'
Association, after six hours' deliberation, decided to
take a ballot as to whether the men should resume
work at the old rates of wages. The executive also
snggested that the federation should take a ballot of
the districts on the same lines. But even more
siguificant still was the action of the President, :M r.
Cowey, and the officials of the union, :Messrs. F irth
and Pa.rrott, all of whom, at a large meeting of 6000
men held at Barnsley, advocated the resumption of
work a t the old rates, wherever the men find it
possible. Thus in the stronghold of the federation the
chief leaders ha\~e taken a step which must inevitably
lead to the t ermination of the strike at no distant
date. The course here advocated is tantamount to a
condemnation of the twentieth rule of the federation,
upon which the mea relied, and which was urged by
the leaders as the only true basis of federation- " all
or none. "
In the Derbyshire districts the men have practically
taken the matter into their own hands. In spite of
the remonstrance of the leaders and officials, they
resumed wock at the Manners collieries, in the Erewash Valley, at Digby, and a.t other places. , 'even
firms in the Pelaall district agreed t o reopen the pits
on the old terms, subject to a fortnight's notice on
either side, in case a reduction is generally agreed to
by the federation. In the 'Vhitehaven district the
men resumed work forthwith on terms mutually
agreed upon. At the large Eckington collieries the
union men agreed to load the trucks, so that the large
stocks accumulated at those pits could be utilised. At
the large district in which the Morley Main Collieries
are situated, the deputies have been preparing the way
for a general resumption of work. In th& Darwen district of Lancashire the men have resumed work in the
Hoddesden Valley Collieries ; and at Hebburn Col
liery, Durham, the men resumed work where they had
struck against filling trucks for the conveyance of coal
to the Midlands. The policy of resumption of work is
even more general than indicated above, but the above
are exam pies of others.
---
---
402
of the gigantic strike of miners, the greatest strike
that has ever occurred in connection with labour.
(rhe losses to the men have been enormous. The funds
of every miners' association have disappeared. The
losses in wages have been vast, and the suffering
endured has been fearful. The losses to the coalowners may not have been so great, because they have
secured higher prices for all the stocks unsold at the
date of the strike. But pits cannot be idle for long
without injury to the workings, so that the extra prices
must be set off against all possible injuries to the mines,
and the losses sustained by reason of the lessened output.
But, great as those losses have been on both sides, the
combined losses of coalowners and miners do not represent the aggregate loss to the country. Iron and steel
works have been idle; textile factories have been closed
or only partially employed; numerous other industries
have been wholly or partially at a standstill. The
aggregate number of unemployed has increased, while
the earnings of those in work have been lessened
enormously. Never before have the forces in industrial warfare been so great, and in no other instance
have the consequences been so disastrous.
Now we have a gigantic coal trust projected, the
object being to combine the coalowners and the miners
in one vast union against the consumer all over the
kingdom. The scheme is but a dream. Were it possible of realisation, the country as a community would
have something to say. The age in which we live
is antagonistic to huge monopolies. The law is
stronger than combination, when such combination is
aimed against the general public. Burke once said,
" When wicked men conspire, good .men must combine." But it is hardly probable, if, indeed, it is possible, for the coalowners of the country to create such
a trust as will control prices, fix wages, and regulate
the supply of one of the most essential commodities
of modern life. What if the owners of corn were to
do likewise ? Hunger is a mighty force.
E N G I N E E R I N G.
Most of the local industries are very dull, except skate
makers, with whom there is an increasing demand.
There are no serious digputes in any branches of local
industry except coal.
The condition of trade in the Cleveland district has
not been much improved by the cessation of production el~ewherc. The pig-iron trade has been very
quiet, very little business being done. The dispute in
the ironstqne districts with respect to the use of the
ratchet machines, is extending. The men on strike
require 180l. per week to cover strike pay, but the
association has levied the whole of the men in support of the strikers. The men are said to be exasperated, because extra. police have been drafted into
the Guisborough district, in view of possible violence
towards the few men who refuse to come out. But
there have been no symptoms of any serious disturb
ance in the district.
In the 'Volverhampton district trade is better than
elsewhere. The makers of iron, crude and finished, are
well off for orders, even at the enhanced rates. Bars,
hoops, and sheets are in demand for the Australian
and South American markets. The home demand is
also fairly good for bars, rods, plates, and tube-strip
iron. Mills and forges generally are working full
time. There is a. tolerably large demand for common
sheets for galvanising purposes. Altogether the district is better for the coal strike, for the local supplies are fairly ample at even moderate rates, the
miners being under the sliding scale.
ENGINEERING.
:-
sweepmgs.
The samples from woodpaved roads cost 2s. 9d. per
yard.
The samples from macadam roads cost 2s. 3d. per
yard.
The samples from flint roads cost 2s. per yard.
It should, however, be obser ved that this cost is taken
with the experimental machinery, and that with a complete and more perfect planb the expenses would be considerably reduced, and probably equal to Sd. per yard
for slop from flint roads. The experimental machinery
has taken aboub 2 horsepower, and has averaged about
half a yard per hour, equal to 12 yards in a. day of twentyfour hours.
lb is reasonable to suppose that larger and more complete machinery would take a. less proportion of power,
but upon the above basis we find 91 yards per day would
require about 16 horse-power, and probably 10 horse
power would be required for pumping water and agitating
the slop when emptied into the tank receiver, making
25 horse-power sufficient for the whole arrangement. In
examining the various parts, the greatest wear was upon
the blades ; these may be made of steel or chilled iron,
and thereby prevent this wearing on the edge. There was
no appreciable wear in any other part with the single exception of the shaft end, which could be readily r~medied .
Taking the low average of one-fourth in bulk of the slop
treated, returned as valuable material, you would obtain
one yard out of four, which, at a cosb for labour of 8d. per
yard treated, is equal to 2s. 8d. for each yard produced,
of a probable value of 5s., showing a. gain of 2s. 4d. by the
mantpulation, besides solving the important problem of
how to effectually dispose of the slop. The waste
vegetable matter, which consists chiefly of horsedung, leaves, and bits of hay, may be burnt with
the dust in the destructor. I am nob aware of any
'lletbod of dealing with sweepings which gives equal
results. As shown by these experiments, the sweepmgs
from wood paved, granite, and aspha.lte streets are
scarcely worth washing.
A method of treatment to reduce the cost of disposal was introduced some few years aS"o by Mr. George
Weston, of PaddinR'f;on, and is still effi01ently carried out
in that parish. \Vhen the sweepings are collected in the
form of slop, water forms over 60 per cent. of the bulk,
and this gentleman devised a means of taking out a large
proportion of the water by subsiding tanks. These tanks
are con~truct~d chie~y of wood, having vertical pillars
supportmg 9_ID;. by 3 m. deal~, and bet~een each pair of
dea.ls, stra"Y 1s 1nser~ed, fo!mmg a. filtermg medium. The
slop sweeptngs are tipped m to the tanks from a. high level
platform. and the water allowed to fil ter through the
str.aw. Cons~quently the bulk is ~reatly reduced before
bemg ~oaded m barges which carry 1t oub of the country.
Some tmportant improved details have been devised in a
scheme o! this kind by Mr. M. C. Meaby, the surveyor of
St. Luke s Vestry, L ondon, and are about to be carried
out on a wharf purchased by tha.b vestry. The arrange
menb consists of steel pillars, with wood deals and filter ing refuse at other towns. Therefore the unbia~sed state~
ing arrangements, and also a special means of discharging menta are of great value. From these reJ?Ol ts 1t a~pear
that there are upwards of forty towns .us1Dg Fryed s ~d
the tanks after the slop sweepmgs are consolidated.
I now arrive at the disposal of house refuse, and will structor. There are twelve towns wh1ch have ~ op e
again assume that the treatment is for a town the size of the Perfectus destructor, two towns the Wh1ley de
Nottingham, producing approximately 400 tons per day. structor and one town the Horsfall destructor
The ]~ryer destructor has been in use about s~ve~teen
The quantity and quality of the refuse depend upon ~be
inhabitants and the construction of their dwellings, with years ; the P erfeotus destructor four years ; Wbiley s de
their receptacles for refuse. For instance.' ab Nottingham structor about three years, and Horsfall's d estructor, five
h
there are 30,000 pail closets, 4000 mid a ens, and 45,000 years.
There has been spent upwards of 500,000l. upon t e
houses on the water carriage system having ash tubs. The
product of this mixed system is naturally a. different erection of destructors varying from 25,000l. to 1000l. J?er
class of refuse to that of a town either entirely upon the town, and about o~e-half utilise the heat to drtve
. .
pail system, or water carriage, and if we were surrounded machinery.
Although particulars arA given by dtsmterested gentleby other large towns, as in Lancashire and Yorkshi~3,
there is no doubt that th e refuse collected in this state men, as collected from borough engineers, the figures
would be very difficult and expensive to dispose of. The require to be analysed to show the exact a~ount of w~rk
greater port1on of the refuse is sent to farmers, and a in one plant in relation to another. The gt ven quantity
small portion to a d estructor : By boat, 43,470 tons; by of refuse burnt varies from 4 tons to 10 tons per cell, and
rail, 46,800 tons; carted, 36,960 tons; treated in d e the cosb per ton for labour from 3~:1. to 3s. Gd .. per t on.
The cost of working cremators varies from nothmg t o 3d.
structor, 151 000 tons.
The fertilising qualities of N ottingharo refuse musb per ton of refuse burnt, and the residue in the form. of
arise from the pails and middens, the former collecting a clinker and fine ashes is from 15 to 50 per cent., which
fair portion of excreta, and the latter a. large portion of creates a revenue of 3d. per ton of refuse at some places
execreta. and urine, t ogether with vegetable matter, ashee, and a loss of lOd. ab other works. The heat is utilised at
and domestic waste. The refuse collect~d from ashtubs twenty works producing an average of about 2 horsehas practically no value as a fertiliser, and is found the power per cell. The cost for repairs is from 1 to 20. p~r
most costly to dispose of. This r efuse is delivered at the cent. on the capital expended. Ib will be seen ~h~t 1t lB
foot of a large elevator, by the ash carts, and lifted about no easy matter to analyse these figures, and It Is only
30 ft. high, where ibis discharged into an inclined revolv those having experience in the treatment of t:efuse that
ing screen, so arranged that fine ash is screened out and can come to anything like a. reasonable conolus10n.
The q uestions naturally raised are :
delivered into a cart, and the coarse ashes and larger
1. Why does a. destructor cell at Hastings deal with
materials are passed into the feeding hoppers of a destructor
furnace, where they are reduced to clinker . The products 10 tons ea.ch cell per day, when anoth er destructor cell,
of combustion pass und er a large multibuhular boiler built exactly from the same design1 will only burn 4 tons
suspended in the centre of the destructor cell, and return per cell at Cheltenham ? 2. How IS it that the burning
towards the fronb through a large number of tubes 4 in. of refuse at Battersea is 3s. 6d. per ton, against 3!d. per
in diameter, and then pass towards the chimney down ton at Southampton? 3. What reason is there for 60 per
two side flues. Over the top of the boiler a large steam cent. residue at Salford, when there is only 15 per cenb.
chest is placed, and the steana generated is conducted at Hastings? 4. At Bury, L eeds. and Bradford they
from the highest point through pipes to the engines, get about 3 horse-power per cell, and at Blackburn
pumps, and steam lift. F rom my experience in the and Batley 5 bors~power per cell, against 59.6
treatment of refuse by destructors, at L eeds, Bradford, horse-power per cell at Oldh_am. Ta;king the a."era.ge
Warrington, Manchester, Birmingham, London, and of towns which have nothmg special to show why
other large t owns, I find the type of destructor boiler they should burn a small or large quantity of
furnace, as erected at Nottingham, by far the best for the refuse viz.: Batley, 6 tons ; Battersea, 6 tons ; Brad
generation of steam when screened or selected refuse is ford, 6! tons ; Nottingham, 7 tons ; Blackburn, 6 tons ;
burnt; but with poor quality refuse no steam can be pro- in Fryer's destructors, the average is equal to 6.3 tons
per cell. Atl Newca.otle-on-Tyne, 7 tons; Hornsey, 8
duced, and it is b~tter burnt in special destructor cells.
A moderate quantity of the latter class of refuse is tons; Winche9ter, 6 tons; in the Perfectus destructor,
collected in Nottingham. Ib contains no fertilising pro- which is equal to 7 tons per cell. From a report of the
perties, and very little carbona.ceous matter. Therefore committee at Oldham, H orsfall's d estructor deals with
it is of no value to land, and if placed upon an ordinary 5.5 tons per cell 1 and ab L eeds, with Horsfall's steam jets
fire would simply extinguish itl. It is, however, success- and H ewson's Improvements, their destructor deals with
fully dealt with in furnaces constructed in such a manner 5.5 tons per cell in 24 hours. The cost of burning r efuse
that every particle of heat -producing s11bstance may be ab these towns, exclusive of interest on capital, is, Batley,
brought to uear upon those substances that have no heat - 7~d. ~er ton ; Blackburn, l Od. ; Bradford, llf d. ; m
giving properties, hub require to be cleansed, and fused if F ryer s destructors 9~d. per ton ; the cost at Hornsey is
possible, to render them entirely innocuous. Furnaces of 9d., and at Newcastle, 8d., or equal to 8~d. per ton, in
th is kind are in successful operation ab the Nottingham Warner 's Perfectus destructor. At Oldham the cost! is
Sanitary Depot. The carts bringing this class of refuse given at la. ld. per ton in Horsfall's d estructor. With
tip their contents into a. large iron wagon, which is lifted regard to clinker, the same towns may be taken as pro
bodily upon the platform of the destructor, and dis- ducing 25 per cent. in Fryer's, 25 _per cent. in Warner's,
charged into the furnaces. As previously stated, the and 25 per cent. in Horsfall's. The horse-power given
larger portion of the house refuse, wi tb pail and midden ab Batley is 5; at Blackburn, 6.6; Bury, 4; Brad
contents, is disposed of without the aid of destructors in ford and L eeds, about 4 per cell, which is equal to
a. sanitary manner, and ab Jess expense to the ratepayers. about 4.5 horse-power generated from 6 cwt. of refuse,
Other towns are not so fortunate, and the grea.b or about 125lb. per horse-power, and 6.25 lb. to llb. of
purifier, "Fire," is making rapid strides in the cremation water evaporated, giving a comparison of about n nd the
of refuse in those cities and towns which have no outlets value of coal when burnt in .Fryer's destructor at the
like Nottingham, and are hemmed in by other towns. above towns. The horse-power ab Hornsey is about the
Already there are no less than thirteen towns in Lanca- same in the Perfecbus destructor. At Oldham the horseshire, and seven towns in Yorkshire, burning refuse in power is given at 50 for 6 cells, equal to 8. 3 per cell, or
destructor furnaces, and those two counties may lay about 46 lb. of refuse per horse-power, and 2.3 lb. to llb .
claim to the a.d vancement of the destructor system. of waiter. It is, however, difficult to r econcile these
Fryer's first success was a{}hieved at Manchester, fol- figu res, as pra.ctica.lly the same furnaces, with equal steam
lowed up within a few months at L eeds, and shortly after- generating appliances, give less than half that power ab
wards adopted in a very substantial manner ab Bradford Leeds and Bradford. It will be seen from these figures that
and other towns. These corporations spared no expense we cannot look forward to a large amount of power for
in getting the best furnaces for the work, and a large electric lighting, and it is even questionable whether the
amount of money may be taken to have been expended power g~nerated could be usefully adopted for that pur
upon experiments. Bradford has tested no less than pose. Take a town like Nottingham, and suppose its
five different kinds of destructor furnaces, and L eeds rAfuse to have the average steam-prod ucing qualities, we
may be considered as making experiments at the present should get about 300 horse-power for an expenditure in
time. Bradford ha.s practically r eturned t o Fryer's fur- labour of nearly 17l. per day, equal to over 6000l. per
nace, with the addition of steam jets, and J ones's h1me annum. With coal, the cost for labour would be only
cremator, and at the time of my last visit they were doing 150l. per annum, and the cost of coal for fuel would be
excellent work.
under 1500l., therefore taking the refuse to cost nothing
The most valuable information issued for a number of for delivery ab a d estructor works con veniently situated
years is that compiled by Mr. Charles Jones, M.I.C.E. i for producmg electricity, the actual loss would amount to
of Ealing, and Wlth the permission of the author, I wil no le~s than 3~50l. per annum over coal. fuel, and if we
use some of the particulars and figu res given.
take mto oons1derat10n the cosb for repans, and interest
He also appears to have compiled information gathered on capital, ~his loss would b~ gr~tly increased. Looking
inwendently, and chiefly from disinterested people.
these facts m the face, electric bght produced by burning
tth permission I shall refer to reports by Mr. S. r~fuse can only show e_c<_momical r esults in very excep
Codrington, M.I.C.E., Engineerin_g Inspector to the t10nal cases, and authortties should well weigh the matter
Local Government Board; Mr. G. Laws. M.I.C.E., over before launching into a scheme of that kind. I have
Engineer to the city of Newca.stle-on-Tyne; Mr. F. Ash- estimated t he cosb of burning at lOd. per ton but if the
mead, M.I.C.E., Borough Engineer, Bristol; Mr. A. R. treatment should cost la., the increased los; would be
Binnie. M.I.C.E . Engineer to the L ondon Countr 1245l. per annum, making a total loss of 4590l. per
Council; Mr. de Courcy Meade, M.I.C.E. , Past-Presi- annum.
Taking the comparison of burning refuse
dent of the Municipal Engineers ; Colonel William Hey- in different kinds of destructors, these figures should
wood, M.I.C.E., Engineer to the Commissioners of the be taken carefully into consideration, as 1d. per ton
City of L ondon ; Dr. W. Sedgwick Saunders ; Mr. John more in the cost of burning means over 600l. per
Cartwrighb, M.I .C. E, ; Dr. E . Sar~eant, Past-President annum at a town the size of Notltingham . I have
Medical Officer of H ealth and M edical Officer to the L an- dealt with the burning of refuse from a financial
cashire County Council ; Dr. Shirley F . Murpby, Medical point of view, and now will review them as a sanitary imOfficer to t he London Council ; Dr. Cameron, Medioal provement. Much has been said about the nuisance of
Officer to the Corporation of L eeds; Dr. McLintock, offensive gases and fine particles of dueb passing out of
Medical Officer to the County Council of L anarkshire.
the chimney shafts, and there is no doubt there were
M ost of these gentlemen have had destructors in actual reasons for complaint in the former kinds of destructors
U3e, and have gone to considerable trouble in testing their but latterly these difficulties have been overcome by th~
power; they have also examined furnaces used for burn- use of better arranged dampers, dust pockets, and provi
E N G I N E E R I N G.
[ SEPT.
29, I 893
~~==========================~========================~==============~~-~========
---
VICTORIAN RAILwAYS. -The Victorian rail way engineerinchief, acting on the instructions of the Minister of
Railways, is about to resume the construction of the
Beulah and Hopetown line. The line wa.s originally
commenced by a Mr. Lascelles at his own expense under
a special Act of Parliament, but through the banking
crisis be was unable to continue the work. and handed
the line over to the Colonial Government. Mr. Lascelles
surrenders 100,000 acres of land to the State, and
about 2000l. worth of railway materiel; and the Colonial
Government takes over all his liabilities in connection
with the line, and recoups him the capital already exp ended amounting to about 9000l. The line is 16 miles in
length,'and the progress made by Mr. Lascelles consisted
principally of eartbworks, no rails having been laid.
~1
Scale
FUJ S
Sec11on 00
HARBOUR
08l
0,
$ { 14
0 ~ t
Sl A
HARBOUR
'
E N G I N E E R I N G.
" ENGINEERING" ILLUSTRATED PATENT
RECORD.
W. LLOYD WISE.
CoMPILED BY
Ill !I bl l 11 Ill
..
ELECTRICAL APPARA'ros.
18 037. W. c. Mountain, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Electric Weldlllg Apparatus. [3 Figs.] October 10,
F:g.J.
r'.9 ./
Ftg .1.
'
This in vention has fo r its object tbe extraction of ~old from ita
ores. D is par t of the vessel containing the flu1d extr ac t.iog
metal, and E is the conveyor for conveying the ore from tbe
delivery end, where it is supplied from hopper F by means of a.
rotary slide for rP.I{ulating the delivery of the ore, and at the
same time keeping a. head of ore in the hopper F, so as to prevent
tb e escape of gas from the vessel C. The agitator is k ept in
constant motion to and fro by m eans of the horizontal r otary
shaft , having cranks which cause the agitator to t r a.vel along the
eurface of the flu:d metal towards the delivery end of the vessel
C. The cr anks then, while completing their revolution, lilt the
the a xis of the t runnions and the axis of the transverse spindk
The spindle, which can be caused to rotate by Jrearing connecting
it to a. handwheel mounted on one of the rad1allevers, has on it
a. pinion gearing with a. segmental r ack concentric with the
trunnion , and p rojecting down from tbe lower side of the gun .
By turning th e ha.ndwheel in the one direction or the oth er , the
breech of the gun can be elevated or depressed, and the axis of
the g un inclin ed. The cur v~d guide for the t r unnion blocks and
the radial le\ers linked to tme t r unnions constitute together a.
species of parallel motion, so that, as the gun r ecoils, its axis
always r emains parallel to itself. The recoil is contr olled by a
pair of hydraulic butlers, the cylinders of whkh are mounted in
trunnions on the sides of the ca rriage in front of the curved
guides, their pistoos being linked to the blocks which carry the
tr unnions of the gun. (..Accepted ..August 16, 1898).
Fig.4.
Fi.g.1.
D
D
.FYg. Z.
23,249. J. S. Boreham. Colchester, Essex. Adjusting Gun and Rifle Stocks. (5 Figs.] December 16, 1892.-
.-
... . /... .::/
. . 1.
H l of1
agitator off the surface of the fluid metal, and retur n it to its
starting point, when the motion is r epeated. These cr a.nke a r e
d ri ven by gearing from outside the vessel C. A ver t ical rotary
shaft is p rovided which has a c rankpin fixed on its lower end, and
which is geared to the hor izontal r otary shafts, its object being
to give a c ross motion to the agitator , so a.s to cause it to t ravel in
a.n irregula r path , so that all the par ticles of or e get turned over
and over on the surface of the fluid metal during t h eir p rogr ess
from the feed end F to the d elivery end a nd out of t he vessel C
by means of t he tube G. T his tube is also kept gas-tight by being
kept par tly filled with tailings after having passed over the surface
of the fl uid metal, the quantity of the tailings r etained in the
tube G being r egula.tP.d by means of t h e door a nd balance weight
at the bott om of t he t ube. (.Accepted A ugust 9, 1893).
RAILWAY APPLIANCES.
17,'185. P. wnuams and J. Morris, MUes Platting!
and G. Morris, Harpnrhey, Lancs. Conpllng ana.
Uncoupling Railway Trucks. [4 Figs. ] Ootober 6, 1892.
- This invE>ntion r elates to the automatic coupling and u ncoup
ling of r ailway trucks. To each end of each truck between t h e
butler band the d rawhook c is fixed a h inged br acket e, which is
p rovided with a cur ved slot. This br acket is also fitted with a
p in whi ch carries a. slotted bent lever lt, tbe st raigh t slot i wor k
49 .
.. . ..... .
. .......-.....
. .... ....
.
..'.,...-.-.....-----------------------------c.::::- .
PUJ.1.
..
3
I
either of two positions, is employed, this motor remaining stationary when the brushes arein intermediate positions. The br ushes
are ~ove.d by the spring armature of an electro-magnet the coil
of wb10h 1.s connected to the circuit conveying the curr~ot to be
regulated: The motor is connected to br ushes that can move
o.ver a se.nes of contacts, thereby introducing greater or less re
&Jstance m to the circuit. (~ccepted ..4ugust 16, 1893).
1 1111
mner end of th1a lever i~ ben_t at a right angle, and is for ked a.t
the end to take hold of the hnk dl of the coupling c hain. T he
other en d of the lever his bent a.nrl brought outwards to the side
of t.h~ truck, wher e it. is provided. with a catch for holding it in
poa1t10n. The le\'er IS also fu rmshed with a. pin l running in
the curved slot of the hinged bracket e. (..Accepted A ugust 9
I
1893).
IS4-9 0.
E N G I N E E R I N G.
406
the former two rows, the lower extremities of the central coils a
being caused to extend to the bottom of the water drum c when
no flue is used. The ends of the coils are provided with flanges
al, and a r e connected to the drums b and c below the water line.
The boiler is fitted with a furnace e, and a firebrick wall f is
arranged between eaoh set of coils a to deflect the heated pro-
. 1.
r1
17,450.
I
I
I
Fig.Z.
which a re within the water spaces, and both ends of each tube
are closed by r emovaule covers. Over the boiler is a steam
chamber H. The boiler is ple.eed in an inclined position over a
flregrate. The flames and hot products of combustion ascend
through the inter vals between and a round t he tubes E to a
chimney above. BatHe plates are introduced between some
of the tubes to pr event the ftamea and products of combustion
from passtng dllectly to the chimney . (.Accepted ..August 16,
1893).
Fig .J .
11536 ........
.,
relates to an. hydrauho ~otor, and has for its object to utilise
AMERICAN STREET RAJL WAYS. -In 1880 there were 2050
cavities for the three rollers B, the tapered mandril 0 passing and conver t 10to mecbamcal energy the momeotive inertia con
mil~s of street r ailwa ys in the United States. In 1890
through the interior. The rollers a re kept in position externally
Ftf!.l.
...
Ftg. 2.