WSA02 2002 Part3 2 3

Sewerage Code of Australia
Part 3: Construction
Second Edition
Version 2.3
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CONTENTS
11 GENERAL
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11.1 SCOPE
11.2 INTERPRETATION
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12 QUALITY
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12.1 QUALITY ASSURANCE

12.1.1 General
12.1.2 Quality system
12.1.3 Project management plan
12.1.4 Inspection and test plans
12.1.5 Quality tests
12.1.6 Quality audits
12.1.7 Traceability
12.1.8 Quality records
12.1.9 Inspection
12.2 PERSONNEL QUALIFICATIONS
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13 GENERAL CONSTRUCTION
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13.1 GENERAL
13.2 ORDER OF CONSTRUCTION, TESTING AND COMMISSIONING
13.3 CONTRACT INTERFACES
13.4 CUSTOMER FOCUS
13.4.1 General
13.4.2 Resolution of complaints
13.5 PROTECTION OF PEOPLE, PROPERTY AND ENVIRONMENT
13.5.1 Safety of people
13.5.2 Protection of other services
13.5.3 Disused / Redundant sewers
13.5.4 Road reserves or other thoroughfares
13.5.4.1 Treatment of pavements and other surfaces
13.5.4.2 Traffic management
13.5.4.3 Cleanliness of roads, paths, accesses and drainage paths
13.5.4.4 Storage of products, materials and equipment
13.5.4.5 Obstruction of street drainage
13.5.5 Private and public properties
13.5.6 Protection of the environment and heritage areas
13.5.6.1 General
13.5.6.2 Collection and disposal of wastes
13.5.6.3 Protection of adjacent lands and vegetation
13.5.6.4 Control of water pollution
13.5.6.5 Acid sulphate and contaminated soils
13.5.6.6 Control of noise and atmospheric pollution
13.6 AFFECTED PARTY NOTIFICATIONS
13.7 ALTERATION OF EXISTING SERVICES
13.8 SURVEY MARKS
13.9 CONSTRUCTION TOLERANCES
13.10 LATENT CONDITIONS
14 PRODUCTS AND MATERIALS
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14.1 AUTHORISED PRODUCTS AND MATERIALS

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14.2 REJECTED PRODUCTS AND MATERIALS
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14.3 TRANSPORTATION, HANDLING AND STORAGE OF PRODUCTS AND MATERIALS164
14.3.1 General
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14.3.2 Plastics-lined concrete products
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14.4 DELIVERY INSPECTION OF PRODUCTS AND MATERIALS
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14.5 CONCRETE WORKS
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14.5.1 Delivery
14.5.2 Transportation of concrete
14.5.3 Formwork
14.5.3.1 General
14.5.3.2 Formwork for plastics-lined concrete
14.5.4 Reinforcement
14.5.5 Placement
14.5.5.1 General
14.5.5.2 Placement in water
14.5.6 Slump
14.5.7 Compaction
14.5.8 Stripping
14.5.9 Curing
14.5.10 Repair of blemishes
14.6 SUPPLY OF WATER TO THE WORKS
14.7 ON-SITE STOCKPILES
15 EXCAVATION
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15.1 SAFETY
15.2 LIMITS OF EXCAVATION
15.3 EXCAVATION ACROSS IMPROVED SURFACES
15.4 EXCAVATION IN ROOT ZONES
15.5 BLASTING
15.6 SUPPORT OF EXCAVATIONS
15.7 DRAINAGE AND DEWATERING
15.8 FOUNDATIONS AND FOUNDATION STABILISATION
15.9 SURPLUS EXCAVATED MATERIAL
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16 BEDDING FOR PIPES AND MAINTENANCE STRUCTURES
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16.1 TRENCH FLOOR PREPARATION

16.2 BEDDING MATERIALS
16.3 PLACEMENT OF BEDDING
16.4 SPECIAL PIPE SUPPORT FOR NON-SUPPORTIVE SOILS
16.5 BEDDING FOR MAINTENANCE SHAFTS AND BENDS
16.6 BEDDING FOR MAINTENANCE HOLES
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17 PIPE LAYING AND JOINTING
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17.1 INSTALLATION OF PIPES

17.1.1 General
17.1.2 Cleaning, inspection and joint preparation
17.1.3 Polyethylene
17.1.4 Laying
17.2 HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL DEFLECTION OF SEWERS
17.2.1 General
17.2.2 Methods of deflection
17.2.3 Horizontal curves
17.2.4 Vertical curves
17.2.5 Compound curves
17.3 HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL SEPARATION OF CROSSING PIPELINES
17.4 FLOTATION CONTROL
17.5 TRENCH STOPS
17.6 BULKHEADS
17.7 PROPERTY CONNECTION SEWERS
17.8 DEAD ENDS
17.9 MARKING OF PROPERTY CONNECTION SEWERS AND DEAD ENDS
17.10 CORROSION PROTECTION OF CAST IRON
17.11 MARKING TAPES
17.11.1 Non-detectable marking tape
17.11.2 Detectable marking tape
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17.12 BORED PIPES UNDER ROADS, DRIVEWAYS AND ELSEWHERE

17.13 AQUEDUCTS
17.14 BRIDGE CROSSINGS
17.15 PLASTICS-LINED RC PIPE JOINTING
17.15.1 General
17.15.2 Plastics lining work protection
17.15.3 Field jointing
17.15.4 Plastics lining ancillary work
17.15.4.1 Alignment of lining keys
17.15.4.2 Provision of seepage channels
17.15.4.3 Use of jointing accessories and adhesives
17.16 WELDING OF STEEL PIPELINES
17.16.1 General
17.16.2 Field welding of flanges
18 MAINTENANCE HOLES (MHS)
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18.1 GENERAL
18.2 MH BASE
18.3 TRENCH DRAINAGE AROUND MHS
18.4 PRECAST CONCRETE MH SYSTEMS
18.5 CAST IN-SITU CONCRETE MH
18.6 BENCHING AND CHANNELS
18.7 CONCRETING FOR PLASTICS-LINED WORK
18.7.1 Concrete work planning
18.7.2 Fixing of plastics lining for concrete work
18.7.3 Concrete placement and formwork removal
18.8 INTERNAL COATING OF CONCRETE MHS
18.9 COVERS
18.10 CONNECTIONS TO MHS
18.11 MH DROPS
19 MAINTENANCE SHAFTS (MS AND TMS) AND INSPECTION OPENINGS (IO)

19.1 GENERAL
19.2 SEALING CAPS
19.3 COVERS
19.4 CONNECTIONS TO MSS AND TMSS
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20 PIPE EMBEDMENT AND SUPPORT
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20.1 GENERAL
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20.2 EMBEDMENT MATERIALS
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20.3 COMPACTION OF EMBEDMENT
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20.3.1 Methods
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20.3.2 Compaction trials / Pre-qualification of embedment compaction method
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20.3.2.1 General
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20.3.2.2 Test method
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20.3.2.3 Interpretation and applicability
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20.3.3 Compaction control
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20.4 SPECIAL BEDDING AND EMBEDMENTS / GEOTEXTILE SURROUND AND PILLOW184
20.5 REMOVAL OF TRENCH SUPPORTS
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20.6 CONCRETE EMBEDMENT AND ENCASEMENT
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21 FILL
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21.1 TRENCH FILL

21.1.1 General
21.1.2 Material requirements
21.1.3 Compaction of trench fill
21.2 EMBANKMENT FILL
21.3 DRIVES AND TUNNEL FILL
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22 ACCEPTANCE TESTING
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22.1 GENERAL
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22.2 VISUAL INSPECTIONABOVE-GROUND
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22.3 COMPACTION TESTING
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22.3.1 General
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22.3.2 Minimum compaction
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22.3.3 Embedment compaction testing
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22.3.3.1 Applicable pipe sizes
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22.3.3.2 Frequency and location of embedment tests
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22.3.3.3 Retesting
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22.3.4 Trench fill compaction testing
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22.3.4.1 Trafficable Test Zone
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22.3.4.2 Non-trafficable test zone
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22.3.4.4 Frequency and location of tests
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22.3.4.5 Retesting
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22.3.5 Other fill compaction testing
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22.3.5.1 General
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22.3.5.2 Trafficable test zone
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22.3.5.5 Retesting
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22.4 AIR PRESSURE AND VACUUM TESTING OF SEWERS
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22.4.1 General
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22.4.2 Air testing methods for sewers
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22.4.2.1 Vacuum testing
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22.4.2.2 Low pressure air testing
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22.4.3 Testing of sewers >DN 1500
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22.4.3.1 General
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22.4.3.2 Method of test
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22.4.4 Testing of concrete MHs
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22.4.4.1 General
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22.5 INFILTRATION TESTING
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22.6 DEFLECTION (OVALITY) TESTING OF FLEXIBLE SEWERS
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22.6.1 General
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22.6.2 Ovality proving tools
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22.6.3 Flexible sewers DN 300
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22.6.4 Flexible sewers >DN 300
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22.6.4.1 General
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22.6.4.2 Flexible sewers >DN 300 and <DN 750
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22.6.4.3 Flexible sewers DN 750
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22.7 CCTV INSPECTION
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22.8 INSPECTION AND TESTING OF PLASTIC LINED CONCRETE SEWERS AND MHS 198
22.8.1 Visual inspection
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22.8.2 Spark testing
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22.8.3 Locking key pull-out tests
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22.9 PRESSURE TESTING OF INVERTED SYPHONS
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22.9.1 General
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22.9.2 System test pressure
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22.9.3 Maximum allowable loss
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22.9.4 Test procedure
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22.9.5 Satisfactory pressure test
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22.9.6 Failure of test
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23 TOLERANCES ON AS-CONSTRUCTED WORK

23.1 HORIZONTAL TOLERANCES
23.1.1 Sewers and on-line structures (e.g. MHs, MSs, TMSs, vents)
23.1.2 Property connection sewers
23.2 VERTICAL TOLERANCES
23.2.1 Sewers and structures
23.2.2 Property connection risers and inspection openings
23.2.3 Grade
23.2.4 Verticality (plumb)
23.3 TOLERANCES ON FINISHED SURFACE STRUCTURES AND FITTINGS
23.4 CAST IN-SITU CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND SLABS
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24 CONNECTION TO EXISTING SEWERS
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25 RESTORATION
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25.1 GENERAL
25.2 PAVEMENTS
25.3 LAWNS
25.4 GRASSED AREAS
25.5 BUSHLAND
25.6 PROVISION FOR SETTLEMENT
25.7 MAINTENANCE OF RESTORED SURFACES
26 WORK AS CONSTRUCTED DETAILS
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APPENDIX G OVALITY TESTING OF PVC AND GRP GRAVITY SEWERS DEFAULT

PROVER DIAMETERS
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G1 GENERAL
G2 DEFAULT PROVER DIAMETERS
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TABLES
TABLE 17.1
TABLE 20.1
TABLE 22.1
TABLE 22.2
TABLE 22.3
TABLE 22.4
TABLE 22.5
TABLE 22.6
TABLE 22.7
TABLE 23.1
TABLE 23.2
TABLE G1
METHODS OF ACHIEVING CURVED SEWERS

MAXIMUM PARTICLE SIZE
EMBEDMENT OF FLEXIBLE PIPES MINIMUM COMPACTION
EMBEDMENT OF RIGID PIPES MINIMUM COMPACTION
TRENCH / EMBANKMENT FILL OF RIGID AND FLEXIBLE PIPES AND
MAINTENANCE STRUCTURES MINIMUM COMPACTION
PRESSURE AND VACUUM AIR TESTING ACCEPTANCE TIMES FOR
7 KPA PRESSURE CHANGE
CONCRETE MH TESTING FREQUENCY
MINIMUM TEST TIMES FOR CONCRETE MHs
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE SHORT-TERM PIPE DEFLECTIONS
SEWER GRADE TOLERANCES
PROPERTY CONNECTION SEWER GRADE TOLERANCES
PROVER OUTSIDE DIAMETER FOR PVC AND GRP PIPES
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11 GENERAL
11.1 SCOPE
This Part of the Code details default requirements for the construction of gravity sewers
including maintenance and inspection structures.
This document should be read in conjunction with relevant Water Agency supplementary
manuals, development agreements, specific project contract documents, general
conditions of contract e.g. AS 2124 and other documents nominated by the Water Agency.
11.2 INTERPRETATION
Unless specifically stated otherwise, construction of the sewers includes all functions
described in this Part and the provision of any minor materials and services that are not
described but are reasonably necessary to produce a fully functional sewerage system.
For the purposes of this Part, except where otherwise shown:
"Authorised" means acceptable to, authorised by or approved by the Water Agency
or Owner or Regulator.
Constructor means the individual, corporation or legal entity including any
contractors and sub-contractors that is accountable at law for delivery of Works under
a specific contract or development agreement.
Design Drawings means plans, elevations and drawings required for the
construction of the sewerage systems and showing the locality including roads and
sewer details, the site plan including lots, boundaries, roads, proposed and existing
sewers, proposed property connection sewers, pumping stations, pressure mains,
water mains, drains, watercourses, site contours, proposed aqueducts, proposed
boreholes, a longitudinal section, construction details and a connection to existing
sewer schedule. Supplementary information may include proposed buildings, existing
services, and groundwater and watercourse levels.
The Designer may nominate Standard Drawings or parts thereof as Design Drawings
for the purposes of the project.
Improvements are deemed to include but not be limited to pavements, shrubs,
gardens, retaining walls, fences and all other structures.
"Owner means the Agency, Authority, Board, Company, Controlling Authority,
Corporation, Council, Department, Individual, Regulator, Utility or other legal entity
who is the owner of the asset and/or who has responsibility for the asset.
Part means the Sewerage Code of Australia, Part 3: Construction.
Purchase Specification means the WSAA Purchase Specification detailing the
requirements for the supply of a product or material.
Regulator means a Regulator who has the power to enforce Regulations related to
the activities and responsibilities of a Commonwealth, State, Territory or Local
government. It applies to environmental management and protection, occupational
health and safety and the like.
"Specification" means the Specification detailing the work involved in the particular
project in hand.
Specified means as specified in the Specification, Design Drawings, Purchase
Specifications and/or by the Superintendent.
Standard Drawings means the Sewerage Code of Australia, Part 4: Standard
Drawings.
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Superintendent means the individual appointed by the contract principal as an

independent arbiter of contract directions, issues, claims and variations.
Tester means an individual, corporation or legal entity registered by the National
Association of Testing Authorities for the relevant classes of tests and that is
accountable at law for delivery of testing services under a specific contract with the
Constructor.
Water Agency means an authority, board, business, corporation, council or local
government body with the responsibility for planning or defining planning
requirements, for defining and authorising design requirements, for defining and
authorising construction requirements and for operating and maintaining or defining
operation and maintenance requirements for a water supply and/or sewerage system
or systems.
Works means all those Works being sewers, maintenance structures, pumping
stations, pressure mains and accessories and shall include valve chambers and
storage facilities as shown on the Design Drawings and includes any part or parts of
the Works.
Specific requirements, including those in the Specification and Design Drawings, shall take
precedence over general requirements.
Headings are for the convenience of the reader and shall not be used in the interpretation
of this Part. Italicised text is advisory and has been included to assist the reader to better
understand some requirements. It is strongly recommended that the reader consult the
Standard Drawing Commentaries in Part 4 of this Code.
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12 QUALITY
12.1 QUALITY ASSURANCE
The Water Agency is responsible for specifying quality assurance of construction activities
and personnel qualifications. Unless otherwise specified, the requirements of this section
apply.
12.1.1 General
The Constructor shall comply with all requirements of the Civil Contractors Federation
(CCF) Civil Construction Management Code or Water Agency authorised equivalent
system. The quality management system shall address the more pertinent elements of
quality assurance (ISO 9001), health and safety issues (AS/NZS 4801) and environmental
requirements (ISO 14001). These elements are incorporated within the Civil Construction
Management Code and shall be addressed within the management system documentation.
The Constructor shall provide evidence of its certification to the CCF Code (or equivalent)
prior to the commencement of any work.
12.1.2 Quality system
The Constructor shall plan, establish, document and maintain a quality system that
conforms to the requirements of the contract and shall provide the Superintendent with
access to the Constructor's quality systems for monitoring and quality auditing. The quality
system proposed by the Constructor shall be used as an aid to achieve compliance with
the requirements of the contract and to document such compliance.
If the Constructor discovers material or work that is not in accordance with the contract, the
Constructor shall promptly initiate the non-conformance procedure required by the quality
system. If the Constructor proposes a disposition of any non-conforming materials or work
which is at variance with the requirements of the contract, the proposal shall be submitted
in writing to the Superintendent whose decision on the proposal shall be obtained in writing
before the non-conforming material or work is covered up and/or incorporated into the
Works, or is the subject of any other disposition.
12.1.3 Project management plan
The Constructor shall conform to the policies and procedures stated in the project
management plan submitted with the Constructor's tender.
12.1.4 Inspection and test plans
The Constructor shall submit inspection and test plans (ITPs) to the Superintendent for
verification before commencing work on activities covered by the project quality plan. The
ITPs shall include where applicable, observations, measurements or tests at the
Constructor's facilities.
Model ITPs for construction of reticulation sewers will be available at www.wsaa.asn.au.
12.1.5 Quality tests
The Constructor shall be responsible for the quality of all products, processes and services
under the contract, and unless otherwise specified, shall provide all tests required to
demonstrate conformance of all products, processes and services to the technical
requirements of the contract.
Unless otherwise agreed by the Superintendent, all laboratory tests and field tests
undertaken by the Constructor shall be performed by a Tester currently registered with the
National Association of Testing Authorities (NATA) or equivalent authority for the class of
tests being undertaken.
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12.1.6 Quality audits

The Superintendent may nominate selected times and hold points at which quality
compliance audits may be conducted within the contract period.
Upon request, the Superintendent shall be given access in conjunction with or through the
Constructor, to carry out quality audits, reviews or surveillance or to ascertain the
effectiveness of the quality system put in place by the Constructor.
The Superintendent shall be entitled to carry out the second or third party audits of the
Constructor's quality system by:
(a)
reviewing of the Constructor's conformance to the project management plan; and
(b)
reviewing and verifying of the Constructor's quality procedures and work instructions
and documentary evidence of compliance with technical requirements of the contract.
12.1.7 Traceability
The Constructor shall maintain records clearly identifying the source of materials and
equipment, the suppliers declaration of conformity, the design drawings used for the
construction of the works and all test results. These shall be stored and maintained in
accordance with Clause 12.1.8.
12.1.8 Quality records
Quality records shall be stored and maintained such that they are readily retrievable in
facilities that provide a suitable environment to minimise deterioration or damage, and to
prevent loss. Quality records shall be available for evaluation by the Superintendent during
the period of the Contract and shall include all pertinent Constructor and third party
records.
The Constructor shall retain quality records for seven (7) years from the date of practical
completion of the Works.
The Constructor shall maintain records in two categories:
(a)
Test records, which shall comprise all working sheets and summaries associated with
testing in accordance with the Inspection and Test Plans.
(b)
Project quality records, which shall include, but not be limited to site meeting
minutes, technical reviews, minutes of meetings between Superintendent and
Constructor and other relevant documentation.
The Constructor shall submit to the Superintendent quality records as evidence that the
work has complied with the specified quality requirements. If unsatisfactory, the records
shall be submitted within twenty-four (24) hours of creation or receipt, and within seven (7)
days of creation or receipt if satisfactory.
Within three (3) months of the date of practical completion the Constructor shall make
available a register of all quality records required to be held under the contract. The
Constructor shall supply copies of all quality records or parts thereof as required by the
Superintendent.
12.1.9 Inspection
The Superintendent shall be given access in conjunction with or through the Constructor to
all laboratories and other facilities used for quality control tests to verify that specified
requirements are being met.
12.2 PERSONNEL QUALIFICATIONS
The handling, laying, jointing, trench filling and testing of all sewers, construction and
testing of associated structures and installation of appurtenances shall be carried out, and
supervised by, acceptably qualified and/or accredited personnel.
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Personnel shall hold minimum qualifications or specialist accreditation appropriate for the
work undertaken.
Minimum qualifications shall mean Statements of Attainment for all those Units of
Competence, nominated by the Water Agency, from the Water Industry National Training
Package NWP01 or Local Government Training Package LGA00 or the Civil Construction
Training Package BCC98 or other relevant Training or a combination of one or more of the
aforementioned.
Specialist accreditation shall mean a qualification achieved through specialised training
and assessment for a specific product and/or situation that is not covered by relevant
Training Packages.
Qualifications from Training Packages shall be awarded by a registered training
organisation.
Training and assessment for specialist accreditation shall be provided by registered
training organisations or recognised organisations with appropriately qualified and
experienced trainers and assessors.
Registered training organisations shall be those listed by the National Training Information
Service for the provision of training or assessment services as required.
Training packages, together with relevant short training courses and training/assessment
service providers are provided by the National Training Information Service at
www.ntis.gov.au.
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13 GENERAL CONSTRUCTION
13.1 GENERAL
Construct the sewerage works to the lines, levels, grades and in the locations using the
materials and methods as specified.
If insufficient detail or instruction is provided in the Design Drawings or Specification,
obtain instruction from the Superintendent prior to commencement.
Use only the types, materials, sizes, lengths, classes, jointing methods and corrosion
protection systems for the pipes, fittings and maintenance structures as specified. Use only
manufacturers products and product range authorised by the Water Agency.
Keep on site at all times a copy of the Specification, all relevant Design Drawings,
Standard Drawings and the Water Agencys manual or catalogue or listing of authorised
products and materials.
13.2 ORDER OF CONSTRUCTION, TESTING AND COMMISSIONING
Undertake and complete all Works in accordance with the following process:
(a)
Except where connection to a live sewer is required, start construction from the
furthest downstream point. Otherwise, start construction at a point clear of the live
sewer as specified by the Water Agency.
(b)
Install all Works in accordance with the Design Drawings and the Specification,
progressively working upstream.
(c)
Clean sewer(s) by flushing.
(d)
Conduct acceptance testing.
(e)
Connect to the live sewer after all other Works have been constructed as specified.
13.3 CONTRACT INTERFACES

The Contract Interfaces shall be as indicated on the Design Drawings and/or Specification.
If in doubt, obtain clarification from the Superintendent. Where the Constructor is required
to connect or fit to existing infrastructure provided by Water Agency, check all relevant
measurements on site, notwithstanding the dimensions shown on the Design Drawings,
and adjust work to fit as required. The Constructor shall not be entitled to any claim for loss
or damage directly or indirectly due to its failure to take such measurements.
13.4 CUSTOMER FOCUS
13.4.1 General
Ensure that the execution of the Works complies with the Water Agency's "Requirements
for customer service.
Fully brief all affected customers and property owners about the impact of the Works on
buildings, garden features, trees and vegetation, noise levels, out of hours work, traffic
restrictions, etc before commencing work.
Keep documented evidence of contact details with all affected customers.
It is the aim of the Water Agency to achieve a high level of customer understanding and
co-operation in the construction process resulting in high satisfaction levels.
13.4.2 Resolution of complaints
Establish a single point of contact for all customer queries and complaints relating to the
Works being executed.
Resolve enquiries and complaints promptly, sensitively and in accordance with the Water
Agencys Requirements for customer service.
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Keep the Superintendent informed and fully briefed of any contentious issues raised about
the Works.
13.5 PROTECTION OF PEOPLE, PROPERTY AND ENVIRONMENT
13.5.1 Safety of people
Protect the safety of all employees and people on or adjacent to the Works in accordance
with the relevant legislation, statutory requirements, regulations and codes of practice.
All people on the site shall have completed the relevant site induction program and wear
the certified safety apparel including helmets, vests, boots, ear and eye protection.
Conduct a hazard survey to identify potential hazards during construction in accordance
with the requirements designated by the Water Agency.
Comply with the relevant power authority requirements when operating near overhead
power lines. Provide an observer when working below or within 6 m of power lines to
advise on proximity. Maintain a clearance of at least 3 m at all times between plant and
power lines.
Store or leave unattended equipment, tools and materials in a condition that minimises
hazards.
Adhere at all times to the OH&S requirements of the Water Agency.
Ensure all employees are suitably trained in OH&S compliance.
13.5.2 Protection of other services
Prior to excavation, contact Dial Before You Dig by telephone 1100 or facsimile
1300 652 077 to determine or reconfirm the location of underground services.
Implement special precautions where excavations are to be undertaken near any other
services including petroleum pipelines, gas pipelines, overhead and buried electricity and
communication cables, drains, sewers and water mains. For these assets and any other
services:
(a)
Comply with the notification requirements and construction conditions as specified.
(b)
Ensure plans for other services are on site.
(c)
As appropriate for critical services, arrange for a representative from the service
Owner to be present, unless the service Owner directs otherwise.
(d)
Adopt an appropriate method for exposing and protecting the service from damage if
the service is to be exposed.
Industry practice is generally to hand dig and locate underground services prior to
machine digging. Alternatively, location by vacuum potholing may provide a more
efficient and safer means in congested pipe corridors.
(e)
Prove the location of all underground services e.g. by potholing.
(f)
Take special care to ensure that other services are protected in accordance with the
conditions specified by the service Owner.
(g)
Arrange for isolation and subsequent restoration of any service that needs to be
removed from service while the Works are in progress.
(h)
Immediately notify the owner or responsible authority of any damage or interference

to any service, structure or property.
If a service is damaged during construction, arrange or perform repair to the
satisfaction of the Owner. Obtain from the Owner, a certificate stating that the repair
has been carried out to their satisfaction.
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If the Owner cannot be located within a reasonable time, report the damage to the
Superintendent, and arrange or perform repair to an approved standard. Do not
backfill, cover up or make the repair inaccessible prior to obtaining authorisation from
the Superintendent.
(i)
Notify the Superintendent of any interference to the Works caused by an existing

service and the proposed action.
13.5.3 Disused / Redundant sewers

Take action regarding disused sewers e.g. removal or capping at points of disconnection
and removing surface fittings as specified.
13.5.4 Road reserves or other thoroughfares
13.5.4.1 Treatment of pavements and other surfaces
Any pavement or surface of any road, driveway, footway, nature strip, median strip,
kerbing, channelling or any other thoroughfare disturbed as a result of the Works, shall be:
(a)
Continuously maintained as far as practicable, for the duration of the Works.
(b)
Restored to its original surface and material condition and to the satisfaction of the
Owner.
Restore the surface of unpaved streets before they are reopened to traffic.
Restore the surface of any excavation in a sealed road, footway or other pavement or
provide a temporary bituminous seal before being reopening it to the public.
13.5.4.2 Traffic management
Where required by the Water Agency, prepare a traffic management plan detailing the
proposals for traffic diversion and control. The plan shall detail the access requirements for
all developed properties, and outline specific proposals for continued access to these
properties. Traffic management plans shall be designed and supervised by persons
accredited to an approved national course. The plan shall include names and accreditation
details of the Designer and supervisor.
Construction within any public road will generally not be permitted until the traffic
management plan has been authorised by the relevant road Owner.
Ensure all personnel working on or adjacent to roadways wear safety vests and are
suitably trained and certified.
Follow traffic management practices:
(a)
Provide a flagman, temporary traffic lights and/or protection by hurdles, barricades or

safety cones where traffic is restricted or roads closed.
(b)
Place detour and warning signs or devices on the hurdles or barricades, in

accordance with the responsible road authority signage code of practice.
(c)
As appropriate, notify the relevant road Owner, traffic authority, police, fire services,
ambulance services, bus companies, and any other service whose operations may be
affected by the change to the regular traffic flow pattern in the vicinity of the Works.
(d)
Provide an alternative means of access to all rights of way, buildings and property
where the Works disrupt access.
(e)
Ensure that pedestrians are kept clear of the work area and are provided with safe
alternative means of passing the Works.
(f)
Complete any work involving the opening of street pavements without delay.
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13.5.4.3 Cleanliness of roads, paths, accesses and drainage paths

Keep the surface of all roads, footways, drainage paths and any access through public and
private lands clear of any build-up of debris such as clay, sand and the like, resulting from
plant used on the site. Ensure the exterior of all machinery and plant working on or
crossing roadways is free of all construction debris in accordance with relevant regulation.
13.5.4.4 Storage of products, materials and equipment
Store all products, materials, equipment, packaging materials and excavated material in
accordance with the requirements of the relevant storage site Owner.
13.5.4.5 Obstruction of street drainage
Protect all drains, channels or gutters from any obstruction using silt traps, sediment
control and other means as appropriate.
13.5.5 Private and public properties
Where work is carried out in private property or lands owned by Municipalities or other
authorities, whether in an easement, reserve or otherwise:
(a)
As far as practicable confine operations to easements or reserves. If there are no

easements or reserves, or the area of the easement or reserve is inadequate, confine
operations to an area agreed upon with the Owner.
(b)
Comply with the Water Agency requirements for resolution of any dispute associated
with access or entry rights to the Works.
(c)
Minimise damage to existing vegetation and improvements.
(d)
Obtain the Owner's written permission for storage of materials, equipment or

excavated material for Works on any of Owner's land.
(e)
Replace damaged conduits with the same, or agreed equivalent, material and
authorised connectors. Repair and/or replace all property and environmental damage
caused by the Works.
(f)
Remove all facilities for the Works from the site within the time frame specified or
agreed.
(g)
Restore all services, drains, fences, structures, surfaces and improvements affected
by the Works to the original surface and condition to the satisfaction of the Owner,
and within the time frame specified or agreed.
13.5.6 Protection of the environment and heritage areas

13.5.6.1 General
Take all necessary measures to protect the environment and heritage areas.
13.5.6.2 Collection and disposal of wastes
Provide, operate and maintain adequate facilities for the collection, transportation and
disposal of liquid wastes including portable toilet wastes, fuels, lubricants, oils and
greases.
On no account allow any untreated liquid waste to discharge to the ground surface of the
site or into any drain or open area. Ensure that no contamination of the soil occurs and that
all sludge and solid material is removed and disposed of safely and lawfully.
On Works completion, completely remove all the storage and treatment facilities.
If soil pollution occurs, remove all contaminated material from the site and dispose of in
accordance with the requirements of the Water Agency and relevant Regulators.
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13.5.6.3 Protection of adjacent lands and vegetation

Confine all operations associated with the construction Works to the designated Works
area either within roadway reserves or enclosed by temporary and existing fences.
Fence all stockpile areas.
Make every attempt to minimise impact of the Works on adjacent areas and cooperate with
the owners / occupiers of adjacent land to minimise inconvenience.
Protect trees, shrubs and grasses outside the Works area by appropriate site management
and fencing.
Only remove or trim trees and shrubs if essential for the Works. Treat all cut branches and
roots with a suitable fungicide. Collect seeds from existing vegetation for use during
restoration (Refer to Clause 25.5). Where specified, employ a qualified bush regenerator to
weed the Works area prior to commencement to prevent the spread of weeds during
construction.
Stockpile vegetation separately on geotextile filter fabric when the line is initially cleared
for use during restoration (Refer to Clause 25.5). Similarly, if present, stockpile bush rock
separately during the initial clearing of the line.
Do not remove trees and shrubs on or adjacent to the Works without obtaining prior written
permission from the Owner and replace as required / agreed.
Lop trees and prune shrubs in a professional manner using appropriate tools to the extent
authorised by the relevant Owner before Works commencement.
Suitably dispose of all debris from the cutting, pruning, lopping of trees and shrubs,
including removing trunks and roots.
13.5.6.4 Control of water pollution
Prior to work commencing, develop and provide to the Superintendent, or other approving
authority, an erosion and sediment control plan (or soil and water control plan) for the site.
The plan shall outline:
(a)
Measures to be taken to minimise erosion and to trap sediment in any water leaving
the site.
(b)
Defined access locations to the worksite.
(c)
Location of stockpiles of excavated materials, fill and other erodable materials.
(d)
Procedures for construction and rehabilitation activities to minimise erosion and

sediment transport.
(e)
Procedures for monitoring, maintaining and removing erosion and sediment control
measures.
(f)
Procedures to trap and dispose of excess water during testing, disinfection and
swabbing of the completed Works.
Implement the requirements of the approved plan and comply with all applicable
Commonwealth, State, Territory and Local Government laws and regulations.
13.5.6.5 Acid sulphate and contaminated soils
Determine from the Design Drawings and mark out prior to work commencing the sites of
acid sulphate (or potential acid sulphate) soil and other contaminated sites to be
excavated. Where such sites exist, take appropriate measures during excavation, storage,
transport and disposal of soil and filling of the trench, to ensure that excavated material is
treated on-site or at an authorised remote location.
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Refer to the Product and Material Information and Guidance for pipeline suitability in acid
sulphate and contaminated soils
13.5.6.6 Control of noise and atmospheric pollution
Comply with relevant Regulator requirements for mitigating noise and atmospheric
pollution.
Operate all plant and construction equipment such that it does not cause undue noise and
atmospheric pollution.
Fit compressors, air tools, generators and other plant as necessary with appropriate
silencers.
Take all necessary measures to prevent dust generation on the site and in particular its
spread to adjacent areas. Preventative measures shall include, but not be limited to,
regular watering of the Works area and the access tracks and roads.
13.6 AFFECTED PARTY NOTIFICATIONS
Ensure that all owners and residents of property directly and indirectly affected by the
Works are notified in writing of the proposed Works before their commencement.
Notify commencement of Works to the Superintendent. The period of notice shall comply
with the relevant notification requirements specified in the contract or by the Water Agency.
Comply with the notification requirements of all affected municipal, services and other
Owners having care, management or control over streets, services and/or property affected
by the Works.
Retain copies of all notices for audit purposes.
13.7 ALTERATION OF EXISTING SERVICES
Carry out alterations to other services in accordance with the policies, practices and
procedures specified by the responsible service Owner.
13.8 SURVEY MARKS
Maintain all State and Territory survey marks in their correct position.
When such survey marks are disturbed, re-establish or reinstate the marks to the
requirements of the relevant Regulator.
13.9 CONSTRUCTION TOLERANCES
Adhere to tolerances specified in Section 23.
13.10 LATENT CONDITIONS
Obtain instruction from the Superintendent regarding latent site conditions and obstacles
that impact on the project, such as:
(a)
Where sewers cannot be laid to achieve the minimum specified cover over the top of
the pipe barrel.
(b)
Poor ground conditions.
(c)
A building approval that has been given to construct a structure over the sewer.
(d)
Disused pipelines.
(e)
Cultural and/or natural heritage items.
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14 PRODUCTS AND MATERIALS

14.1 AUTHORISED PRODUCTS AND MATERIALS
All product and materials shall be supplied to Purchase Specifications that are referenced
in Section IV of Part 0.
Use only products and materials authorised by the Water Agency.
Instruct suppliers of products to declare that all products and materials supplied comply
with the nominated Purchase Specifications.
Some Water Agencies maintain a list of authorised products and materials and their
suppliers.
14.2 REJECTED PRODUCTS AND MATERIALS
Reject any damaged or defective product or material.
Do not use any rejected product or material in the Works.
Place rejected product or materials in a quarantined area and remove them from the site at
the earliest opportunity.
14.3 TRANSPORTATION, HANDLING AND STORAGE OF PRODUCTS AND
MATERIALS
14.3.1 General
Transport, handle and store all products and materials in accordance with the
manufacturers recommendations and in a manner that prevents damage or deterioration
or excessive distortion.
Pay particular attention to the protection of product and material coatings and linings.
Stack all pipe in a manner that minimises pipe ovalisation.
Do not store plastic pipe and fittings and plastic coated pipe and fittings near generators or
other heat emitting equipment.
Store rubber sealing rings, lip seals and gaskets away from sunlight and in an unstrained
condition.
Do not store PVC, GRP, ABS and non-black PE pipe and fittings uncovered in direct
sunlight for more than twelve (12) months. If storage periods are likely to exceed twelve
(12) months, cover and store pipe in a manner that allows ventilitation and prevents heat
entrapment.
Except for checking against the purchase order, keep pipe, fittings, valves, seals and other
components delivered within protective crating or packaging, until immediately prior to use.
Keep the ends of plastic pipe and fittings or plastic couplings on GRP pipe free of loading.
Use PVC, GRP, ABS and non-black PE pipe and fittings within two (2) years of
manufacture.
14.3.2 Plastics-lined concrete products
Transport, handle and store plastics lined precast concrete products in accordance with the
product manufacturer's printed instructions. Notwithstanding this requirement:
(a)
Use only lifting and transportation equipment that does not contact plastics linings
and plastics accessories, except where appropriate padding or protective systems
are used.
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(b)
Provide special protection for unsecured plastics linings and PVC sheet flaps and
accessories during handling, storage and construction operations until secured in the
completed installation.
(c)
Prevent exposure to sunlight of plastics lining sheets and accessories for the duration
of the project.
(d)
Provide a secure, clean and dry storage area for plastics linings work materials and
tools.
(e)
Do not incorporate in the Works any plastics-lined concrete product or accessory:

(i)
which has not complied with the requirements of this sub-clause; or
(ii)
whose bore, in the case of pipe or MH product, is affected by plastic lining

corrugations and/or non-circularities, which reduce:
(iii)
(A)
pipe waterway area by more than 1.5%; and/or
(B)
pipe diameter by more than 5 mm for pipe <DN 1800; or
(C)
pipe diameter by more than 10 mm for pipe DN 1800 over; or
which is above the dimensional tolerances permitted by the requirements of the

Purchase Specification for unlined concrete product.
14.4 DELIVERY INSPECTION OF PRODUCTS AND MATERIALS

Inspect all products and materials at the time of delivery for damage and excessive
distortion.
Replace products and materials that are damaged, excessively distorted, outside their useby date or storage period and indelibly mark or tag with wording such as Do not use or
other identification.
Do not use:
(a)
PE pipes and fittings scored deeper than 10% of the wall thickness.
(b)
Faded / discoloured PVC, PE, ABS, GRP and plastic coated pipes and fittings.
(c)
PVC and ABS pipes and fittings scored deeper than 0.5 mm.
(d)
GRP pipes and fittings scored deeper than 1 mm or with impact damage.
Remove rejected products and materials and store separately from useable products to
prevent inadvertent use.
14.5 CONCRETE WORKS
14.5.1 Delivery
Concrete shall be delivered to site for placement within 90 minutes of commencement of
mixing at the plant or within the time limitations for the mix and ambient temperature.
14.5.2 Transportation of concrete
Use pneumatic and pumping or other methods for conveying and placing concrete when
nominated in the Specification or when authorised by the Superintendent. Where concrete
is conveyed by wheeled vehicles or barrows, the equipment used and the distance
travelled shall be authorised by the Superintendent.
If concrete is conveyed by chute, the equipment shall be of such size, slope and type as to
ensure the continuous flow of concrete without segregation of materials. The delivery end
of the chute shall be as near as possible to the final position of the concrete and it shall be
provided with an effective baffle. If the chuting operation is not continuous, the chute shall
discharge the concrete into a hopper.
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14.5.3 Formwork
14.5.3.1 General
Formwork, including all temporary supporting structures and precast members, shall
comply with the requirements of AS 3610 and the additional requirements of this Code,
including Standard Drawings.
Forms shall be sufficiently tight to prevent loss of mortar from the concrete. Form surfaces
shall be smooth and free from holes or irregularities detrimental to the finished concrete
surface.
Before placing the concrete, coat the forms with a suitable, non-staining coating, which will
facilitate their release.
Finish surfaces as specified.
14.5.3.2 Formwork for plastics-lined concrete
Set out and install formwork for in-situ concrete structures to be plastic lined so as to
facilitate fixing of plastic lining materials to internal formwork faces and in a manner that
will:
(a)
Ensure intimate continuous contact of lining materials with the formwork.
(b)
Position fixing holes within areas of lining that will be subsequently covered by
jointing or welding strips.
(c)
Avoid the securing of lining materials by means of bands or straps otherwise than as
provided for in the lining material manufacturer's printed instructions.
14.5.4 Reinforcement
Supply, fix and place reinforcement in accordance with AS 3600. Ensure the specified
minimum cover is achievable between ends of members and / or construction joints.
Continuously monitor placement.
14.5.5 Placement
14.5.5.1 General
Place concrete within the time limitations for the mix and ambient temperature. Place in
discrete layers in one continuous operation between ends of members and/or construction
joints.
Continuously monitor placement.
Surfaces upon or against which concrete is to be placed shall be free of standing water,
mud and debris.
Prior to placing concrete on concrete that has set, prepare the surface of the set concrete
by scabbling to expose aggregate, clean off loose material and dampen and apply a
bonding agent recommended by the concrete supplier.
In the placement of vertical elements, do not allow free fall of concrete to exceed 1.6 m.
14.5.5.2 Placement in water
Deposit concrete in water only where specified or authorised by the Superintendent.
Place concrete in water under the direct supervision of the Superintendent.
Take precautions to prevent significant mortar loss where concrete is to be placed in
running water.
Place concrete in water continuously in a compact mass, with the top surface kept as level
as practicable, by:
(a)
Using a properly designed tremie or drop bottom bucket;

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(b)
Pre-packing and grouting; or
(c)
Placing in suitably tied jute bags, each containing not less than 15 litres of concrete.
Where concrete is provided in bags, place the bags in header and stretcher courses so
that the entire mass in interlocked.
14.5.6 Slump
Slump shall be appropriate to the project specified by the Constructor on advice from the
concrete supplier.
There is no default value for slump in the Purchase Specifications because slump is
dependent on the method of placement.
The slump at the point of acceptance shall be in the range 80120 mm. Under no
circumstances is additional water to be added onsite unless approved by the concrete
supplier.
Higher slumps can result in an increase in bleed water requiring additional precautions
when finishing concrete. The constructor should liaise with the concrete supplier in
determining the slump.
The addition of excess water onsite can adversely affect the strength and durability of the
concrete.
14.5.7 Compaction
Immediately compact concrete after placing. Use internal and/or external vibration in a
systematic manner to ensure that all concrete is thoroughly compacted. Vibrate to the full
depth of each layer and extend into the top 100 mm of the underlying layer. Do not vibrate
to the point where segregation of the ingredients occurs.
Use rotary out of balance vibrators.
Where internal vibrators are used, insert them vertically at successive locations and at
spacings not exceeding the manufacturers stated zone of influence. Do not allow vibrators
to contact partially hardened concrete or reinforcement embedded in it.
In regions of closely spaced horizontal reinforcement, ensure full compaction directly
beneath the closely spaced horizontal reinforcement prior to encasing the reinforcement
with concrete.
14.5.8 Stripping
Ensure that concrete has adequate strength before stripping formwork.
Remove forms in a manner that will not injure the concrete. Provide temporary support to
the concrete structure so as to protect freshly stripped concrete from construction loads.
14.5.9 Curing
Cure concrete as specified.
14.5.10 Repair of blemishes
Fill surface holes and damage exceeding specified limits by filling with cementitious mortar
bonded to the concrete.
14.6 SUPPLY OF WATER TO THE WORKS
Obtain an authorisation from the Superintendent for the supply of water for construction
purposes.
Do not take water from any metered or private trunk service without the Owner's
permission.
Maintain all hydrants to protect the quality of water supplied.
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Fit an authorised backflow prevention device in accordance with AS/NZS 3500.1.2 to any
equipment drawing water from the Water Agency supply system.
Introduction of water supply restrictions over the designated Works area may prohibit the
supply of water to the site. The Water Agency should be consulted to confirm the
availability of water supply during the construction period. Alternative sources of supply
may need to be sought in the case of restrictions.
14.7 ON-SITE STOCKPILES
Store only sufficient materials on-site as are necessary to allow timely and efficient
progress of the work. Locate stockpiles of excavated or imported material where they
cause no interference to the public, drainage routes or vehicular or pedestrian traffic.
Do not obstruct clear lines of sight for drivers.
Do not stack materials against structures, fences, trees or other property improvements.
Leave a clear path between the edge of any excavation and the inner toe of any stockpile
or spoil banks such that no loading is imposed on the trench wall.
Do not stack or stockpile materials under overhead electrical conductors.
Obtain written permission of the Owner for storage of materials, equipment and/or
excavated material for the Works on the Owner's land.
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15 EXCAVATION
15.1 SAFETY
Do not commence any excavation until all equipment and materials necessary to make the
excavation safe are on site and available for use. This includes any necessary fencing and
barriers, as well as trench support systems.
Assess site for prior excavations and consider their impact on the new excavation.
Conduct a site hazard and safety assessment prior to commencement of any excavation to
identify all potential hazards.
15.2 LIMITS OF EXCAVATION
Keep the extent of excavation to the minimum possible to allow efficient construction of the
Works while meeting the requirements shown on relevant Design Drawings.
Unless specified otherwise, keep the sides of excavations vertical to at least 150 mm
above the sewer.
Ensure that the minimum cover requirements shown on relevant Design Drawings are
satisfied following any earthworks that may occur in the area of the sewer. This is
particularly relevant in new subdivisions or developments where earthworks are expected
to form roads, driveways, footways and for general shaping of the surfaces. If minimum
cover requirements cannot be achieved, submit a proposal to the Superintendent to
overcome the problem.
15.3 EXCAVATION ACROSS IMPROVED SURFACES
Obtain written permission of the Owner prior to commencing any excavation across
improved surfaces.
If excavation is required across improved surfaces such as pavements, driveways, kerbs
and gutters, where the surfaces cannot be satisfactorily reinstated, use boring in
accordance with Clause 17.12.
For open excavations across improved surfaces, keep the trench width to the minimum
allowed. Saw cut neat straight lines at least 150 mm beyond the outer limits of the
excavation through bitumen, asphalt and concrete. Remove pavers, blocks or brick
pavements by hand, clean them and set them aside for later replacement. Ensure trench
fill is compacted to requirements of Clause 21.1.3.
15.4 EXCAVATION IN ROOT ZONES
Take every precaution to ensure that no undue damage is caused to a tree root system as
a result of excavation for the Works. Excavation for sewer construction by hand or by
boring may be required to protect the root zone.
Cleanly cut all roots 60 mm diameter encountered during excavation.
Do not cut tree roots larger than 60 mm diameter without authorisation of the
Superintendent.
15.5 BLASTING
Use alternative methods of excavation to blasting wherever achievable.
Obtain prior authorisation from the Superintendent, relevant Regulator and affected
Owners of assets within the vicinity before undertaking blasting.
Where authorisation is granted, prepare a blasting plan that includes management of the
blasting and means to be used to satisfy the requirements of AS 2187 and the authorising
parties.
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15.6 SUPPORT OF EXCAVATIONS

Support all trenches of depth 1.5 m or greater.
Support all excavations as the work proceeds to meet OH&S requirements. Ensure that
adjacent structures and services are not subject to disturbance by the trench support
system.
When removing, raising or withdrawing supports, prevent slips or falls and ensure that no
damage, disturbance or displacement occurs to the pipes, fittings, geotextile filter fabric,
pipe embedment and trench fill already installed. Fill the trench simultaneously with the
raising or withdrawal of trench supports. Ensure that compaction of pipe embedment and
trench fill material occurs below such trench support and against native ground.
Where specified, leave the trench support system in place as permanent support. Cut off
the support system at a depth below ground surface that will satisfy the structural and
development requirements of the site.
15.7 DRAINAGE AND DEWATERING
Keep all excavations free of water. Provide, maintain and operate intercepting Works to
prevent surface water from entering the excavations. Provide all equipment necessary for
dewatering the excavations and keeping the Works free from water.
Only lower the water table by well points or other external dewatering methods if no
damage is likely to be caused to adjacent structures and services or the environment.
Ensure that all downstream Works that are under construction, completed or in use are
protected at all times against the effects of any drainage that is discharged or likely to be
discharged from the Works.
Do not discharge dewatering to sewers, storm water drains or watercourses without
appropriate authorisation and without complying with the Owners or Regulators
requirements.
15.8 FOUNDATIONS AND FOUNDATION STABILISATION
The bottom of the excavated trench is required to provide a foundation suitable for the
adopted construction method.
Prior to placing embedment, check the proposed foundation using Standard Drawing
SEW1200 as a guide. Where the bottom of an excavation is unable to provide a firm
foundation with minimum bearing capacity of 50 kPa at the required level (tolerance +0, 50 mm) without abrupt irregularities or undulations, obtain written instruction from the
Superintendent on the means for providing a satisfactory foundation.
The Superintendent will seek the instruction from the Designer in most instances.
Construct special supports in accordance with the Design Drawings.
15.9 SURPLUS EXCAVATED MATERIAL
Surplus material is the property of the Owner of the excavation site.
Where the spoil from trench excavation is to be used for trench fill, isolate the topsoil for
later use in restoration.
Promptly remove and dispose of excavated material that is not required for reuse. Dispose
of lawfully and in accordance with project requirements.
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16 BEDDING FOR PIPES AND MAINTENANCE STRUCTURES

16.1 TRENCH FLOOR PREPARATION
Inspect the trench floor on excavation for rock outcrops and soft and loose areas. Take
appropriate action to ensure that the pipe or fitting or other appurtenance or structure will
not be subject to differential settlement in the future.
Where rock outcrops are present, trim the trench floor and fill with granular material to
restore the design trench floor level limits. Treat soft and loose areas as specified in
Clause 15.8.
Compact all fill and all disturbed areas to not less than the density of the natural ground.
Remove all debris and water before bedding sand is placed.
16.2 BEDDING MATERIALS
Use specified bedding materials.
16.3 PLACEMENT OF BEDDING
Provide bedding of the type shown on relevant Design Drawings. Place and rake-in the
bedding to support the pipe uniformly along the whole length of the barrel with chases
provided for sockets, couplings and other appurtenances. Do not compact the bedding.
Do not walk on the centre of the bedding either during or after placement.
Reference: Standard Drawings SEW1201 and SEW1202.
16.4 SPECIAL PIPE SUPPORT FOR NON-SUPPORTIVE SOILS
Construct piered or other special support as specified.
Reference: Standard Drawings SEW1203, SEW1204 and SEW1205.
16.5 BEDDING FOR MAINTENANCE SHAFTS AND BENDS
Prepare bedding in accordance with Clause 16.3 to provide full support of the sewer,
maintenance shafts and bends.
Reference: Standard Drawings SEW1314, SEW1315, SEW1316 and SEW1317.
16.6 BEDDING FOR MAINTENANCE HOLES
Lay the base of a maintenance hole in supportive ground.
Prior to casting a base, check the proposed foundation using SEW1200 as a guide.
Where the allowable bearing pressure appears to be less than 50 kPa, obtain instruction
from the Superintendent on the means for providing satisfactory foundation.
Where a precast base is used, place bedding materials in accordance with Clause 16.3.
Construct special supports as specified.
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17 PIPE LAYING AND JOINTING

17.1 INSTALLATION OF PIPES
17.1.1 General
After preparing pipe bedding, lay and joint pipes in locations and sizes as specified. Use
methods, materials, tools and equipment in accordance with manufacturer's and/or
suppliers instructions and recommendations, relevant Standards and requirements of this
Part. Adhere to any limitations imposed by the Water Agencys OH&S and/or
environmental requirements.
17.1.2 Cleaning, inspection and joint preparation
Clean and examine all pipeline system items before installation. Inspect each joint seal for
fit and flaws before making the joint in accordance with the manufacturers instructions. Do
not use damaged, dirty or incorrect seals. Ensure that the correct joint lubricant is used for
rubber seals.
Inspect all items just prior to use in accordance with Clause 14.4. Remove damaged items
from the Works site and replace.
Chamfer, if required, and provide witness marks on the unmarked length of any cut pipes.
Do not score pipes when providing the witness mark.
Treat cut pipe ends in accordance with pipe manufacturers recommendations.
The jointing methods will vary depending upon the material used and the jointing systems
available. The Product and Material Information and Guidance, suppliers drawings and
Standard Drawings provide information on jointing systems.
17.1.3 Polyethylene
Weld PE pipe system components in accordance with WSA 01.
17.1.4 Laying
Commence laying at the downstream end. Lay pipes with their sockets at the upstream end
and their barrels firmly and evenly embedded on the bedding material. Form chases in the
bedding to accommodate the pipe sockets and/or couplings to allow even bearing along
the full length of the pipe barrel.
To prevent movement, restrain pipes already laid before the next joint is made. Prevent
flotation of pipes during laying in accordance with Clause 17.4.
At the end of each day's laying, seal the end of the pipe to prevent ingress of trench
material and/or water and other foreign matter.
Reference Standard Drawings: SEW1103 and SEW1201.
17.2 HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL DEFLECTION OF SEWERS
17.2.1 General
Achieve horizontal and vertical deflections as specified and in accordance with Clause
17.2.2. Where not specified, do not deflect the sewer unless:
(a)
the Superintendents authorisation has been obtained, and
(b)
the Design Drawings have been revised to show the bend or curve details, including
location, angle and methods of achieving deflection.
Ensure that actual details of deflections are accurately recorded on the Work as
Constructed drawings.
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17.2.2 Methods of deflection

Achieve horizontal and vertical deflections as specified using one of the following methods:
(a)
Deflecting consecutive flexible joints in accordance with Table 17.1, provided no

individual joint deflection exceeds 80% of the manufacturers recommended
maximum joint deflection. In some pipe systems the maximum allowable joint
deflection is marked on the pipe socket.
(b)
Manually (not mechanically) cold bending flexible pipes in circular arcs of uniform
radius to exceed the minium prescribed radii specified in Table 17.1. Limit cold
bending to DN 150 and DN 225 pipe sizes only. Do not cold bend SCJ PVC pipe
where branch sewers or property connection branches are to be installed along the
curve. Curves formed by cold bending the pipes should be designed.
(c)
Using a variable bend (Refer to Standard Drawing SEW1315).

TABLE 17.1
METHODS OF ACHIEVING CURVED SEWERS
Curve type
Cumulative
deflection at
joints
Manual cold
bending
Manufactured
bends
Material and
joint
Pipe size
Pipe length
DN
Deflection
at joint
Minimum horizontal
and vertical curve
radius
m
VC
Socket - Spigot
Yes
100 1400
Up to 2.5
varies with DN
Note 1
VC
polypropylene
coupling
Yes
100 300
Up to 2.5
varies with DN
Note 1
PVC
elastomeric seal
jointed (RRJ)
Yes
100 375
3.0 6.0
Note 1
Profiled wall PE
Socket - Spigot
Yes
375 2100
2.4 6.0
Note 1
PVC
solvent cement
jointed
No
100 300
PE
welded joints
SDR 21
No
160 355
Not dependent
Not dependent
0.3 X DN
o
0.02 X DN at T 20 C
0.05 X DN at 0 o C
Note 2
PVC
Yes
RRJ only
100 375
Not dependent
Note 3
GRP
Yes
300 1200
Not dependent
Note 3
Profiled wall PE
Yes
Up to 1500
Not dependent
Note 3
PVC variable
bend
No
150 225
Not dependent
0.9
NOTES:
1
The minimum radius for solvent cement welded PVC pipes and welded PE pipes is based upon:
(a)
the deflection that may be achieved without overstressing the pipe or pipe joint; and
(b)
ensuring that the necessary restraint of the pipe and joints around the curve is readily
achievable based on manually cold bending the pipe in the field.
Interpolate values for temperatures between 0C and 20C.
Refer to Water Agency for minium acceptable radii for manufactured bends.
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17.2.3 Horizontal curves

Install curves either adjacent to an MH or MS or in a straight run between MHs or MSs or
combinations of both.
Place horizontal variable bends on the upstream side of MHs adjacent to the MH but clear
of the external face of the MH wall. It is important that the bend is clear of benching and
the MH wall to allow easier manipulation of equipment.
Place horizontal variable bends on the upstream side of MSs and immediately adjacent to
the MS.
Install horizontal bends clear of all drop structures.
Ensure that the commencement of any cold bent PVC pipe is clear of the external face of
the MH wall.
After completion of pipelaying and placement of embedment material, remove temporary
pegs or stakes used to restrain curved pipes.
Removal of temporary pegs or stakes is essential to avoid point loading of the pipes. Nonremoval may result in pipe failures.
17.2.4 Vertical curves
Install curves either adjacent to an MH or MS or in a straight run between MHs or MSs or
combinations of both.
Place vertical variable bends on the upstream side of MHs adjacent to the MH but clear of
the external face of the MH wall. It is important that the bend is clear of benching and the
MH wall to allow easier manipulation of equipment.
When installed adjacent to a MS, place vertical variable bends on the side of the MS that
maximises the vertical alignment of the MS riser. Alternatively, install bends either side of
the MS to achieve the total change in grade.
Install vertical bends clear of all drop structures.
Limit vertical variable bends to two locations adjacent to and between MHs or MSs. Place
on the upstream and/or downstream side of the MH/MS immediately adjacent to the
structure i.e. one at the outlet of MH/MS and one at the inlet of the downstream MH/MS.
Limit cumulative joint and cold vertical bends to one additional location between adjacent
MHs or MSs or combinations of both.
After completion of pipelaying and placement of embedment material, remove temporary
pegs or stakes used to restrain curved pipes.
Removal of temporary pegs or stakes is essential to avoid point loading of the pipes. Nonremoval may result in pipe failures.
17.2.5 Compound curves
Where authorised by the Water Agency, compound bends may be used with any of the
bend methods and in any of the allowable horizontal bend locations.
17.3 HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL SEPARATION OF CROSSING PIPELINES
Maintain minimum horizontal and vertical separation of crossing pipelines as specified. Fill
the separation with embedment material and compact.
17.4 FLOTATION CONTROL
Prevent floatation of pipes and MSs by:
(a)
Using trench stops in accordance with SEW1206; and/or
(b)
Placing and compacting sufficient height of fill material; and/or

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(c)
Filling the pipeline with water, where authorised; and/or
(d)
Other appropriate methods authorised by the Superintendent.
WSA 022002-2.3
Where trench de-watering is necessary, fully place and compact embedment and fill
material in accordance with Sections 20 and 21 while dewatering systems are operating.
Some materials such as PE have a density less than that of water and sewers can float
even when full of water.
17.5 TRENCH STOPS
Construct trench stops with trench drainage as specified.
17.6 BULKHEADS
Construct concrete bulkheads with trench drainage as specified. Do not position the
bulkhead directly beneath a kerb.
17.7 PROPERTY CONNECTION SEWERS
Install property connection sewers as specified.
Ensure tolerances for position, level and plumb are within the limits specified in Section 23.
Fill and compact as specified for the reticulation sewer.
Where concrete surround or encasement of a riser is specified, allow a minimum of 16 h
for the concrete to set before constructing a property connection sewer.
Locate vertical drops or risers to prevent damage to the sewer and provide support to
maintain their position during encasement or backfilling.
Mark locations of property connection points by placing a marking tape from the connection
point to a hardwood surface peg or by using detectable marking tape similarly placed.
Reference: Standard Drawings SEW1105, SEW1106, SEW1107, SEW1108, SEW
1109, SEW1314 and SEW1316.
17.8 DEAD ENDS
Terminate sewer lines as specified.
17.9 MARKING OF PROPERTY CONNECTION SEWERS AND DEAD ENDS
Mark the position of each dead end and location of each property connection point using
identification tape and hardwood peg or by using a detectable tape.
17.10 CORROSION PROTECTION OF CAST IRON
Sleeve uncoated buried cast iron items with polyethylene, fixed with PVC tape complying
with AS 3680. Install sleeving to AS 3681. Do not allow sleeved items to be exposed to
sunlight for more than seven (7) days.
Sleeving may be omitted for items that have a thermal-bonded polymeric external coating
complying with specified requirements in Part 2 of the Code.
Cast iron includes grey cast iron and ductile (cast) iron.
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17.11 MARKING TAPES

17.11.1 Non-detectable marking tape
When specified, lay non-detectable marking tape on top of the pipe embedment material
before trench filling.
Reference: Standard Drawing SEW1201.
17.11.2 Detectable marking tape
Lay detectable marking tape on top of the pipe embedment material before trench filling or
1 m below the surface for:
(a)
non-metallic pipelines, as specified;
(b)
all curved pipelines;
(c)
property connection sewers, as specified;
(d)
all sewers without an upstream access point; and
(e)
at other locations as specified.
Lay the tape over the embedment to form a continuous connection between access cover
frames. Strip the ends of the tape to expose its conducting wires. Connect bare wires to a
nut or bolt of the access cover frame to form an electrical connection.
17.12 BORED PIPES UNDER ROADS, DRIVEWAYS AND ELSEWHERE
Construct bored sewers under roads, railways, driveways, footways and elsewhere of the
type, size and locations shown in the Design Drawings.
Construct encasing pipe as detailed in the Design Drawings. Where grouting of the annulus
between the encasing pipe and sewer is specified, commence grouting from the downhill
end of the bore. Check that the applied pressure will not cause buckling of the main.
Achieve full penetration and complete filling of the void.
Insert plastic slippers between the sewer and the bored hole in accordance with the
manufacturers directions.
Place buffer rings between VC and reinforced concrete pipes that are pushed into bores.
Reference: Standard Drawings SEW1400, SEW1401, SEW1402 and SEW1403.
17.13 AQUEDUCTS
Construct aqueducts of the type, size and locations shown in the Design Drawings.
Install protection grills and apply corrosion protection as specified.
17.14 BRIDGE CROSSINGS
Construct bridge crossings of the type, size and locations shown in the Design Drawings.
17.15 PLASTICS-LINED RC PIPE JOINTING
17.15.1 General
Protect the protruding plastic lining flaps of precast pipes from sharp changes in flap
direction due to contact with adjoining pipes or due to poor pipe handling or installation
practice.
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Install pipes that have been plastics-lined over less than 360 of internal pipe
circumference so that unlined pipe inverts are aligned continuously along the invert of the
installed sewer.
17.15.2 Plastics lining work protection
Protect from damage all plastics linings, PVC sheets and accessories to be field jointed
and maintain in a clean dry condition free of mortar and other foreign materials for the
duration of the jointing process. Do not allow the discharge of sewage or site water into or
through plastics-lined components to be field jointed prior to completion and acceptance of
the joint work by the Superintendent.
17.15.3 Field jointing
Conduct plastics lining, rigid PVC sheet and accessory field jointing following the
installation of precast plastics-lined concrete products.
Joint the plastics flap at the spigot end to the plastic lining of the previously laid pipe by
welding.
Complete jointing work prior to hydrostatic testing and backfilling of plastics-lined pipeline
components.
17.15.4 Plastics lining ancillary work
17.15.4.1 Alignment of lining keys
In order to facilitate drainage of fluid accumulations between structure and lining, vertically
align plastics-lining keys for embedment of lining into in-situ vertical concrete structural
components.
17.15.4.2 Provision of seepage channels
Provide vertical seepage channels between plastics lining and precast or in-situ concrete
components, which do not have vertically disposed keys, as specified.
17.15.4.3 Use of jointing accessories and adhesives
In accordance with the plastics lining manufacturers printed specification, provide for
continuity of plastics lining, including accessories, adhesives and jointing compounds, at
changes of direction, lining returns and jointing of lined components.
17.16 WELDING OF STEEL PIPELINES
17.16.1 General
Weld steel pipe in accordance with Category SP of AS/NZS 1554.1 employing welders
qualified in accordance with AS/NZS 1554.1.
Pre-qualify all weld preparations in accordance with AS/NZS 1554.1.
Inspect all welding in accordance with AS/NZS 1554.1, Section 7.
Apply corrosion protection to welded joints, internal and/or external, where specified.
Reinstate cement mortar linings as specified.
Reference: Standard Drawings WAT1400 to WAT1404 inclusive and WAT1408 of
WSA 03.
17.16.2 Field welding of flanges
Weld flanges either directly to the pipe or fitting after machining or to a coaming piece that
can be subsequently butt welded to the pipe or fitting.
Align flanges at right angles to the axis of the pipe or to the relevant leg of the fitting.
Attach flanges by one of the following procedures depending on steel plate thickness:
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(a)
Where the pipe or fitting is 10 mm thick, weld the flange in accordance with AS 4041
Figure 3.24.4.8(H)(a) Type 6 slip-on weld.
(b)
Where the pipe or fitting is >10 mm thick, weld the flange in accordance AS 4041
Figure 3.24.4.8(B) Type 2 face and back or Figure 3.24.4.8(D) Type 3A bore and
back.
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18 MAINTENANCE HOLES (MHs)

18.1 GENERAL
Construct MHs and install covers, surrounds, step irons and ladders as specified.
1304, SEW1305, SEW1306, SEW1307, SEW1308, SEW1309, SEW1310, SEW
1311, SEW1312 and SEW1313.
18.2 MH BASE
Determine the offset centreline for the MH in accordance with Standard Drawings SEW
1304, SEW1305 and SEW1306. Set out the MH base pipe connections to suit the
diameter and the offset centreline. Support pipe connections to prevent movement during
placement and vibration of concrete.
Provide suitable formwork to retain concrete if required. If using channel formwork, position
it correctly and secure it to prevent movement. Place concrete directly onto firm foundation
and vibrate to produce a dense and watertight base in accordance with Clause 14.5.7.
Form the channels in the wet concrete, using appropriate tools. Make sufficient allowance
for thickness of rendering during shaping of channels.
For precast MHs, form the channels after the first component has been placed.
1306, SEW1309, SEW1310, SEW1311 and SEW1312.
18.3 TRENCH DRAINAGE AROUND MHs
Construct trench stops and drainage as specified. Where aggregate has been used in the
bottom of the trench or where some trench water is present, provide trench drainage as
specified in Standard Drawing SEW1207.
18.4 PRECAST CONCRETE MH SYSTEMS
Select component MH lengths to minimise the number of joints. Where possible, select
components to give the specified clearance between the MH component joint and the drop
pipe entry. Where this cannot be achieved, seal the joint using an authorised epoxy in lieu
of rubber ring or mastic joints.
Use a shaft section between 300 and 600 mm long for the base section.
Prime the lower 200 mm of the precast component with a wet to dry bonding agent or cement
slurry before placing the component onto the wet concrete base. Embed the component
50 mm into the wet concrete base, then build up and compact a 150 mm concrete fillet on the
outside to seal against infiltration. Form channels in the base in accordance with Clause 18.2.
Do not place other shaft sections until the concrete base has set.
Where the concrete in the base sets before the first component can be placed, allow the
base to cure for at least seven (7) days before bonding the first component to the base
using an authorised epoxy adhesive.
1304, SEW1305 and SEW1306.
18.5 CAST IN-SITU CONCRETE MH
Place concrete in accordance with Clause 14.5.5.
At each construction joint, place dowels, remove laitance and prime with a wet to dry
bonding agent or cement slurry before pouring the next lift.
If a waterstop is to be used at any construction joint, support it in such a manner that it will
retain its position during the pour.
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Strip internal formwork before stripping external formwork.

18.6 BENCHING AND CHANNELS
Thoroughly roughen and clean each base. Brush on a coating of wet to dry epoxy, or
sulphate-resistant cement slurry or other suitable priming product. Render and shape
benches and channels in accordance with Design Drawings using a 2:1 sand:sulphateresistant cement mix. Ensure that the render is no less than 15 mm thick. Maintain in a
damp condition for 72 hours after finishing.
Where foam formwork is used, construct MH channels and benching with off-form finish.
18.7 CONCRETING FOR PLASTICS-LINED WORK
18.7.1 Concrete work planning
Plan the sequence of installing in-situ concrete work for floor or base slabs and/or benches
and channels to be plastics lined such that it:
(a)
Complies with the plastics lining material manufacturer's printed instructions for
incorporation of lining into in-situ concrete.
(b)
Facilitates embedment of plastics lining keys and of rigid PVC or PE invert channel
ribbing into the plastic concrete.
(c)
Facilitates compaction of and entrained air release from plastics lined concrete in the
plastic state by means of suitable concrete compaction equipment.
(d)
Ensures removal of all concrete mortar from lining areas to be jointed or welded while
the concrete is in the plastic state.
18.7.2 Fixing of plastics lining for concrete work

Prior to placing concrete reinforcement, align the plastics lining such that it is free from
wrinkles and bulges and is securely held to prevent movement during subsequent
operations.
Seal together all plastics lining joint work prior to concrete placement to prevent concrete
grout migration from behind the lining.
18.7.3 Concrete placement and formwork removal
Place and compact in-situ concrete to produce a dense homogeneous concrete. Securely
anchor plastics lining keys in place. Avoid damaging the lining.
After concrete curing, remove formwork carefully without damaging the lining. Do not use
sharp tools to pry forms from lined surfaces. Repair all tears, abrasions and cuts in plastics
lining in accordance with the plastics lining manufacturer's printed repair instructions.
18.8 INTERNAL COATING OF CONCRETE MHs
Epoxy coat MHs in accordance with the manufacturers printed instructions and as
specified.
18.9 COVERS
Install covers and frames on MH tops as specified.
Clean sealing surfaces of covers and frames. Fit seal, if applicable, in accordance with
manufacturers printed instructions. Apply grease to seating surfaces where specified in
accordance with manufacturers printed instructions. Lock down covers as specified.
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18.10 CONNECTIONS TO MHs

Make connections to MHs as specified.
Where polyethylene, polypropylene or similar materials are used in connections,
incorporate a hydrophilic seal around the fitting in at least two positions.
18.11 MH DROPS
Construct MH drops as specified.
Core drill holes in precast or cast in-situ MHs using a diamond hole saw of the appropriate
diameter. Only use other techniques for creating holes in precast or cast in-situ MHs with
the authorisation of the Superintendent.
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19 MAINTENANCE SHAFTS (MS AND TMS) AND INSPECTION OPENINGS (IO)

19.1 GENERAL
Install MSs, TMSs and IOs as specified. Where the manufacturers printed installation
instructions vary from the Design Drawings, refer to the Superintendent for written
instruction.
Embed and surround MSs, TMSs and IOs with embedment material as specified for the
reticulation sewer.
Compact embedment as specified for reticulation sewer trench fill.
Provide and install covers and surrounds as specified.
1315, SEW1316 and SEW1317.
19.2 SEALING CAPS
Cut the MS / TMS / IO shaft to provide the access cover clearance as specified. Seal the
shaft with a cap in accordance with the manufacturers printed instructions.
Reference: Standard Drawing SEW1106, SEW1314, SEW1316 and SEW1317.
19.3 COVERS
Install covers and frames as specified.
Clean sealing surfaces of covers and frames. Apply grease to seating surfaces where
specified in accordance with manufacturers printed instructions.
Reference: Standard Drawings SEW1106, SEW1108, SEW1109, SEW1314 and
SEW1317.
19.4 CONNECTIONS TO MSs AND TMSs
Make connections of sewers to MSs and TMSs as specified and in accordance the
manufacturers printed instructions.
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20 PIPE EMBEDMENT AND SUPPORT

20.1 GENERAL
Provide embedment and support of the type shown in the Design Drawings and
Specification.
Place embedment material uniformly along and around the whole length of the pipe barrel,
couplings and other appurtenances in a manner to ensure uniform density of side support
(including haunch support) and overlay with no distortion, dislodgment or damage to the
pipeline.
Ensure that the depth of bedding material below the pipe collar is not less than 50% of the
minimum bedding specified for the pipe.
Where the sewer is supported on concrete, do not place overlay material until the concrete
has obtained its initial set.
20.2 EMBEDMENT MATERIALS
Use embedment materials that:
(a)
Comply with the maximum particle sizes in Table 20.1.
(b)
Comply with the Purchase Specification for embedment materials as nominated in the
Design Drawings or Specification.
TABLE 20.1
MAXIMUM PARTICLE SIZE
Pipe size
Maximum particle size
DN
mm
100
10
>100 to 160
14
>160
20
Reference: Standard Drawings SEW-1201, SEW1202, SEW1203, SEW1314, SEW

1315, SEW1316 and SEW1317.
20.3 COMPACTION OF EMBEDMENT
Following placement, compact embedment material to achieve the specified density and to
uniformly support the pipe. Compact in layers to achieve the specified density uniformly
throughout the depth of each layer and the degree of compaction specified in Table 22.1 or
Table 22.2 as applicable.
20.3.1 Methods
When choosing compaction equipment, the number of passes and the thickness of layer to
be compacted, take account of the material to be compacted and the pipe to be installed.
Do not employ compaction equipment or methods that produce horizontal and/or vertical
earth pressures that may cause damage to or excessive distortion of the sewer.
Do not use flooding compaction unless specifically authorised by the Superintendent.
If flood compaction is authorised:
(a)
only use in situations where embedment material is non-cohesive (i.e. no clays) and
the surrounding native soil and the embedment material are completely free draining;
(b)
only use beneath non-trafficable areas where compaction trials have been
undertaken and proven successful; and
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do not use beneath trafficable areas.
20.3.2 Compaction trials / Pre-qualification of embedment compaction method

20.3.2.1 General
With reference to Clause 22.3.3.2, pre-qualification of the pipe embedment material and
process, as detailed below, is an alternative to conducting embedment compaction testing
of pipes of size DN 300.
Install a length of pipe at least 4 m long in a trench having minimum side clearance of
200 mm and in soil having a bearing pressure >50 kPa. Bed the pipe and place and
compact embedment in accordance with Clauses 20.1 to 20.3.1 inclusive.
Record the Purchase Specification or equivalent specification to which the embedment
material conforms. Record the compaction method in a format suitable for use as an onsite work instruction.
Conduct compaction testing at the spring line along the pipe length at its mid-point and at
locations 1 m either side. Assess results of compaction tests for compliance with
Table 22.1 or Table 22.2 as appropriate. Record compaction test results.
Retain records of the compaction method and trial reports.
20.3.2.3 Interpretation and applicability
Provided that all compaction test results conform to the requirements of Table 22.1 or
Table 22.2, as appropriate, the test shall be deemed to pre-qualify the compaction method
for pipelaying subject to:
(a)
the diameter of the pipe being the same as that used in the pre-qualification test;
(b)
the actual embedment material used in construction being the same as used in the
pre-qualification test;
(c)
the documented pre-qualified compaction method being used; and
(d)
the native soil having a bearing capacity >50 kPa.
20.3.3 Compaction control

Compaction of the embedment zone shall comply with Table 22.1 or Table 22.2, as
appropriate.
The extent of embedment compaction testing shall be as specified in Clause 22.3.3.
20.4 SPECIAL BEDDING AND EMBEDMENTS / GEOTEXTILE SURROUND AND
PILLOW
Install special embedment as specified.
Reference: Standard Drawings SEW-1203, SEW1204 and SEW1205.
20.5 REMOVAL OF TRENCH SUPPORTS
Except where otherwise specified, lift temporary trench support systems progressively
above each layer of embedment to ensure that each layer is compacted against
undisturbed native soil (trench wall).
20.6 CONCRETE EMBEDMENT AND ENCASEMENT
Concrete embed or encase pipes as specified and in accordance with Clause 14.5.
Set pipes to line and level on either bags of natural fibre filled with sand and cement mix or
on concrete blocks or saddles cast to the outside diameter of the barrel and located near
the socket. Ensure that pipes do not move, float or deform while pouring concrete.
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Provide rubber-ring jointed pipe "shorts" 6001000 mm long immediately upstream and
downstream of the concrete embedment or encasement to allow for differential movement.
1401 and SEW1402.
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21 FILL
21.1 TRENCH FILL
21.1.1 General
Place trench fill as specified. Use appropriate methods of compaction to achieve the
compaction requirements of the Design Drawings and Specification.
Avoid impact loading of the sewer during placement of trench fill material.
Do not place trench fill material within 24 h of placing embedment or encasement concrete,
or longer period if shown in the Design Drawings or Specification.
Fill voids behind timber ground support in close-timbered tunnels, drives and shafts by
pressure grouting or other authorised means.
Raise the fill evenly around MH and MS risers and compact in shallow layers to avoid
unbalanced lateral loading.
Take special care to prevent displacement of access cover assemblies or supports.
Correct any deficiencies of trench filling exposed by settlement.
Reference: Standard Drawings SEW1201, SEW1202, SEW1203, SEW1204 and
SEW1205.
21.1.2 Material requirements
The trench fill material shall comply with the Specification and relevant Design Drawings.
Where the filled trench will be subjected to traffic loading, the fill material shall comply with
the requirements of the road Owner. In the absence of a directive, use one of the following:
(a)
Compaction sand; or
(b)
Fine crushed rock; or
(c)
75 mm crushed rock.
21.1.3 Compaction of trench fill

The degree of trench fill compaction shall conform to Table 22.3.
The extent of trench fill compaction testing shall be as specified in Clause 22.3.4.
Compact trench fill material in layers to achieve the required density uniformly throughout
the depth of each layer. Where settlement of the finished surface is to be controlled, use a
fill material that can be compacted to the required high degree of compaction.
Do not commence mechanical compaction of fill material directly above the pipe until the
total depth of cover above the pipe is adequate to prevent damage to the main.
The depth of fill material required before mechanical compaction can be used depends on
the type of compaction device.
For hand-held or walk-behind compaction equipment, provide at least 200 mm cover and
for larger ride-on machines operating within the trench, increase this depth at least
300 mm.
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21.2 EMBANKMENT FILL

Where the route of a sewer requires filling or construction of an embankment, provide fill
along the route of the type shown in the Design Drawings.
Proceed as follows:
(a)
Prepare the foundation for the fill by cleaning away all debris, vegetation, organic
material and topsoil for the full width of the fill area.
(b)
Compact the cleared soil surface to not less than 95% of its standard maximum dry
density (AS 1289.5.1.1).
(c)
Place the fill in layers not exceeding 200 mm thickness and compact each layer to
not less than 95% of its standard maximum dry density (AS 1289.5.1.1). Bring the
compacted fill level up to a height of at least 300 mm above the design level of the
top of the pipe.
(d)
Place the remainder of the fill in layers not exceeding 300 mm thickness and compact
each layer to not less than 95% of its standard maximum dry density (AS 1289.5.1.1).
21.3 DRIVES AND TUNNEL FILL

Refill drives and tunnels above the embedment zone to the obvert of the drive or tunnel
using one of the following methods of filling as specified:
(a)
Authorised trench fill material pneumatically placed.
(b)
Sand-lime-cement slurry pressure grouted.
(c)
Sand-lime-cement slurry gravity grouted (only to be used where there is sufficient

head space available to ensure adequate grouting of the sewer).
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22 ACCEPTANCE TESTING
22.1 GENERAL
Acceptance testing is required to test the capability of the sewer assembly to satisfy design
requirements as specified. It is not intended to test the material capability. Testing is
intended to:
(a)
Reveal the existence of any assembly and structural faults.
(b)
Ensure the sewer can operate without infiltration or exfiltration.
(c)
Confirm the success of placement and compaction of pipe embedment and trench fill,
design and placement of thrust and anchor blocks and installation of pipeline
components.
Undertake acceptance testing of all sewers and structures in accordance with the
Specification and in the following order:
1
Visual inspectionabove-ground.
Compaction testing.
Pressure testing (low pressure air or vacuum or hydrostatic).
Infiltration testing.
Deflection testing.
CCTV inspection.
Deflection testing and CCTV inspection may be performed concurrently.

Vacuum testing is considered superior to air testing for detecting potential infiltration into
non-pressure pipelines; however, low pressure air testing is currently the predominant
acceptance testing practice. The parameters and requirements low pressure air testing
have been included as an interim measure for those Water Agencies still using the
practice.
Notification of acceptance testing and responsibilities for reporting shall be in accordance
with the Water Agencys requirements. All test results, including unsatisfactory results,
shall be documented and reported to the Superintendent.
As appropriate, clean sewers and structures before any test is performed.
Unless otherwise permitted by the Water Agency, arrange testing by a NATA accredited
organisation that holds current listing for the relevant acceptance test.
If any of the tests prove to be unsatisfactory, detect and rectify the fault. Continue to rectify
and retest the sewer until a satisfactory test result is obtained. Even if testing produces
satisfactory results, rectify any sewer, structure or appurtenance that has a visible or
detectable leak, blockage, malfunction or other defect.
22.2 VISUAL INSPECTIONABOVE-GROUND
Visually inspect all sewers, maintenance structures and vents to ensure their assembly and
the type and locations of maintenance structures, including access covers, and vents are
as specified.
22.3 COMPACTION TESTING
22.3.1 General
Undertake field density tests of the embedment and trench fill zones at the frequency and
locations nominated in Clauses 22.3.3 and 22.3.4.
Conduct testing of embedment compaction before trench filling.
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For non-cohesive material, determine the density index (I D ) in accordance with

AS 1289.5.6.1.
For cohesive material, determine the dry density ratio (R D) in accordance with
AS 1289.5.4.1 using standard compactive effort to determine maximum dry density in
accordance with AS 1289.5.1.1.
22.3.2 Minimum compaction
Ensure compaction of embedment and fill is not less than the values given in Tables 22.1,
22.2 and 22.3, as appropriate.
22.3.3 Embedment compaction testing
22.3.3.1 Applicable pipe sizes
Undertake compaction testing of pipeline embedment for sewers >DN 300.
Except where the Superintendent nominates random confirmatory tests, do not undertake
compaction testing of pipeline embedment for mains DN 300 where:
(a)
the allowable bearing pressure of the native ground is 50 kPa when assessed in
accordance with SEW1200;
(b)
pipe laying and embedment compaction was carried in accordance with this Code;
and
(c)
a pre-qualified compaction method was used in accordance with Clause 20.3.2.
22.3.3.2 Frequency and location of embedment tests

Except where the provisions of Clause 20.3.2 apply, test sewers DN 300 at the spring line
(50 mm) for each 100 lineal metres of pipeline or part thereof.
For sewers >DN 375, test at the spring line (100 mm) for each 50 lineal metres of pipeline
or part thereof.
22.3.3.3 Retesting
If one or more of the initial test results do not comply with Table 22.1 or Table 22.2,
conduct two additional tests in the zone represented by the initial test. If one or more of the
repeat tests does not comply, re-compact the full zone and continue repeat testing.
Continue this cycle until the embedment compaction test results comply with Table 22.1 or
Table 22.2.
TABLE 22.1
EMBEDMENT OF FLEXIBLE PIPES
MINIMUM COMPACTION
Embedment type
Minimum density index
Test method
Trafficable areas
Non-trafficable areas
Non-cohesive
(Note)
Density index (ID)

AS 1289.5.6.1
70
70
Cohesive (Note)
Density ratio (RD)

AS 1289.5.4.1 and
AS 1289.5.1.1
95
95
NOTE: Type 3 support of SEW1202 requires non-cohesive embedment material. Cohesive graded
sands and gravels may be authorised by the Water Agency.
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TABLE 22.2
EMBEDMENT OF RIGID PIPES
MINIMUM COMPACTION
Embedment type
Test method
Minimum value
Trafficable areas
Non-cohesive
Density Index (I D )
AS 1289.5.6.1
60
60
Cohesive
(Notes 1, 2)
Density Ratio (R D )
AS 1289.5.4.1 and
AS 1289.5.1.1
90
90
NOTES:
1
Graded gravels or sands having fines (silts and clays) greater than 5% have their compaction
determined by dry density ratio.
Type 1 and 2 supports on SEW1202 permit cohesive material at the side of the pipe above the
support material.
22.3.4 Trench fill compaction testing

22.3.4.1 Trafficable Test Zone
The depth of trench shall be deemed to be the full depth of fill i.e. from the surface of the
trench to the top of the pipe embedment (Refer to Standard Drawing SEW1201).
The Road Owner may specify additional compaction testing requirements.
For trenches located in a non-trafficable area, the length of trench represented by a test
shall be deemed to be 50 m either side of the location at which a test is made. The depth
of trench shall be deemed to be the full depth of fill.
For granular embedment material (non-cohesive), determine the density index (ID) in
For non-granular embedment material (cohesive), determine the Hilf density ratio in
accordance with AS 1289.5.7.1. Alternatively, determine the density ratio (RD) in
For trenches located in a trafficable zone, conduct one test in each 300 mm layer of fill for
each 50 lineal metres of sewer or part thereof.
For trenches located in a non-trafficable zone, conduct one test in each 900 mm of fill for
each 100 lineal metres of sewer or part thereof.
For MSs and MHs conduct one test within each 1 m depth at one location within 300 mm of
each MS and MH riser.
22.3.4.5 Retesting
If one or more of the initial test results do not comply with Table 22.3, conduct two
additional tests in the zone represented by the initial test. If one or more of the repeat tests
does not comply, re-compact the full zone and continue repeat testing. Continue this cycle
until the trench fill compaction test results comply with Table 22.3.
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TABLE 22.3
TRENCH / EMBANKMENT FILL OF RIGID AND FLEXIBLE PIPES AND MAINTENANCE
STRUCTURESMIMIMUM COMPACTION
Minimum value
Fill type
Test method
Trafficable areas
(Note 2)
Non-cohesive
Density Index (I D )
AS 1289.5.6.1
70
60
Cohesive
Density Ratio (R D )
AS 1289.5.4.1 and
AS 1289.5.1.1
(Note 1)
95
90
(Notes 3, 4, 5)
NOTES:
1
Graded gravels and sands having fines (silts and clays) greater than 5% shall have their
compaction determined by dry density ratio.
The road Owner may specify an alternative value.
Degree of compaction of the trench fill in trafficable areas depends on:

(i)
the backfill zone higher degrees of compaction is required in the zones closer to the
surface; and
(ii)
the road type freeways and arterial roads carrying greater loads require higher
degrees of compaction.
The value given is a default where excessive initial surface settlement is not permitted.
Specification of alternative degrees of compaction of the trench fill in non-trafficable areas
depends on the site requirements.
Compaction shall be to the degree specified in the project Specification or the default value in
Table 22.3 if not specified.
22.3.5 Other fill compaction testing

22.3.5.1 General
Test other filled areas and embankments in accordance with this Clause. The test areas
shall be chosen so as to be representative of the filled area or embankment. Drives and
tunnel fill do not require compaction testing.
22.3.5.2 Trafficable test zone
For filled areas located in a trafficable zone, the area of fill represented by a test shall be
300 m2 in area with its centre at the spot where the test is made. The depth of the filled
area represented by the test shall be deemed to be the full depth of fill i.e. from the surface
of the filled area to the top of the foundation or native ground.
The Road Owner may specify additional compaction testing requirements.
For filled areas located in a non-trafficable zone, the area of trench represented by a test
shall be 1200 m2 with its centre at a spot where the test is made. The depth of the filled
area shall be deemed to be the full depth of fill i.e. from the surface of the filled area to the
top of the foundation or native ground.
For filled areas located in a trafficable zone, conduct one test in each 300 mm layer of fill
and each 300 m2 or part thereof.
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For trenches located in a non-trafficable zone, conduct one test in each 900 mm layer of fill
and each 1200 m2 or part thereof.
The Superintendent may carry out random confirmatory tests.
22.3.5.5 Retesting
If one or more of the initial test results do not comply with Table 22.3, conduct two
additional tests in the area of that layer of fill represented by the initial test. If one or more
of the repeat tests does not comply, recompact the full zone and continue repeat testing.
Continue this cycle until the trench fill compaction test results comply with Table 22.3.
22.4 AIR PRESSURE AND VACUUM TESTING OF SEWERS
22.4.1 General
Pressure testing, either low pressure air testing or vacuum testing, is only qualitative as
pressure losses do not directly reflect water leakage rates. It is used to identify points of
leakage and potential pipeline infiltration and exfiltration due to damaged pipe seals and
joints.
Vacuum or air pressure test all sewers DN 1500 in accordance with Clauses 22.4.2.1 or
22.4.2.2. Include external MH drops, property connection sewers, vertical risers, MSs and
inspection shafts and fittings.
Undertake vacuum tests where the Specification does not specify the test method.
Test after placement and compaction of pipe embedment, including overlay.
Make calibration certificates for all air pressure and vacuum testing equipment available to
the Superintendent on request.
Sewers DN 750 should be inspected and tested during construction and before the
construction of MHs. The test may be conducted after trench filling but repair / rectification
costs would almost certainly be greater.
22.4.2 Air testing methods for sewers
22.4.2.1 Vacuum testing
Plug all sewer inlets and outlets and cap and seal all MS risers in the test length of sewer.
Apply an initial test vacuum pressure (negative pressure) of approximately 27 kPa. Close
the valve on the vacuum line and shut off the vacuum pump. Allow the air pressure to
stabilise for at least 3 minutes to identify any initial leakage.
When the pressure has stabilised and is at or below the starting test vacuum of 23.6 kPa,
commence the test by allowing the gauge pressure to drop to 23.6 kPa, at which point
initiate time recording. Record the drop in vacuum over the test period.
Accept the length of sewer under test if the test vacuum loss is 7 kPa for the relevant time
interval specified in Table 22.4.
If the sewer fails the test, re-apply the vacuum to identify any leaks.
Rectify all defects prior to conducting any further testing.
Rectify any visible or audible faults even if the vacuum testing is satisfactory.
This test method is based on ASTM test method C1214M, which may be downloaded from
www.astm.org/cgi-bin
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TABLE 22.4
PRESSURE AND VACUUM AIR TESTING
ACCEPTANCE TIMES FOR 7 KPA PRESSURE CHANGE
Test length
m
Pipe size
DN
50
100
150
200
250
300
Minimum test duration

minutes
100
150
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
5
3
6
3
6
225
300
375
4
6
7
5
9
14
8
14
22
10
18
29
13
23
36
15
29
43
450
525
600
10
14
18
21
28
37
31
42
55
41
56
73
52
70
92
66
86
106
675
750
900
23
29
41
46
57
83
70
86
124
93
115
165
116
143
207
144
168
243
1000
1050
1200
51
56
73
102
112
147
153
169
220
204
225
294
255
281
367
300
319
460
1500
115
230
344
459
574
700
NOTES:
1
Timing of the test duration shall commence after the 3 minutes initial
period.
Test duration times for other combinations of pipe size and test length
may be interpolated.
22.4.2.2 Low pressure air testing

Limit testing to sewers DN 1500 and to runs between MHs and/or MSs of 250 m.
Plug all sewer inlets and outlets and cap and seal all MS risers in the test length of sewer.
Slowly apply an initial test pressure of approximately 27 kPa, since rapid pressurisation
can cause significant air temperature changes that may affect testing accuracy. Where the
sewer is below the water table, increase the stated pressure to achieve a differential
pressure of 27 kPa, but do not exceed 50 kPa actual test pressure.
Close the valve on the air pressure line and shut off the pump. Allow the air pressure to
stabilise for at least 3 minutes to identify any initial leakage.
When the pressure has stabilised and is at or above the starting test pressure of 23.6 kPa
of mercury, commence the test by allowing the gauge pressure to drop to 23.6 kPa, at
which point the initiate time recording. Record the drop in pressure over the test period.
Accept the length of sewer under test if the test pressure loss is 7 kPa for the relevant
time interval specified in Table 22.4.
If the sewer fails the test, re-apply the test pressure to identify any leaks.
Rectify any visible or audible faults even if the pressure testing is satisfactory.
It is recommended that a relief valve with a 50 kPa maximum setting be installed on all
pressurising equipment.
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22.4.3 Testing of sewers >DN 1500

22.4.3.1 General
Test every joint of all sewers >DN 1500 including specified maintenance structures and
inverted syphons in accordance with Clause 22.4.3.2.
Make calibration certificates for all pressure and vacuum testing equipment available to the
Superintendent on request.
22.4.3.2 Method of test
Design and construct a joint test apparatus to enable air pressure or vacuum testing of
each joint from within the sewer.
Test every joint using the relevant test procedure of Clause 22.4.2.1 or Clause 22.4.2.2.
22.4.4 Testing of concrete MHs
22.4.4.1 General
Concrete MHs to be tested shall be selected by the testing organisation, independently of
the Constructor, except where the Superintendent nominates the maintenance hole(s) or
maintenance shaft(s) to be tested.
Vacuum test not fewer than the number of MHs as shown in Table 22.5. Where projects
contain both precast concrete and cast in-situ MHs, view each type as a separate
population and the criteria of Table 22.5 shall apply to each population separately within
the project. If any of the sample MHs fail the initial test, test all remaining MHs in that
population.
Test after placement and compaction of embedment surround.
Maintenance and inspection shafts may be tested as part of the sewer.
Apply an initial test vacuum pressure (negative pressure) of approximately 37 kPa to the
top of the MH. Close the valve on the vacuum line and shut off the vacuum pump. Allow
the air pressure to stabilise for at least 3 minutes to identify any initial leakage.
When the pressure has stabilised and is at or below the starting test vacuum of 33.8 kPa of
mercury, commence the test by allowing the gauge pressure to drop to 33.8 kPa, at which
point the initiate time recording. Record the time to for the vacuum to drop to 30.4 kPa.
Accept the MH under test if the time for the vacuum reading to drop from 33.8 kPa to
30.4 kPa meets or exceeds the relevant time in Table 22.6.
If the time is less than the minimum specified in Table 22.6, re-apply the vacuum to identify
any leaks.
Rectify any visible or audible faults even if the vacuum testing is satisfactory.
This test method is based on ASTM test method C1244M, which may be downloaded from
www.astm.org/cgi-bin.
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TABLE 22.5
CONCRETE MH TESTING FREQUENCY
Number of each type
of MHs in the project
Minimum percentage tested initially

Cast in-situ concrete
Pre-cast concrete
100%
6 to 10
50%
20%
11 to 20
33%
>20
25%
TABLE 22.6
MINIMUM TEST TIMES FOR CONCRETE MHs
MH Depth
MH Diameter
mm
900
1050
1200
1500
1800
Time*
m
2.4
14
17
20
26
33
3.0
18
21
25
33
41
3.7
21
25
30
39
49
4.3
25
30
35
46
57
4.9
29
34
40
52
65
5.5
32
38
45
59
73
6.1
35
42
50
65
81
6.7
39
46
55
72
89
7.3
42
51
59
78
97
7.9
46
55
64
85
105
8.5
49
59
69
91
113
9.1
53
63
74
98
121
NOTE: Times for intermediate diameters and depths may be

interpolated.
22.5 INFILTRATION TESTING

Where a free standing water table exists at a level of 1.5 m above a sewer or 150 mm
above any side connections along the sewer, conduct an infiltration test to determine the
extent of any infiltration.
Accept the test length if there is no infiltration.
Where the Superintendent accepts some infiltration due to the size of the catchment and
the number of connections serviced by the test length of sewer, the measured infiltration
over a 24 h period shall not exceed 5 L/mm diameter/km/day.
Rectify points of infiltration prior to conducting any further testing.
Rectify any visible or audible faults even if the infiltration testing is satisfactory.
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22.6 DEFLECTION (OVALITY) TESTING OF FLEXIBLE SEWERS

22.6.1 General
Deflection testing is a valuable method of confirming the success of embedment placement
and compaction for non-pressure flexible pipelines.
Deflection testing can be undertaken using:
(a)
Physical measurement in large diameter sewers.
(b)
CCTV light ring and measurement software.
(c)
An ovality proving tool calibrated to NATAs requirements.
Proving tools if not correctly sized may damage the sewer.

Do not conduct deflection testing until at least 14 days after completion of placement and
compaction of trench and embankment fill material.
Test sewers in sections from maintenance structure (MH, MS or TMS) to maintenance
structure.
22.6.2 Ovality proving tools
Ovality proving tools shall be made either from timber, steel, aluminium alloy or plastic
material with pulling rings at each end and marked to indicate the nominal pipe size and
outside diameter.
The diameter and shape of the proving tool shall be approved by NATA or the Water
Agency for each combination of pipe material, class (stiffness), type (plain wall, sandwich
construction, ribbed and profile wall) and manufacturer. The external diameter of the
proving tool shall be determined from:
OD = [0.01di (100 n) 2.5] 0.5 mm
where:
OD
= prover outside diameter, mm
= allowable percentage deflection, %
di
= internal pipe diameter, mm.
Some product standards do not accurately specify internal diameters. Appendix G lists
default prover diameters for common sewer pipe materials.
22.6.3 Flexible sewers DN 300
Test all flexible gravity sewers DN 300 except where single size granular embedment
(Type 3 support of SEW1202) has been used or where a pre-qualified embedment
compaction method was used in accordance with Clause 20.3.2.
22.6.4 Flexible sewers >DN 300
22.6.4.1 General
Test all flexible gravity sewers >DN300 to determine any excessive pipe deflection.
Measure the actual short-term vertical deflection in accordance with Clause 22.6.4.2 or
Clause 22.6.4.3 as appropriate. Accept sewers with deflection values less than those given
in Table 22.7.
Record locations where the measured or calculated deflection exceeds the maximum
allowable deflection stated in Table 22.7.
Repair all sections of pipe that exhibit excessive deflection. Retest each repaired section in
accordance with Section 22.
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TABLE 22.7
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE SHORT-TERM PIPE DEFLECTIONS
Maximum allowable short term vertical pipe deflection
Pipe material
%
3 d*
7 d*
14 d
30 d
3 months
1 yr
ABS, PE, PP, PVC
3.8
4.3
4.8
5.0
5.5
GRP
3.0
3.4
3.8
4.0
4.4
4.8
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.2
No cement mortar
lining
2.3
2.6
2.9
3.0
3.3
3.6
Cement mortar lining
1.5
1.7
1.9
2.0
2.2
2.4
Elastometric joint
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.2
Plastics
Metallic
Ductile iron
Steel
Welded joint with:
NOTE: *for information purposes only
22.6.4.2 Flexible sewers >DN 300 and <DN 750

Conduct the test not less than 14 days after placement and compaction of trench fill.
Under special circumstances, the Superintendent may authorise the test to be conducted
earlier, but not before 3 days after placement and compaction of trench fill.
Test either by pulling, with a maximum pulling force of 400 N, a proving tool through each
section of pipe by hand winching to demonstrate that the maximum allowable deflection is
not exceeded, or by using another authorised instrumental method capable of measuring
and recording actual pipe deflections to an accuracy of 0.50% actual pipe internal
diameter.
Failure to pull the prover through the sewer shall be deemed an unsatisfactory test result.
22.6.4.3 Flexible sewers DN 750
Measure the internal vertical and horizontal diameters of each section of flexible pipe at
the joints and mid-points between joints and calculate the mean internal diameter.
Take measurements:
(a)
immediately after the pipe embedment has been placed and compacted; and
(b)
not less than 14 days after placement and compaction of the trench fill.
(c)
between indelibly marked points on the pipeline internal surface.
The measuring equipment shall have an accuracy of measurement of 1 mm.

Accept sewers with vertical deflections after 14 days that comply with the deflection limits
specified in Table 22.7.
Make calibration certificates for proving tools available to the Superintendent on request.
22.7 CCTV INSPECTION
Carry out a CCTV inspection of specified sewers and maintenance structures in
accordance with WSA 05. Use data capture software authorised by the Water Agency.
Apply the following requirements to the CCTV inspection:
(a)
Use certified CCTV operators.

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(b)
Only accept CCTV videotapes of such quality that an accurate assessment of the
internal condition of the sewer can be made.
(c)
Provide the CCTV records to the Superintendent as specified.
Apply the acceptance / rejection criteria of Appendix E of WSA 05.

Rectify all defects prior to conducting any further inspection.
If CCTV equipment used to conduct the inspection is not calibrated to NATAs
requirements for quantifying observations, record the estimated value as an addendum to
the test report.
The Water Agency may specify alternative verification of the result prior to determining
whether remedial action is required.
22.8 INSPECTION AND TESTING OF PLASTIC LINED CONCRETE SEWERS AND MHs
22.8.1 Visual inspection
Visually inspect all plastics-lined concrete sewers and MHs for defects such as cuts, tears,
or cracks and open or incompletely fused thermoplastic lining welds.
Reject linings with visible projections or depressions that exceed 25 mm depth measured
perpendicularly to the plastics lined surface.
Probe all fields welds of thermoplastic lining with a feeler gauge to determine all defective
welds requiring re-welding i.e. weak welds and welds where the probe enters more than
3 mm.
Mark all defects with chalk or a spirit pen with colour contrasting with the coating or lining.
Repair all visible and weld defects in accordance with the manufacturers printed
instructions using qualified welders and authorised methods.
22.8.2 Spark testing
After repair of visible and weld defects, undertake spark testing to detect discontinuities in
accordance with Clause 7 of AS 3894.1. Use equipment calibrated to 20 000 V within the
last 12 months in accordance with Appendix C of AS 3894.1. Allow 20 minutes inclusive of
warm-up for the spark testing equipment to reach equilibrium conditions.
Ensure the surface of the lining is dry. Adjust the voltage of the spark testing equipment to
12 000 +1 000 0 V and secure an earth connection to the underlying substrate.
Pass the brush electrode of the spark testing equipment over the lining at a rate of not
greater than 0.3 m/s, maintaining contact between the electrode and the test area and
using an appropriate motion. Where the instrument indicates a discontinuity, determine the
exact location of the discontinuity (do not hold electrode stationary against the surface)
and clearly identify it on the test surface with the marker. Continue testing until the whole
of the coating or lining has been tested.
Undertake repair of discontinuities in accordance with the manufacturers printed
procedures.
Repeat spark testing and repair cycle until there are no discontinuities detected.
If overheating during repair causes any charring of thermoplastic welds, replace all charred
sections in accordance with the manufacturers printed procedures.
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WSA 022002-2.3
22.8.3 Locking key pull-out tests

For plastics-lined cast in-situ concrete MHs, conduct locking key pull-out test for each 5 m 2
of plastics lined work area nominated in either the Inspection and Test Plan or by the
Superintendent.
Use a pull-out force of at least 17.5 N per lineal mm of key applied perpendicularly to the
lined concrete surface for a period of at least one (1) minute at an ambient temperature of
between 20 and 27 C.
In the event of any locking key failing to withstand the sustained 17.5 N pull-out force,
progressively extend the pull-out test to locations away from the failed key area so as to
determine the extent of non-conforming key embedment. Rework or repair non-conforming
key embedment areas of 0.5 m2 in any single pull-out test location in accordance with the
manufacturers printed procedures.
Reject MHs with key defective embedment areas >0.5 m2 in any single pull-out test
location.
22.9 PRESSURE TESTING OF INVERTED SYPHONS
22.9.1 General
Pressure test all inverted syphons after construction and any concrete material has cured
for not less than 7 days, but prior to grouting, as appropriate.
If any of the tests prove to be unsatisfactory, detect and rectify the fault, and re-test.
Continue to rectify and re-test until a satisfactory test result is achieved. Even if testing
produces satisfactory results, rectify any syphon in which there is a visible or detectable
leak or blockage.
Test polyethylene syphons in accordance with WSA 012001.
Base the rate of filling on a maximum velocity of 0.05 m/s.
Allow between 3 and 24 hours for the test water temperature to stabilise and dissolved air
to vent from the system. Fill cement-lined pipes 24 hours prior to testing to allow for
saturation of the lining.
Unless otherwise permitted by the Superintendent, adopt a maximum test length of
1000 m.
Acceptance testing may be conducted progressively with the authorisation of the
Superintendent. Testing may be carried out as soon as the Works are completed and
where thrust restraint curing times have lapsed.
22.9.2 System test pressure
Adopt a system test pressure in m equivalent to 10 times the PN rating of the pipe e.g. for
PN 6 pipe test at 60 m head (600 kPa).
22.9.3 Maximum allowable loss
Calculate the maximum allowable loss by:
(0.14 x d i x LP x H) / 1000 (L/h)
where:
di = internal pipe diameter, mm

LP = length of inverted syphon under test (km)
H = average value of test head (m)
22.9.4 Test procedure

Use a test rig that has two calibrated pressure gauges. Each gauge shall have a range of
02500 kPa and shall have a current calibration certificate. Both gauges shall read within
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5% of the test head and 5% of each other. Use the gauge recording the lower of the two
readings. Before testing, clean the syphon and then slowly fill it with water, ensuring that
air has been completely expelled.
With the exception of polyethylene, which is to be tested in accordance with WSA 01
2001, test all syphons as follows:
(a)
Install blank flanges or caps at each end of the test section. Do not test against
closed valves unless they are fully restrained and it is possible to check for leakage
past the valve seat. Temporarily strut or anchor mechanical ends that are not end
load resistant to withstand the test pressures without movement.
(b)
Clearly inform all personnel of the loading limits on temporary fittings and supports.
(c)
Pressurise the line to 75% of the test pressure and leave for a minimum of 12 hours.
The preliminary pressurisation is intended to:
(i)
stabilise the syphon by allowing most of the time-dependent movement to

occur;
(ii)
achieve saturation in absorbent materials; and
(iii)
allow pressure-dependent increase in volume of flexible pipes prior to the main

test.
(d)
Provided there is no obvious leak in the syphon, steadily raise the pressure in the
syphon until the specified test pressure is reached.
(e)
Maintain the test pressure for four (4) hours. Measure and record, at half hour
intervals, the quantity of water added in order to maintain the pressure during the
period of testing.
(f)
Visually inspect the line for leaks if practicable. If a leak is suspected but is not
visible, use aural or electronic assistance.
(g)
Do not remove temporary supports until the syphon has been depressurised.
(h)
Dispose of test water in accordance with the relevant environmental Regulator and
Water Agency requirements.
22.9.5 Satisfactory pressure test

Accept the pressure test on a syphon if:
(a)
There is no failure of any thrust block, anchor block, pipe, fitting, valve, joint or any
other pipeline component;
(b)
There is no visible leakage;
(c)
The measured loss rate for the relevant test period of the pressure testing does not
exceed the maximum allowable loss rate as determined in accordance with Clause
22.9.3; and
(d)
For polyethylene syphons, compliance with the requirements of Clause 2.13.5 of

WSA 012001 is achieved, which shall comply with the requirements of
Clause 2.13.4 or Clause 2.13.5 of WSA 012001.
22.9.6 Failure of test

For failed syphons, either:
(a)
Carry out two (2) further pressure tests; or
(b)
Rectify the work and retest.

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WSA 022002-2.3
If both additional tests pass, accept the syphon. If one or both of the additional tests fail,
rectify the work.
Within two weeks of the completion of any rectification work, perform another test on the
syphon. If the test fails, rectify the work and retest. Rework until all test results are
satisfactory.
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23 TOLERANCES ON AS-CONSTRUCTED WORK

Construct all specified sewers, associated structures and appurtenances to the tolerances
specified Clauses 23.1 to 23.4.
23.1 HORIZONTAL TOLERANCES
23.1.1 Sewers and on-line structures (e.g. MHs, MSs, TMSs, vents)
Do not exceed positional tolerances as follows:
Sewers
100 mm lateral displacement from the design sewer alignment.
Structures 100 mm lateral displacement from the design sewer alignment; and
200 mm displacement (from the design position) along the sewer axis.
Junctions
100 mm displacement (from the design position) along the sewer axis.
23.1.2 Property connection sewers

Do not exceed positional tolerances as follows:
Property connection sewers 100 mm displacement (from design position) along sewer
axis.
Property connection risers, inspection openings and surface fittings same lateral
displacement as for the sewer junctions and 100 mm displacement along the property
connection sewer axis.
23.2 VERTICAL TOLERANCES
23.2.1 Sewers and structures
Do not deviate the inverts of new sewers, property connection sewers and structures from
the specified design level (or interpolated design level) by more than 10 mm higher or
50 mm lower, provided the specified sewer design grades are within tolerance (Refer to
Table 23.1).
Link up to existing sewers and structures at the design levels and equal to or greater than
the minimum acceptable grades.
Reverse grades are not permitted.
23.2.2 Property connection risers and inspection openings
Do not deviate the inverts of property connection risers and inspection openings from the
specified design level (or interpolated design level) by more than 10 mm higher or 150 mm
lower, provided the property connection sewer design grades are within tolerance (Refer to
Table 23.1).
23.2.3 Grade
Do not permit backfall at any point along the sewer. Maintain the inverts of new sewers and
property connection sewers within the tolerances shown in Table 23.1 and Table 23.2.
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TABLE 23.1
SEWER GRADE TOLERANCES
Category
Design grade
Minimum acceptable grade
Flat grades
1.0%
(less than or equal to 1 in 100)
10% flatter, 10% steeper
Flat to
moderate
grades
>1.0% 5.0%
(greater than 1 in 100 and)
(less than or equal to 1 in 20)
Moderate to
steep grades
>5.0%
(greater than 1 in 20)
TABLE 23.2
PROPERTY CONNECTION SEWER GRADE TOLERANCES
Category
Design grade
Minimum acceptable grade
DN 100
1.65%
(1 in 60)
DN 150
1.2%
(1 in 83)
23.2.4 Verticality (plumb)

For MHs, MSs, TMSs, inspection shafts, vertical risers and vents, apply a tolerance at any
point on the pipe or structure as follows:
(a)
10 mm deviation (from vertical) per metre rise in any direction, and
(b)
limited to a maximum 50 mm cumulative deviation (from vertical) in any one particular

direction for structures higher than 5 m.
23.3 TOLERANCES ON FINISHED SURFACE STRUCTURES AND FITTINGS

For structures and fittings designed flush with the ground/pavement surface or proud of the
surface, (e.g. MHs, MSs, TMSs, inspection shafts, vertical risers, and the like), apply a
vertical tolerance on the finished design surface levels as follows:
(a)
5 mm in road reserves, including sealed pavements, road verges, driveways,

footpaths, pedestrian thoroughfares and sealed and trafficable areas within private
properties (pedestrian and/or vehicular traffic); and
(b)
+50 mm,20 mm in private property including garden areas, unsealed areas,

non-trafficable areas or areas of occasional traffic (pedestrian and/or vehicular
traffic).
23.4 CAST IN-SITU CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND SLABS

In addition to the tolerances of Clause 23.3, apply a construction tolerance on the specified
internal dimensions (e.g. diameter, length, width, depth etc.) for cast in situ concrete
structures and the external dimensions of slabs of +5%,2%.
Apply a construction tolerance on all thicknesses specified of +50,0 mm.
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24 CONNECTION TO EXISTING SEWERS

Ensure that the connection of new works to existing sewerage systems is undertaken only
by authorised Constructors and using authorised methods and equipment. Ensure that
Works in this environment comply with the relevant Water Agency requirements for work
on live sewers. Do not make connections until all other Works are completed.
Ensure the method and timing of the connection Works take account of operational needs
of the existing sewerage system and customer service requirements.
Ensure all the necessary materials and equipment are available on site prior to
commencement of the connection Works. In making a connection, minimise interruption to
operation of the existing sewerage system and avoid overflow of sewage. If necessary,
provide bypass pumping of sewage flows around the point of connection.
Notify the Water Agency and environmental Regulator immediately if spillage occurs. Make
every effort to contain any spillage.
Carry out all preparatory and backfilling work which may include but not be limited to:
(a)
Exposure of the existing MH inlet or sewer to allow ready access for the connection
to be made or, where specified, inserting a junction or construction of a new
maintenance structure over the existing sewer.
(b)
Making connection as specified.
(c)
Provision of trench support.
(d)
Supply of authorised trench fill material in the case of road works or where additional
compaction is required.
(e)
Traffic control to allow safe passage of pedestrians, vehicular traffic and various
plant.
(f)
Backfilling, compaction and restoration works after completion of the connection.
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WSA 022002-2.3
25 RESTORATION
25.1 GENERAL
The requirement to restore surfaces shall apply to construction by means of trenching,
tunnelling or boring.
Restore to pre-existing condition, all surfaces, services and/or improvements disturbed,
destroyed, removed or damaged during construction of the Works and/or during installation
of temporary Works such as access roads to the requirements of the Water Agency and
the Owner(s).
The Water Agencys relationship with its customers may be significantly enhanced by
providing excellent service, particularly in the area of site restoration. Consequently, there
is an expectation that restoration should be to the highest standards.
The site shall be:
(a)
Kept in a safe, clean and tidy manner during construction; unsightly items such as
spoil stockpiles and barricades shall be kept to a minimum; site debris and excess
materials shall be regularly cleaned up, removed and properly disposed.
(b)
Restored progressively and as soon as possible; restoration work shall not be

deferred.
(c)
Left in a tidy and presentable condition.
25.2 PAVEMENTS
Immediately the filling of a trench excavation through a pavement has been completed,
restore the pavement to a trafficable condition. Where the initial restoration is of a
temporary nature, use a pre-mixed asphaltic material.
Maintain temporary restoration until final restoration is carried out. Carry out final
restoration of the pavement to restore both pavement and sub-base to no less than their
pre-existing condition. If appropriate, remove temporary restoration when carrying out final
restoration work.
After their initial temporary restoration, maintain pavements of other than bitumen or
concrete with crushed metal, gravel or equivalent material, making due allowance for
consolidation, and then restore to a condition equivalent to that of the original pavement.
Complete the final restoration of bitumen and concrete pavements within one (1) month of
temporary restoration.
25.3 LAWNS
Reinstate lawns with turf sods cut and set aside from the original surface or with similar turf
imported for the purpose. To make up any deficiencies between the stripped quantity and
the quantity required for reinstatement, use imported topsoil consisting of a sandy loam of
light to medium texture, containing 5% to 10% by weight of humus, and free of weeds.
For areas to be turfed, ensure topsoil is graded to achieve a smooth surface, is free from
lumps, stones or other debris, conforms to finished levels, blends gradually into the
adjoining undisturbed ground and finishes flush with kerbs, footways and other paved
surfaces.
Incorporate into the topsoil at the rate of 40 g/m a fertiliser mix with a nominal
Nitrogen:Phosphorus:Potassium ratio of 10:4:6.
25.4 GRASSED AREAS
For grassed areas that are not lawns, restore by replacing the pre-existing topsoil and
maintaining the disturbed area in a condition that will promote the re-growth of pre-existing
grasses.
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Alternatively, replace pre-existing topsoil with clean topsoil and seed the affected area with
grass seeds or re-plant with runners of the varieties prevalent in the immediate area.
Should re-growth of grass fail to occur, repeat the process until re-growth is established.
25.5 BUSHLAND
Carry out all works in accordance with the requirements of the environmental Regulator.
Restore the works area as near as practicable to the pre-existing condition and leave the
site in such condition as will promote the rapid re-growth of native bush plant species
prevalent in the immediate vicinity.
Return the topsoil to its pre-existing location and place it in such a way that erosion will be
minimised, eg by the use of small contour banks.
Use the pre-existing vegetation as a seed source where possible. Upon backfilling of the
line and spreading of topsoil, replace the pre-existing vegetation over the line, placing
branches and logs across slope to intercept runoff.
Do not use imported topsoil in native bushland areas.
Employ a qualified bush regenerator to control weeds for a period of 2 years following
restoration.
Only local native species are to be used in revegetation of disturbed sites. On steep
slopes, use jute mesh and plantings to stabilise the soil.
25.6 PROVISION FOR SETTLEMENT
Through other than pavements, lawns or other improved surfaces, place trench fill
sufficiently high to compensate for expected settlement. Subsequently, carry out further
filling or trim the original trench fill, in order that the surface level of the completed trench
conforms to the adjacent surface.
Remove all surplus material and dispose of without breaching applicable regulations or
laws and do not be dispose of on any property without the property owners written
permission.
Within public or private property where the reasonable convenience of persons requires
trenches to be levelled off at the time of filling, make any subsequent settlement good as
necessary by placing and compacting additional fill. With the written consent of the Owner,
their agent or lessee, dispose of surplus material by spreading neatly in the vicinity of the
trench in such a way as to minimise further erosion of the backfill and adjacent ground
surfaces.
25.7 MAINTENANCE OF RESTORED SURFACES
Maintain all restored surfaces and improvements in a satisfactory condition until the end of
the defects liability period.
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WSA 022002-2.3
26 WORK AS CONSTRUCTED DETAILS

Prepare Work As Constructed drawings and documentation to the requirements of the
Water Agency.
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APPENDIX G OVALITY TESTING OF PVC AND GRP GRAVITY SEWERS

DEFAULT PROVER DIAMETERS
G1 General
Australian Standards for PVC (AS/NZS 1260plain wall and structured wall) and GRP
(AS 3571external diameter series) sewer pipes do not specify internal diameters of
pipes. The use of the formula in Clause 22.6.2 is therefore not possible.
G2 Default prover diameters
Pull-through provers of outside diameters listed in Table G1 may be used, on a go/nogo basis, to demonstrate conformance to the requirements of Table 22.7 for a test
conducted 14 days or more after placement and compaction of embedment and trench fill.
TABLE G1
PROVER OUTSIDE DIAMETER FOR PVC AND GRP PIPES
Pipe size
Outside diameter of prover

mm
DN
PVCsolid wall
PVCprofile wall
PVCsandwich wall
GRP
150
140
152
139
NA
225
220
223
218
NA
300
278
299
276
310
375
354
358
NA
386
NOTES:
1
The tolerance on outside diameter of provers is 0.5 mm.
2 Applies to solid wall, profile wall and sandwich construction PVC pipes conforming to
AS/NZS 1260 and GRP pipes conforming to AS 3571, external diameter series
(centrifugally cast).
3 Where the inside diameter of fittings (eg junctions, bends) is less than the pipe
internal diameter, the pull-through prover method of testing may not be valid.
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Sewerage Code of Australia

12.1 QUALITY ASSURANCE

14 PRODUCTS AND MATERIALS

14.1 AUTHORISED PRODUCTS AND MATERIALS

16 BEDDING FOR PIPES AND MAINTENANCE STRUCTURES

16.1 TRENCH FLOOR PREPARATION

17 PIPE LAYING AND JOINTING

17.1 INSTALLATION OF PIPES

17.12 BORED PIPES UNDER ROADS, DRIVEWAYS AND ELSEWHERE

18 MAINTENANCE HOLES (MHS)

19 MAINTENANCE SHAFTS (MS AND TMS) AND INSPECTION OPENINGS (IO)

20 PIPE EMBEDMENT AND SUPPORT

21.1 TRENCH FILL

23 TOLERANCES ON AS-CONSTRUCTED WORK

24 CONNECTION TO EXISTING SEWERS

26 WORK AS CONSTRUCTED DETAILS

APPENDIX G OVALITY TESTING OF PVC AND GRP GRAVITY SEWERS DEFAULT

METHODS OF ACHIEVING CURVED SEWERS

Superintendent means the individual appointed by the contract principal as an

12.1.6 Quality audits

reviewing of the Constructor's conformance to the project management plan; and

Clean sewer(s) by flushing.

Conduct acceptance testing.

13.3 CONTRACT INTERFACES

Comply with the notification requirements and construction conditions as specified.

Ensure plans for other services are on site.

Prove the location of all underground services e.g. by potholing.

Immediately notify the owner or responsible authority of any damage or interference

Notify the Superintendent of any interference to the Works caused by an existing

13.5.3 Disused / Redundant sewers

Continuously maintained as far as practicable, for the duration of the Works.

Provide a flagman, temporary traffic lights and/or protection by hurdles, barricades or

Place detour and warning signs or devices on the hurdles or barricades, in

13.5.4.3 Cleanliness of roads, paths, accesses and drainage paths

As far as practicable confine operations to easements or reserves. If there are no

Minimise damage to existing vegetation and improvements.

Obtain the Owner's written permission for storage of materials, equipment or

13.5.6 Protection of the environment and heritage areas

13.5.6.3 Protection of adjacent lands and vegetation

Defined access locations to the worksite.

Location of stockpiles of excavated materials, fill and other erodable materials.

Procedures for construction and rehabilitation activities to minimise erosion and

Poor ground conditions.

Cultural and/or natural heritage items.

14 PRODUCTS AND MATERIALS

Do not incorporate in the Works any plastics-lined concrete product or accessory:

which has not complied with the requirements of this sub-clause; or

whose bore, in the case of pipe or MH product, is affected by plastic lining

pipe waterway area by more than 1.5%; and/or

pipe diameter by more than 5 mm for pipe <DN 1800; or

pipe diameter by more than 10 mm for pipe DN 1800 over; or

which is above the dimensional tolerances permitted by the requirements of the

14.4 DELIVERY INSPECTION OF PRODUCTS AND MATERIALS

Ensure intimate continuous contact of lining materials with the formwork.

Using a properly designed tremie or drop bottom bucket;

Pre-packing and grouting; or

15.6 SUPPORT OF EXCAVATIONS

16 BEDDING FOR PIPES AND MAINTENANCE STRUCTURES

17 PIPE LAYING AND JOINTING

the Superintendents authorisation has been obtained, and

17.2.2 Methods of deflection

Deflecting consecutive flexible joints in accordance with Table 17.1, provided no

Using a variable bend (Refer to Standard Drawing SEW1315).