International Journal of Electrical and

Electronics Engineering Research (IJEEER)

ISSN(P): 2250-155X; ISSN(E): 2278-943X
Vol. 5, Issue 4, Aug 2015, 53-64
TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

EFFECT OF POST PARAMETERS ON FILTER BANDWIDTH FOR A MULTIPOST

RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE
MANIDIPA NATH1 & BHASKAR GUPTA2
1
2

Assistant Professor, AIACTR, Delhi, India

Professor, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

ABSTRACT
In this paper observations made on frequency response of rectangular waveguide structure having multiple
dielectric posts are highlighted. It is observed that proper choices of post parameters are essential for design of frequency
response of the multi-post rectangular waveguide structure as BPF. The effects of dielectric post parameters for the design
of BPF response is discussed in details in this paper. The frequency response of multi-post rectangular waveguide depends
on EM scattering from array of dielectric posts and is theoretically computed from the exact geometrical configuration
using image theory. Desired frequency responses of the multi-post rectangular waveguide are extracted by varying post
parameters and band pass / band stop filter performance are obtained when suitable combinations of post parameters are
used. The structure is theoretically analyzed and scattering of an EM plane wave from a cylindrical dielectric object is
formulated using the cylindrical wave expansion, Lattice Sum and the Transition matrix (T-Matrix). Few filter
configurations using different combinations of the dielectric posts are designed and frequency responses of the filters are
observed using trained ANN model of the same.

KEYWORDS: Transition Matrix (T-Matrix), EM Scattering, Waveguide Structure

INTRODUCTION
The scattering of an EM plane wave from a cylindrical object [1-2] is formulated theoretically using the
cylindrical wave expansion, Lattice Sum and the Transition Matrix (T-Matrix). The closed form expressions for the 2D Tmatrix of a circular cylinder is used for synthesis of few filter structures having multiple dielectric posts arranged inside
a rectangular waveguide in a non uniform / uniform pattern. The expressions for EM scattering due to incident TE10 mode
is formulated theoretically using image theory and is coded using Matlab. The frequency dependent reflectance and
transmittance of the multi post rectangular waveguide structure is computed using the code over X band of frequencies.
The numerical data of transmittance and reflectance generated using the code are used to train and test ANN[3] model of
the multi-post rectangular waveguide structure over a particular frequency band of interest. The geometrical and positional
parameters of the dielectric posts are used as input of the ANN model and S parameters of the multi-post rectangular
waveguide as output. Using this trained ANN model time consuming EM simulation process is eliminated and within a
desired accuracy the frequency response of the waveguide filter can be realized. The main purpose of using ANN model is
to design multi-post waveguide structure which can perform as BPF. The post parameters of the same can be varied
according to the design requirements of the filter and further optimization process can also be is done to extract optimum
frequency response of the structure. Effect of different parameters of posts, useful range and effect of each parameter (post
spacing, interlayer spacing, post radii, die cost, no of layer) on filter bandwidth is studied and reported here.

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Manidipa Nath & Bhaskar Gupta

FILTER DESIGN USING ANN MODEL

Design of an ANN model implies expressing non-linear input-output relationship of a multi-post rectangular
waveguide within a frequency range in terms of linear mathematical relations which can be trained according to the
accuracy requirements. Design of an ANN model depends on the specific configuration of the structure and accordingly
adequate numbers of neurons can be chosen. For analysis of the structure rigorous methods yield highly accurate results
but they require considerable analytical efforts leading to complicated computer programming. But NN method of
modeling bypasses the repeated use of complex iterative process and hence the response of the model designed for desired
accuracy becomes fast.
Here ANN technique is used to model a rectangular waveguide structure having 2x4 posts as shown in Figure 1
and to design BP/BS filter response over the frequency band of interest. Here scattering analysis of multilayer dielectric
posts embedded inside rectangular waveguide in a uniform /non uniform pattern is formulated using T matrix and Lattice
Sum Technique [4-5] and implemented using MATLAB code. Here data generated from the T matrix analysis has a
normalized range from -1 to +1 and bipolar sigmoid function is chosen as activation function. Analysis using Lattice Sum
and T matrix method is to generate S11 and S21 of the structure under consideration and most of them are used for training
of ANN model of the same. Rest of the data generated is used for testing the model for the required accuracy. The ANN
model under consideration has three input normalized with their maximum value (dielectric rod diameter, dielectric rod
spacing and dielectric constant) and normalized reflectance and transmittance of the structure (magnitude and phase) in
terms of S parameters as output parameters.
ANN model of the 2x4 post inside rectangular waveguide structure as shown in Figure 2 is trained by the data set
involving various combinations of normalized input parameters for different configuration of the filter structure over the
desired frequency range. After proper training the average relative error is minimized and for S parameters of the multipost waveguide structure is predicted with reasonable accuracy for different values for the position, spacing and dielectric
constant of the dielectric posts used in the training process. Using trained ANN model of the multi-post rectangular
waveguide the dimension and position related parameters for dielectric cylindrical posts can be selected for optimum filter
performance to the desired degree of accuracy.
Finally EM simulations of the same structure using HFSS is done for different combinations of the dielectric post
inside the waveguide and S parameters of ANN model and EM simulation model are compared to verify the theory over
the frequency band. The ANN method of modeling the waveguide filter is used here to reduce the computational efforts
significantly [6] and to incorporate further optimization process using AI techniques. This type of model is very useful in
optimization problem where a fast and accurate response is required that cannot be obtained from rigorous EM simulation.

EFFECT OF POST PARAMETERS ON FILTER RESPONSE

The dielectric post parameters play a major role in deciding the filter response which has to be properly chosen for
synthesis of filters. The parameters like radius of post, dielectric constant and position of posts has a considerable effect on
filter performance and effect of each of them is considered for design of optimum filters. Using ANN model of the
multi-post rectangular waveguide the effect of each design parameters is studied and observations are reported with plots
and tables.

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Effect of Post Parameters on Filter Bandwidth for a Multipost Rectangular Waveguide

Figure 1: 3D View of 2x4 post Waveguide Filter

(i)

(ii)

Figure 2: 2D View of Waveguide Filter Configuration i) xz Plane ii) xy Plane iii) yz Plane
Effect of Post Radius
The X band rectangular waveguide having 2x4 post configuration with two posts per layer and uniform separation
as shown in Figure 1-2 is considered here. Frequency responses in terms of S parameters are observed to be depended on
radius of the dielectric posts under consideration. In order to achieve the desired reflectance and transmittance design and
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Manidipa Nath & Bhaskar Gupta

optimization of filter performance by suitable choice of dielectric post parameters are required. One of the primary design
parameter is the radius of the posts and the range for the same should be chosen for application of the structure as BPF
having broad bandwidth. The X band rectangular waveguide configuration having two posts per layer with uniform
separation is considered here.
The maximum realizable values of radius of posts are restricted due to broad dimension of the waveguide. Since
there must be a minimum gap between two successive posts as well as minimum gap from the side walls of the waveguide
are required to be maintained to support the post configuration mechanically. The gap must be within the limit of the
fabrication tolerance for a particular waveguide used for desired frequency band.
Here X band rectangular waveguide (dimension 22.86 mm x 10.16 mm ) is used for the synthesis of the filter
response, the minimum gap between centers of two posts required for mechanical fabrication is found to be 1.0 mm
+2x(radius of each post). The minimum post radii are dependent on the dimensions mechanically possible to fabricate and
it is observed that minimum radius of the posts practically possible to fabricate are 0.5 mm. It is also observed that the
minimum gap of the edge of the dielectric post from the side walls are 1.0 mm for mechanical support and with these
constrains the maximum radius of posts permissible theoretically for design of BPF using for this dual post X band
waveguide is 5.0 mm. A parametric study is made to analyze the frequency response of the 2x4 post rectangular waveguide
configuration and range of the radii of the post material useful for the synthesis of BPF response using X band waveguide
which is observed to be 2.8 mm. - 3.3 mm. Further optimization of filter pass band in terms of S parameters can be done to
enhance the VSWR /Pass BW of the same. The effect of radii of the dielectric posts on the VSWR/Pass BW of a 2x4
rectangular waveguide is observed for different dielectric constant of the post material and inter-post spacing is shown in
Figure 3-4.
Effect of Post Material
It is observed that the BPF response of the filter structure under consideration is frequency dependent and pass
band of the filter depends on geometric parameters as well as position of the posts with respect to the waveguide axis.
The VSWR/Pass BW of the filter for single layer two post configuration gradually decreases when the dielectric constant
of the posts are increased. Formation of filter pass-band using multilayer, multi-post configuration is dependent on the
dielectric constant of the post material. A parametric study is made to analyze the frequency response of the multi-post
rectangular waveguide configuration and range of the permittivity of the post material useful for the synthesis of BPF
response using X band waveguide is observed to be 8.0-20.0.
The effect of variation of dielectric constant on frequency dependent S parameters of a four layer two post rectangular
waveguide at X band is shown in figure 5-7 for radii of dielectric posts, inter-post spacing, inter-layer spacing. It is
observed that the VSWR/Pass BW of the filter configuration is non linearly related to dielectric constant of posts and
decreases for interlayer spacing greater than the optimum value for a 2x4 post rectangular waveguide configuration.

It is observed that the VSWR/Pass BW of the filter decreases and the filter pass-band detoriates in terms of
insertion loss and return loss when posts having higher dielectric constant (r > 200 ) are used. It is observed that
the transmission coefficient is higher for lower dielectric constant (r < 200) of the post material.

It is further observed that filter pass band sifts toward lower side when dielectric constant is increased and
VSWR/Pass BW of the same depends on the post configuration as well as on the post dielectric constant and

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Effect of Post Parameters on Filter Bandwidth for a Multipost Rectangular Waveguide

radius in a non linear way. The better transmission in terms increased VSWR/Pass BW of the filter is observed for
lower dielectric constant the post material.

It is observed that four layer two post configuration having uniform separation is optimum for BW, insertion loss
and fabrication complexity. Posts having lower dielectric constant are more suitable for use as elements for the
waveguide filter giving BPF response over a frequency band of interest. To enhance filter BW more number of
layers can be added depending on the restriction on the physical size of the device.

Dielectric constant of the post material is varied to investigate the cutoff frequency of the frequency response of
the filter obtained from 2x4 post rectangular waveguide structures. A configuration of two dielectric posts having
radius 3.0 mm uniformly spaced inside a rectangular waveguide is considered. Studies are made on the effect of
dielectric constant on transmission coefficient of a single layer two post rectangular waveguide. It is observed that
smaller radius of posts with lower dielectric constant arranged uniformly inside a rectangular waveguide is more
suitable to extract filter responses having broad VSWR/Pass band.

For waveguides having dimensions operating at higher frequency band the post radii required to synthesis BPF response is
lower compared to that of X band. In addition the range of the dielectric constant of the posts used for design of filters
shifts toward lower value. It is also observed that this technique is no longer being applicable for higher frequency
waveguide beyond Ku band.
Variation of BW of BPF with radii of dielctric posts
for the configuration of 2x4 post inside X band rectangular waveguide
( Inter-post seperation 9.0 mm, Inter-layer 9.0 mm)
3.5
3.4
3.3

BW in GHz.

3.2
dielectric constant 11
dielectric constant 12
dielectric constant 13

3.1
3
2.9
2.8
2.7

3.05

3.1

3.15

3.2

3.25

3.3

Radius in mm

Figure 3 Variation of VSWR BW and Band-Pass BW (at X band) for variation of radius of posts used to design the
BPF (range of dielectric constants of posts are considered)

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Manidipa Nath & Bhaskar Gupta

Variations of BW of BPF with radii of posts for different interpost seperation
for X band rectangular waveguide having 2x4 post configuration
(Dielectric constant 12.0 mm)
3.2
3
2.8

BW in GHz.

2.6

Interpost seperation 12.0 mm.

Interpost seperation 11.0 mm.
Interpost seperation 9.0 mm.

2.4
2.2
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
3

3.05

3.1

3.15

3.2
3.25
Radius in mm.

3.3

3.35

3.4

Figure 4 Variation of VSWR BW and Band-Pass BW of BPF (at X band) for variation of radius of posts used to
design the BPF (range of inter-post separations are considered
Nature of variation of BW of fil ter havi ng 2x4 dielctric post inside
rectangular waveguide at X band for a range of diel ectric constants of posts
(Interlayer seperation 8.0 mm, Interpost seperation 8.0 mm )
3.2
3.1

Radius 3.05 mm.

Radius 3.1 mm
Radius 3.12 mm.

BW in GHz.

2.9
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.4
2.3
11

11.5

12

12.5
13
13.5
Dielectric constant

14

14.5

15

Figure 5 Effect of dielectric constant of posts on VSWR BW and Band-Pass BW of BPF for a small range of radii
of posts(Inter-layer/Inter-post separation 8.0 mm)
Nature of variation of filter BW for different interpost seperation
for 2x4 dielectric post configuration inside rectangular waveguide at X band (Radii 3.0 mm.)
3.5

BW in GHz.

2.5

1.5 Interpost seperation 8.0 mm.

Interpost seperation 9.0 mm.
Interpost seperation 10.0 mm.
Interpost seperation 11.5 mm.
Interpost seperation 13.0 mm.

10

11

12

13
14
Dielectric constant

15

16

17

18

Figure 6 Effects of dielectric constant of posts on VSWR BW and Band-Pass BW of BPF for a range of inter-post
separation (Radius of posts = 3.0 mm, Interlayer distance is same as inter post separation)

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Effect of Post Parameters on Filter Bandwidth for a Multipost Rectangular Waveguide

Nature of variations of BW of BPF for 2x4 post configuration inside
X band rectangular waveguide for dielectric constants of posts
(Radius 3.0 mm,Inter-layer seperation 8.0 mm)
3.2

Inter-layer seperations 9.0 mm.

Inter-layer seperations 10.0 mm.
Inter-layer seperations 12.0 mm.

BW in GHz.

2.8

2.6

2.4

2.2

1.8
11

11.5

12

12.5

13

13.5

14

14.5

15

Dielelectric constants

Figure 7 Effects of dielectric constant of posts on VSWR BW and Band-Pass BW of BPF for a range of interlayer separation of post (Radius 3.0 mm, Inter-post separation 8.0 mm)
Effect of Inter-Post and Interlayer Spacing
There is restriction on spacing between two adjacent posts which has to be maintained to obtain proper frequency
response of the multi-post rectangular waveguide configuration. A minimum spacing greater than the centre to centre
distance of two consecutive posts (depending on the filter geometry) for a particular frequency band with a suitable post
radius is necessary to synthesize BPF response using the structure. The maximum spacing between two consecutive posts
are restricted by the broad dimension of the waveguide which in turn is decided by the operating frequency and cutoff
wavelength. Posts having lower dielectric constant arranged in a uniform manner and smallest radius of posts within the
fabrication limit are most suitable for efficient transmission through the waveguide and formation of filter response.
For improvement of the filter performance multiple identical layers are added where it is observed that interlayer
separations of posts plays a major role to decide the filter performance. It is observed that the scattered EM field density
from the multi-post configuration is higher and frequency response of the same is at lower side when more number of
layers is added. Filter performance are observed for addition of each layer and the effect on VSWR/Pass BW with respect
to number of layers are plotted as shown in Figure 8.
A parametric study on post spacing and interlayer spacing inside multi-post rectangular waveguide structure is
made and interpreted for optimum utilization of the structure as BPF. Either EM simulation or soft computing algorithm
can be used for performance enhancement of this BPF configuration. In this process the structure is replaced by its model
and a suitable input/output parameter set associated with the model is processed using mathematical tools. The range of
inter-post separation and interlayer spacing is studied for the X band waveguide having four dielectric posts uniformly
separated. It is observed that the range of inter-post separation of dielectric posts practically useful for BPF response for a
four post rectangular waveguide at X band is dependent on the radii of the post material and the dielectric constant of the
same. It is also observed that the maximum VSWR/Pass BW is obtained when the inter-post separation becomes equal to
the interlayer separation.
The interlayer spacing also plays a major role in deciding the filter response. It is observed that for maximum
VSWR/Pass BW of a rectangular waveguide having posts uniformly arranged in a four layer configuration the layer
separation should be half of the broad dimension of the waveguide under consideration. Adding more layers enhances
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Manidipa Nath & Bhaskar Gupta

VSWR/Pass BW but at the expense of increase in size, fabrication complexity and cost. The requirement of the user can
only be fulfilled using systematic design where minimum numbers of filter sections are used and overall frequency
performance is optimized using simulation techniques.
Variation of % bandwidth for a multipost rectangular waveguide at X band
45

% B a n dw idth

40
35
30
25
20
Two post
15
10

11

Four post
12

Eight post

Sixteen post

13
14
15
Dielectric constant of posts

16

17

18

Figure 8: Bandwidth Variation for Different Dielectric Constant of Posts for a Multi Post Rectangular Waveguide at X
Band Radii of Posts = 3.0 mm, Inter Post Distance 11.5 mm, Interlayer Distance 11.5 mm )
For a two post configuration at X band higher transmission is observed from posts having lower dielectric
constants and consequently higher VSWR/Pass BW is possible when suitable filter radii and inter-post distance as well as
interlayer separation is chosen according to the frequency of operation. In this work the range of dielectric constant of the
posts are observed to be 8.0-20.0 for post radii 3.0 mm. which are arranged uniformly in a two layer configuration inside
rectangular waveguide at X band and utilized for the design of the BPF.
The effect of dielectric constant on VSWR/Pass BW of multi-post multilayer rectangular waveguide is observed.
The variation of VSWR/Pass BW for multi-post rectangular waveguide is non-linear in nature with increase in dielectric
constant of posts and decreases when higher number of posts are added.
Post position is varied to study the effect of inter post separation on transmission coefficient of a single layer two
post rectangular waveguide. The VSWR/Pass BW of the waveguide configuration having uniformly spaced two post
configuration is observed to be decreasing non-linearly with dielectric constant and radii of posts and shown in Figure 910.Here observations made on VSWR/Pass BW of a two post rectangular waveguide configuration at X band where BW
variation for different dielectric constant of posts and for different inter-post separation.
Variation of BW of BPF with inter-post seperation/inter-layer seperation for
a X band rectangular waveguide having 2x4 dielectric post configuration (Radius 3.3 mm)
3.8
3.6
dielectric constant 10.0
dielelctric constant 11.0
dielectric constant 12.0

3.4

BW in GHz.

3.2
3
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.2
2

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9.5

10
10.5
11
11.5
12
Inter post seperation/Inter layer seperation

12.5

13

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Effect of Post Parameters on Filter Bandwidth for a Multipost Rectangular Waveguide

Figure 9 Effects of inter-post separation on VSWR BW and Band-Pass BW of BPF for a range of dielectric constant of
posts (Radius of posts = 3.3 mm, Interlayer distance is same as that of inter post separation)
Nature of variation of BW of BPF with Interpost seperation/Interlayer seperation
for different radii of 2x4 post configuration inside rectangular waveguide at X band
3

2.8
Radii 2.9 mm.
Radii 3.0 mm.
Radii 3.1 mm.

BW in GHz.

2.6

2.4

2.2

2
Dielectric constant 14.0
1.8

1.6

8.5

9
9.5
10
10.5
11
Interpost seperation /Interlayer seperation

11.5

12

Figure 10 Effects of inter post separation on VSWR BW and Band-Pass BW of BPF for a range of radii of posts(Dielectric
constant 14.0, Interlayer distance is same as that of inter post separation)
Optimum performance of the filter is required to be decided in terms of fabrication complexities, size, performances and
efficiency where some compromise is needed in order to give priority to the user requirements.
RANGE OF VALUES USEFUL TO SYNTHESIZE OPTIMUM FILTER RESPONSE
Simulation studies made using ANN model of 2x2 post configuration inside X band rectangular waveguide and
useful range of post material and dimension where broad BPF response is physically realizable is computed as shown in
Table 1.Here a=broad dimension of waveguide, r=radius of posts, d=post separation, ld=interlayer separation Wm= a2r+d= post position from waveguide wall, minimum distance required for mechanical fabrication is 1.0 + r mm.
Table 1:Range for post parameters for BPF response
Parameter
Inter-Post separation (d)
Post radius(r)
Inter-layer separation (ld)
Dielectric constant

X band Waveguide
6.8-10.0 mm
2.8-3.3 mm
6.8-13.0 mm
8.0-20.0

SYNTHESIS OF FILTER RESPONSE USING MULTIPOST MULTILAYER WAVEGUIDE STRUCTURE

The frequency response of transmittance and reflectance of multi post multilayer waveguide structure is computed
using Matlab code with theoretical expressions [4]. The filter response from uniform radii and uniform separation of post
configuration inside an X band rectangular waveguide is plotted using the generated data from the analysis.

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Manidipa Nath & Bhaskar Gupta

Optimized frequency response of a BPF at X band using
rectangular waveguide having 2x4 dielectric post configuration

0
-2

S11
S21

S parameters in dB

-4
-6
-8
-10
Di electric constant 9.0
Radius 3.3 mm.
Inter-post seperation 9.0 mm.
Inter- layer seperations 9.0 mm.

-12
-14
-16
-18

10
Frequency in GHz.

11

12

13

Figure 12 Frequency Response of the 2x4 post Waveguide Filter

The frequency depended reflectance & transmittance of a waveguide filter having eight dielectric posts in two
layer configuration with uniform radius and equal separation are shown in figure 12. It is observed that a BPF response
with pass band from 9.8-12.3 GHz is obtained with specific post parameters as radius of post 3.3 mm., dielectric constant
9.0 ,inter post separation 9.0 mm, interlayer spacing =9.0 mm.
The non uniform distribution of amplitude by dielectric posts inside the waveguide is also suitable to synthesize
filter response and is useful for specialized application according to user requirements.

CONCLUSIONS
A detail analysis is made on rectangular waveguide structure having multiple dielectric posts and the parametric
study is carried out on using different combination of dielectric posts to extract frequency dependent filter responses
involving S parameters of the configuration. Further optimization can be done using soft computing techniques to design a
required BP/ BS filter response with this dielectric post loaded waveguide. Using the theoretical formulations the
frequency response characteristics of multi-post rectangular waveguide having uniform spacing and radii of dielectric posts
are computed in terms of frequency depended S parameters.
This study can also used to get BP/ BS filter response from multi-post waveguide structure involving nonuniform radii and separation of dielectric posts. The computed frequency response of the same can be verified from EM
simulation. ANN models of the multi post multilayer rectangular waveguide having different parameters of dielectric posts
are trained and tested. Based on those ANN models of multi-post multilayer rectangular waveguide the frequency response
of scattering reflectance and transmittance are observed and some characteristics are found to be suitable for filter response
and are reported. The frequency depended reflectance and transmittance of trained ANN model of each configuration is
computed. The proposed design technique can be applied for the optimization of the cylindrical dielectric post
configuration inside rectangular waveguide using soft computing algorithm and can be further explored to apply some
innovative methods where the filter configurations can be useful for practical applications.

REFERENCES
1.

Luis Mendioroz, et al., "Design of Electromagnetic Crystal Filters for Rectangular Waveguides", Microwave and
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Effect of Post Parameters on Filter Bandwidth for a Multipost Rectangular Waveguide

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K.Yasumoto and H. Jia, Modeling of photonic crystals by multi layered periodic arrays of circular cylinders, in
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K.Yasumoto, N.Koike, H.Jia, and B. Gupta, Analysis of Electromagnetic Band gap Based Filters in a
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