Marcia Applewhite; Michele Bodine; Justine Cramsey; Shaneek Griffith; Adrianne Kennard; Cathy Miller; Veronica Seward

Evolution of Distance Education

OMDE 601 Section 9040
Fall 2015

WAVE 1: Correspondence/Independent Study

Context

Theories

Developments &
Systems

Methods of
Teaching/Learning

Technologies

Key Authors

The history of
Distance Education
can be traced back to
early cultures who
used pictures and
epistles to deliver
knowledge.

The beginnings of
education where
instructor and student
are separated by time
and space.

Postal system leads

to development of
correspondence
schools

Teachers distributed
learning materials via
postal mail.

Printed materials

Correspondence
Universities

Mailing students
recordings, printed
material

1840s-Sir Isaac
Pittman-Pittmans
Correspondence
Colleges taught
shorthand courses by
mail (postcards)

1728-The first
documented
correspondence by
Caleb Phillipps
1862, 1890- Morrill
Land Grant Actspromotes education
for all
1856-Germany offers
self teaching courses
1873- First
correspondence
schools in the U.S.
1906-The Calvert
School in Baltimore
established

New delivery systems

result as a need for a
skilled workforce as a
result of the Industrial
Revolution.

1908-H.S. Hermod
wrote Hermods
Prospectus of

Printing presses allow

for the mass printing
of educational
materials

1908-correspondence
mail courses

Mass production of
educational materials

Margaret Haughey
Independent learning
with instructions and
exercises allows
student to learn on
their own

Courses offer
students ability to
learn on their own

University courses
being instructed by a
self-taught person

Otto Peters
Printed materials

Brje Holmberg

DE offers
correspondence
courses to military
and agricultural

Marcia Applewhite; Michele Bodine; Justine Cramsey; Shaneek Griffith; Adrianne Kennard; Cathy Miller; Veronica Seward

1920s-rise of radio
broadcasting and
another way to
deliver education
1930s-U.S.
universities offer
correspondence
courses
1953-First televised
DE courses
Impact of Industrial
Revolution and the
need to educate a
growing workforce.

populations
Independence
Theory-learner are
autonomous
One to one
relationship possible
Empathy (guided
didactic conversation)
Behaviorist &
Constructivist

Provide educational
opportunities to
women

Alan Toughs Selfdirected learning

International
Correspondence
Schools (ICS)

The Benton Harbor

Plan

US Postal Service

Michael G. Moore
and Greg Kearsley

Use of radio for

educational purposes
supported farmers
furthering their
education

Educational Radio

Federal
Communications
Commission

The U. S. Department
of Agriculture
developed a network
of extension
education activities
for the farmers
through state
agricultural colleges.
Radio became a
natural medium for
agricultural extension

Radio Shows and

programming

Laine

References

Marcia Applewhite; Michele Bodine; Justine Cramsey; Shaneek Griffith; Adrianne Kennard; Cathy Miller; Veronica Seward

Haughey, M. (2010). Teaching and learning in distance education before the digital age. In M. F. Cleveland Innes & D. R. Garrison (Eds.), An introduction
to distance education: Understanding teaching and learning in a new era. (pp. 4666). New York and London: Routledge
Holmberg, B. (2005). The evolution, principles, and practices of distance education. Oldenburg, Germany: BISVerlag der Carl von Ossietzky
Universitat Oldenburg
Laine, E. (1939). Motion pictures and radio: Report of the Regents inquiry. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Moore, M. G., & Kearsley, G. (2012). Distance education: A systems view of online learning. USA: Wadsworth-Cengage Learning.
Peters, O. (2001). Learning and teaching in distance education. Sterling, VA: Stylus Publishing Inc.
Post University. (2015). The Evolution of Distance Education in Higher Learning. Retrieved on October 7, 2015 from
http://www.evolution-of-distance-learning.com/
Saba, F. (2015). Distance Education: An Introduction to the Discipline and the Practice. Distance-Educator.com. Retrieved on October 7, 2015 from
http://www.ibrarian.net/navon/paper/Distance_Education__An_Introduction_to_the_Discip.pdf?paperid=2021499

Marcia Applewhite; Michele Bodine; Justine Cramsey; Shaneek Griffith; Adrianne Kennard; Cathy Miller; Veronica Seward

WAVE 2: Systems Approach to Education (1960s)

Context

Theories

Developments &
Systems

1960s-Open
Universities
expanding the reach
of education for
everyone-a new age
of DE

Otto PetersIndustrialization
Theory

1969-The Internet

In 1962 the Federal

Educational
Television Facilities
Act funded the
construction of
educational television
stations (Peters,
2010)
In 1964-1968 AIM
project test delivery
different technologies
through budget wise
and high quality
education off
campus(Peters,
2010)

Methods of
Teaching/Learning

Michael MooreTransactional
Distance Theory
Constructivism
Theory

Distinguish from
homes schools and
secondary education

Systems Approach

Technologies

Key Authors

Otto Peters
Formed associations
and allegiances
The Independent
Study Division of the
National University
Extension Association

Gathering
professionals in
Higher Education who
share similar interest

Formed variety of
communications for
the students including
counseling, support
services, tutoring etc.

Improving Distance
Education processes
and approach to
teaching at a distance

Tony Bates
Brje Holmberg
Alan Tait

In 1969
correspondence
educational
institutions of higher
education became
independent study

Marcia Applewhite; Michele Bodine; Justine Cramsey; Shaneek Griffith; Adrianne Kennard; Cathy Miller; Veronica Seward

Another large influx of

students-primarily
baby boomers born
after WW II
Access to education
was limited for many
which led to open
universities
In 1951, the City
Colleges of Chicago
pioneered the first
large-scale
instructional television
programs for credit
Disabled war
veterans (WW 2 and
Vietnam) utilized the
availability of
telecourses

Moore expressed
concern about the
progress of distance
education being
hindered by lack of
attention to what he
called the 'macro
factors' (Moore, n/a).

Tele-courses

Open Universities
were available eliminates the
boundary of nations
and nationalities
(Nassehn, 1997).

television
broadcasting
companies

Michael G. Moore
and Greg Kearsley

Distance education is
not just simply a
geographical
separation of learners
and teacher, but more
importantly, a
pedagogical concept
(Moore, n/a).

Universities offering
courses to outside
organizations

Systems approach;
collaboration between
organizations

Teleconferencing

Access is more
restricted; usually
takes place in realtime

Telephone, Videoconferencing, satellite

Gary E. Miller

1972 Michael Moore

presented to ICCE
(Moore, Kearsley,
2012)

General Theory of
Pedagogy in Distance
Education
(Moore, Kearsley,

Independent study at
University of
Wisconsin Madison
(Moore, Kearsley,

Contiguous teaching
Distance teaching
(Moore, Kearsley,
2012)

Print/Electronic
Mechanical
Other devices
(Moore, Kearsley,

Michael Moore
(Moore, Kearsley,
2012)

Marcia Applewhite; Michele Bodine; Justine Cramsey; Shaneek Griffith; Adrianne Kennard; Cathy Miller; Veronica Seward

2012)

2012)

Work by researchers
at University of
Tubingen
(Moore, Kearsley,
2012)

Fernstudium
(Moore, Kearsley,
2012)

Hermods
Correspondence
School in Sweden
(Moore, Kearsley,
2012)

Distance education
(Moore, Kearsley,
2012)

Print/Electronic
Mechanical
Other devices
(Moore, Kearsley,
2012)

Borje Holmberg
(Moore, Kearsley,
2012)

1967 Industrial
Technological Age
(Moore, Kearsley,
2012)

Distance Teaching
and Industrial
Production

University of
Tubingen
(Moore, Kearsley,
2012)

Courses distributed to
a large number of
students
(Moore, Kearsley,
2012)

Systematic planning

Otto Peters
(Moore, Kearsley,
2012)

Organizational
Theory
(Moore, Kearsley,
2012)

2012)

Specialization of work
force
Mass production of
materials, automation
standardization,
quality control, full
range of modern
communication
technologies
(Moore, 208)

Learner
independence and
control, global,
humanistic
psychology, selfdirected learning,
macro factors
(Moore, Kearsley,
2012)

Peters
Organizational
Theory which led to
Knowles andragogy,
which led to the
Pedagogical Theory,
which led to . . .
(Moore, Kearsley,
2012)

All forms of distance

education
(Moore, Kearsley,
2012)

Teaching behaviors
executed apart from
learning behaviors
(Moore, Kearsley,
2012)

Highly structured
industrial system
(Moore, Kearsley,
2012)

Otto Peters
Michael Moore
Charles Wedemeyer
Malcolm Knowles
Alan Tough
(Moore, Kearsley,
2012)

Environmental
Individuals
Behavior
1980
(Moore, Kearsley,
2012)

. . .Transactional
Distance
(Moore, Kearsley,
2012)

Instructors and
learners separate
from one another
(Moore, Kearsley,
2012)

Pedagogical
Phenomenon
(Moore, Kearsley,
2012)

Highly structured
industrial system
(Moore, Kearsley,
2012)

John Dewey
Boyd & Apps
(Moore, Kearsley,
2012)

Marcia Applewhite; Michele Bodine; Justine Cramsey; Shaneek Griffith; Adrianne Kennard; Cathy Miller; Veronica Seward

Student SelfImprovement /
Students who left
school would benefit
from higher education
Creating a one on
one atmosphere for
the student in writings
and interactions

Team Approach

Conversation Model

Open Universities
(United Kingdom),
Pedagogic Principles
with Systems
Approach, Structured
Courses, Dialogue

Student centered with

Teacher Dialogue

Mainly printed
material, some radio,
television, media
conferencing

Tony Bates (2011)

Writings and readings

geared toward a
conversation in tone

Literature and study

material

Barbara Hodgson
(1993)

Marcia Applewhite; Michele Bodine; Justine Cramsey; Shaneek Griffith; Adrianne Kennard; Cathy Miller; Veronica Seward

References
Bates, A. W. (2011). Tony Bates: The second wave of DE and History of the Open University, UK. [Video]. Available from https://vimeo.com/32292234
Hodgson, B (1993) Key Terms and Issues in Open and Distance Learning. London: Kogan Page.
Miller, G. E. (2010). Organization and technology of distance education. In M. F. Cleveland-Innes & D. R. Garrison, D.R. (Eds.), An introduction to distance
education: Understanding teaching and learning in a new era (pp. 26-45). New York & London: Routledge.
Moore, M. G., & Kearsley, G. (2012). Distance education: A systems view of online learning. USA: Wadsworth-Cengage Learning
Moore, M. (n/a). Theory of transactional distance. Retrieved from http://www.c3l.uni-oldenburg.de/cde/support/readings/moore93.pdf
Nassehn, B. (1997). A brief history of distance education. Retrieved from http://www.seniornet.org/edu/art/history.html
Peters, O. (2010). The greatest achievement of industrialized education: Open universities. In O. Peters, Distance education in transition: Developments
and issues (5th edition), (pp. 5781). Oldenburg, Germany: BISVerlag der Carl von Ossietzky Universitt Oldenburg. Available from
http://www.box.com/shared/ktx7ipccetotqrr11mct
Simonson, M., Schlosser, C., & Hanson, D. (1999) Theory and Distance Education: A new Discussion. Retrieved from
http://www.c3l.uni-oldenburg.de/cde/found/simons99.htm

Marcia Applewhite; Michele Bodine; Justine Cramsey; Shaneek Griffith; Adrianne Kennard; Cathy Miller; Veronica Seward

WAVE 3: Internet/Web - Based Communication

Context

Theories

Developments &
Systems

Methods of
Teaching/Learning

Technologies

Key Authors

Technologies

Key Authors

References

FUTURE WAVE : New Possibilities

Context

Theories

Developments &
Systems

Methods of
Teaching/Learning

References