Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Spring 2005
Section 2.1
1
> 2 as n .
1(b) Using the method of Example 2.2, prove that 2 1
n
2
Given > 0, choose N > . Then for any n N ,
2
1
2
2
2 1
2 = =
< .
n
n
n
N
6(a) Suppose that {xn } and {yn } converge to the same point. Prove that xn yn 0
as n .
Suppose that {xn } and {yn } converge to a. Then for any > 0, choose N1 such that n N1 ,
|xn a| < , and choose N2 such that n N2 , |yn a| < . Let N = max(N1 , N2 ). Then
2
2
n N we have
|xn yn | = |xn a + a yn | |xn a| + |a yn | = |xn a| + |yn a| < + = .
2 2
6(b) Prove that the sequence {n} does not converge.
Suppose that the sequence {n} converges. Every convergent sequence is bounded. Then {n} is
bounded, i.e. there exists a real number M such that for any n N, M < n < M . However,
by Archimedean principle, for any real number M there exists a natural number n such that
n > M . Contradiction. Therefore our assumption that {n} converges was false.
6(c) Show that the converse of part (a) is false.
The converse of (a) is: if {xn } and {yn } are sequences such that xn yn 0 as n then
{xn } and {yn } converge to the same point.
Counterexample: Let xn = yn = n, then xn yn = 0 0, but the sequences {xn } and {yn }
do not converge.
7(a) Let a be a fixed real number and define {xn = a} for n N. Prove that the
constant sequence xn converges. (b) What does {xn } converge to?
The constant sequence is a, a, a, . . .. We guess that this sequence converges to a. Proof:
given > 0, let N = 1. Then n N we have |xn a| = |a a| = 0 < . So lim xn = a.
n
Section 2.2
5 Prove that given x R there is a sequence rn Q such that rn x as n .
By the density of rationals theorem, for any n N there exists a rational number r n such that
1
1
x < rn < x + . (That is, for each n N we choose such a rational number rn , and so
n
n
1
1
= lim x +
= x, by the Squeeze theorem
we get a sequence {rn }.) Since lim x
n
n
n
n
lim rn = x.
n
3 Prove that if {xn } and {yn } are convergent real sequences such that yn 6= 0 and
limn xn
xn
lim yn 6= 0, then lim
=
.
n
n yn
limn yn
Let lim xn = x and lim yn = y. First we will prove that lim
n
1
1
= . Let > 0.
yn
y
|y|2
.
2
|y|
. If y is positive this implies that
2
3y
3y
y
|y|
y
< yn <
. If y is negative then
< yn < . In either case, |yn | >
.
2
2
2
2
2
k=1
k=1
2
X
k=1
3
X
k=1
4
X
a1
a2
ak
= 1 + 2 = 0.a1 a2
10k
10
10
ak
a1
a2
a3
= 1 + 2 + 3 = 0.a1 a2 a3
10k
10
10
10
ak
a1
a2
a3
a4
= 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 0.a1 a2 a3 a4
10k
10
10
10
10
k=1
which is the infinite decimal 0.a1 a2 a3 a4 . . ..
x4 =
k=2
k=1
X 10 1
1
= 0.4 +
lim
(use exercise 1(c) on p. 17)
10 n
10k
k=1
1
= 0 is similar to ex. 2 on p. 36)
(a proof of lim
n 10n1
n
X
10 1
9
= lim
(b) 0.9999 . . . = lim
n 10k
n
10k
k=1
1
= lim 1 n = 1.
n
10
1
1
= 0.4 +
lim 1 n1
10 n
10
1
= 0.4 +
1 = 0.5.
10
(use exercise 1(c) on p. 17)