Chapt 1

EEE 541
We See Water Waves but Usually Do Not See

Electromagnetic Waves
Water waves travel slowly but
EM waves travel at the speed of
light 3 x 108 meters/second.
EM waves with different
wavelengths have very different
applications and interact with us
in very different ways.
We see the EM waves that have
wavelengths of around 1 m
(f = 3,000 GHz = 3 THz).
Cell phones receive EM waves
with wavelength < 30 cm
(f > 1 GHz).
Electromagnetic Fields
and Guided Waves
by
Constantine A. Balanis
Lecture #1
Copyright2012 by Constantine A. Balanis
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Chapter 1
Time-Varying & Time-Harmonic Electromagnetic
Fields
Sandy Weinreb 2014
25-Aug-14
Chapter 1
Time-Varying And
Time-Harmonic
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Chapter 1
Fields
25-Aug-14
Sandy Weinreb 2014
Electromagnetics
Electromagnetic theory is a discipline concerned
with the study of charges, at rest and in motion, that
produce currents and EM fields & waves. It is
fundamental to the study of electrical engineering
and physics.
Circuit theory is a special case of EM, and it is
valid when the dimensions of the circuit are small
compared to the wavelength. Circuits deal
primarily with lumped elements while EM deals
primarily with distributed elements and coupling
phenomena.
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Chapter 1
Fields
Electromagnetics
The study of EM includes both theoretical
and applied concepts. The theoretical
concepts are described by a set of basic laws
formulated primarily through experiments
conducted during the 19th century by many
scientists; Faraday, Ampere, Gauss, Lenz,
Coulomb, and others.
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Chapter 1
Fields
Definitions and Units
Maxwells Equations
Although these basic laws are represented by the
widely acclaimed Maxwells Equations, they were
combined into a consistent and concise set of vector
equations by Heaviside; also independently by
Hertz. However both Heaviside and Hertz agreed to
name them after Maxwell, a Scottish physicist and
mathematician, who initially had described the EM
phenomena in 20 equations with 20 variables.
Maxwells Equations are described in both
Differential Form (DF) and Integral Form (IF).
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Chapter 1
Fields
Chapter 1
Fields

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qev
t
D = electric flux density (coulombs/square meter)

B = magnetic flux density (webers/square meter)
Ji = impressed (source) electric current density (amperes/square meter)
Jc = conduction electric current density (amperes/square meter)
Jd = displacement electric current density (amperes/square meter)
Mi = impressed (source) magnetic current density (volts/square meter)
Md = displacement magnetic current density (volts/square meter)
qev = electric charge density (coulombs/cubic meter)
qmv = magnetic charge density (webers/cubic meter)
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Chapter 1
Fields
The differential form of Maxwells equations is the

most widely used to solve boundary-value EM
problems. It is used to describe and relate the field
vectors, current densities, and charge densities at any
point in space at any time.
For these expressions to be valid, it is assumed that
the field vectors are single-valued, bounded, and
continuous functions of position and time and
exhibit continuous derivatives.
Field vectors associated with EM waves possess these
characteristics except when there exist abrupt changes
in charge, current density and material interfaces.
Maxwells Equations and Continuity Equation

In Differential Form
B
Md
(1-1)
E M i
t
D
H J i J c
(1-2)
t
D qev J
Jd
(1-3)
c
B qmv
(1-4)
Continuity Equation
J ic
H = magnetic field intensity (amperes/meter)
DF of Maxwells Equations
James Clerk Maxwell

1831-1879

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E = electric field intensity (volts/meter)
(1-6)
Chapter 1
Fields

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Chapter 1
Fields

B
M d (1-1)
E M i
t
D
H J i J c
(1-2)
t
D qevJ
(1-3)
Jd
B qmv c
(1-4)
Continuity Equation
J ic
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qev
t
(1-6)
Chapter 1
Fields
Continuity Equation
In addition to the four Maxwells equations, there
is another equation that relates the variations of the
current density Jic and the charge density qev.
Although not an independent relation, this
equation is referred to as the continuity equation
because it relates the net flow of current out of a
small volume (in the limit, a point) to the rate of
decrease of charge. It takes the form of:
J ic
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qev
t
(1-6)
Chapter 1
Fields
Boundary Conditions
Discontinuous distributions of charges and
currents usually occur at interfaces between media
where there are discrete changes in the electrical
parameters across the interface.
The variations of the field vectors across such
boundaries/interfaces are related to the
discontinuous distributions of charges and currents
by what are usually referred to as the boundary
conditions.
Circuit with Electric Current Density Jd
Fig. 1-1(a)
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Chapter 1
Fields
Chapter 1
Fields

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IF of Maxwells Equations
The Integral Form (IF) of Maxwells equations
describes the relations of the field vectors, charge
densities, and current densities over an extended
region of space. They are not as widely used as
the differential form. Their fields and their
derivatives in question do not need to possess
continuous distributions.
The integral form of Maxwell equations can be
derived from its differential form by utilizing
Stokes and Divergence theorems.
Chapter 1
Fields

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Circuit with Magnetic Current Density Md
Table 1-1: Maxwells Equations

and Continuity Equation In Integral Form
d M i d s
S
J i d s J c d s
S
B ds
D ds
D d s Q
B d s Q
Continuity Equation
Fig. 1-1 (b)
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Chapter 1
Fields
J ic d s

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qev dv
Qe
t
Chapter 1
Fields
Constitutive Parameters and Relations:
Stokes Theorem
For any arbitrary vector A Stokes theorem
equates the line integral of the vector A along
a closed path C to the surface integral of the
curl of the vector A with the normal to the
surface S that has the contour C as its
boundary.
A dl A ds
C
(1-7)
109 f
m
36
(1-14)
B H, permeability o 4 107 h m
(1-15)
J c E , conductivity S
m
(1-16)
^ indicates time-varying permittivity
D E , permittivity o 8.854 1012
* indicates convolution
In the frequency domain or for frequency non-varying
constitutive parameters, the relations reduce to products.
Also the ^ will be omitted.
Chapter 1
Fields

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The divergence theorem states that for an arbitrary

vector A the closed surface integral of the normal
component of vector A over a surface S is equal to
the volume integral of the divergence of A over the
volume V enclosed by S.
Dielectrics (Insulators): Electric Displacement

Current Density
Magnetics: Magnetic Displacement Current
Density
Conductors: Conduction Current Density
(1-8)

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Semiconductors: Bridge Gap Between

Dielectrics and Conductors
Chapter 1
Fields
Constitutive
Parameters

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Chapter 1
Fields
Chapter 1
Fields

B
M d (1-1)
E M i
t
D
H J i J c
(1-2)
t
D qevJ
(1-3)
Jd
B qmv c
(1-4)
Continuity Equation
J ic

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Chapter 1
Fields
Characterizations of Materials
Divergence Theorem
A ds A dv

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qev
t
(1-6)
Chapter 1
Fields
Characterization of Materials
The constitutive parameters are used to characterize
the electrical properties of a material. In general, materials
are characterized as:
Dielectrics (Insulators): Electric polarization
(electric displacement current density) is dominant .
Magnetic polarization (magnetic displacement current
density) is dominant.
Conductors: Electric conduction (electric conduction
current density) is dominant.
Semiconductors: Bridge the gap between dielectrics
and conductors; neither displacement or conduction
electric current densities are dominant.
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Chapter 1
Fields
Maxwells Equations
H
E M i
(1-1)
Md
t
E
H J i E
J i E
t
(1-2)
jt
J
J
For time-harmonic e
c
d
jt
je jt j
t
t
E
H J i E
J i j E
t

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Chapter 1
Fields
1
0

Perfect
Good
Semi
Good
Perfect
Conductor Conductor Conductor Dielectric Dielectric

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Chapter 1
Fields
Linear Vs. Nonlinear

Material whose constitutive parameters are not
functions of the applied field are known as linear;
otherwise nonlinear. Example, air above 1x106 V/m
breaks down; becomes nonlinear.
Homogeneous Vs. Nonhomogeneous
(Inhomogeneous)

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Chapter 1
Fields
Dispersive Vs. Nondispersive
2

2
1. Linear vs. Nonlinear

2. Homogeneous vs. Nonhomogeneous
(Inhomogeneous)
3. Isotropic vs. Nonisotropic
(Anisotropic)
4. Dispersive vs. Nondispersive

functions of position are referred to as homogeneous;
otherwise nonhomogeneous (inhomogeneous).
Classification of Materials
2
Characterization of Materials
Chapter 1
Fields

functions of frequency are known as nondispersive;
otherwise dispersive.
Isotropic Vs. Nonisotropic (Anisotropic)
functions of the direction of the applied field are
known as isotropic; otherwise nonisotropic
(anisotropic). For anisotropic materials, their
constitutive parameters are represented by tensors.
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Chapter 1
Fields
RLC Series Network
Circuit-Field
Relations
Fig. 1-2

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Chapter 1
Fields

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Kirchhoffs Current Law
Kirchhoffs Voltage Law
E d v t B d s M
(1-17)
ic
i
B d s m ( Ls i ) Ls
t S
t
t
t
m Ls i Ls
i
m
i
v t Ls t
i
v Ls t
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Field Relation
E d t B d s
C
(1-17a)
(1-17b)
Chapter 1
Fields
qev dv e
t
t
V
Qe
v
(Cs v) Cs
t
t
t
Qe
Qe Cs v Cs
v
Qe
v
i t Cs t
v
i Cs t

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Circuit Relation
i
m
v m Ls
t
t
t
d s i
Mi 0 :
Chapter 1
Fields
ic
ds
(1-19a)
Chapter 1
Fields
Field Relation
(1-19)
Circuit Relation
Q
Q
v
qev dv e i e Cs
t
t
t V
t
(1-19b)
(1-17c)
Example (Fig. 1-2):

Example (Fig. 1-3):
vs vR vL vC Ls

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i
vsL
t
(1-18)
Chapter 1
Fields
is iR iL iC Cs

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v
isC
t
(1-20)
Chapter 1
Fields
RLC Parallel Network
Table 1.2 (Contd)
Field Theory
9. Constitutive Relations
a J c E
Circuit Theory
9. Element Laws
(electric
i Gv
conduction current density)
b D E
(dielectric
Qe Cv (charge in
material)
c B H
1
v (Ohms
R
Law)
a capacitor)
(magnetic
Li (flux of an
inductor)
material)
10.
C E d t S B d s
Maxwell-Faraday eq.
11.
Fig. 1-3
Chapter 1
Fields

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Element Laws (See Tablet 1-2)

Field Relation
J c E
Circuit Relation
1
vR GvR
R
m LiL
vL L
B H
Md
D E
J d
H
t
E
t

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iR
iL
t
Q Cv
v
iC C
t
Chapter 1
Fields
Table 1-2 Relations Between Field And Circuit Theories

Field theory
Circuit theory
1. E (electric field intensity)
2. H magnetic field intensity
1. v voltage
2. i current
3. D electric flux density

4. B magnetic flux density
5. J electric current density
3. qev electric charge density

4. qmv magnetic charge density
5. ie electric current
6. M magnetic current density
6. im magnetic current
E
(electric
t
displacement current density)
H
8. M d
(magnetic
t
displacement current density)
7. J d

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v
(current
t
through a capacitor)
di
8. v L
(voltage
dt
across an inductor)
7. i C
Chapter 1
Fields
i
10. v Ls 0
t
Kirchhoff's voltage law
Q
qev dv e
t V
t
Continuity equation
J ic d s

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Field Theory
Qe
Q
C s e 0
t
t
Kirchhoff's current law
11. i
Chapter 1
Fields
Table 1.2 (Contd)
Circuit Theory
12. Power And Energy Densities
12. Power And Energy
a
S E H ds
instantaneous power
b V E 2 dv
dissipated power
a P
vi (powervoltage-current relation)
b Pd
1 2
v (power
R
dissipated in a resistor)
Gv 2
1
E 2 dv
2 V
electric stored power
1 2
Cv (energy stored
2
in a capacitor)
1
H 2 dv
2 V
magnetic stored power
1 2
Li (energy stored
2
in an inductor)

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Chapter 1
Fields
EEE 541
and Guided Waves
by
Constantine A. Balanis
Lecture #2
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Chapter 1
Fields
Boundary
Conditions
Maxwells equations in Integral Form provide the
most convenient formulation for derivation of the
boundary conditions.
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Chapter 1
Fields
Boundary Conditions
Discontinuous distributions of charges and
currents usually occur at interfaces between
media where there are discrete changes in the
electrical parameters across the interface.
The variations of the field vectors across such
boundaries/interfaces are related to the
discontinuous distributions of charges and
currents by what are usually referred to as the
boundary conditions.
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Chapter 1
Fields
Boundary Conditions
Maxwells equations in differential form represent
derivatives, with respect to the space coordinates,
of the field vectors. At points of discontinuity in
the field vectors, the derivatives of the field vectors
have no meaning and cannot be properly used to
define the behavior of the field vectors across these
boundaries. Instead the behavior of the field
vectors across discontinuous boundaries must be
handled by examining the field vectors themselves
and not their derivatives.
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Chapter 1
Fields
Boundary Conditions
The dependence of the field vectors on the
electrical properties of the media long boundaries
of discontinuity is manifested in our everyday life.
It has been observed that radio or TV reception
deteriorates or even ceases we move from outside
to inside an enclosure (such as a tunnel or a wellshielded building). The reduction or loss of the
signal is governed not only by its attenuation as it
travels through the medium but also by its
behavior across the discontinuous interfaces.
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Chapter 1
Fields
Geometry for Boundary Conditions

for Tangential Components of E and H
Tangential Components
Fig. 1-4(a)
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Chapter 1
Fields

of Normal Components of D and B
Normal Components
Fig. 1-4(b)
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Chapter 1
Fields
Boundary Conditions of E (Fig. 1-4)
Boundary Conditions
n (E 2 E 1 ) M s
n ( H H ) J
2
E d t B d s,
C0
n (E 2 E 1 ) 0
H d
J i d s J c d s
S

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D ds
t S
Chapter 1
Fields
(1-26a)
1 , 2 are finite
Chapter 1
Fields

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BCs on Tangential E & H Field Components

The boundary conditions are derived using the
integral form of Maxwells equations.
For the tangential components, E and H, we use
Figure 1-4(a) and the first two of Maxwells
equations. That is:
C E d S M i d s t S B d s
(1-26)
E 1t E 2t 0 E 1t E 2t
ms
Chapter 1
Fields

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(1-25)
lim y 0 : E 1 a x x E 2 a x x 0
n ( D 2 D1 ) qes
n ( B B ) q
2
Mi 0
S0
Boundary Conditions of H (Fig. 1-4)
H d t J
C0
d s J c d s,
S0
Ji 0
S0
lim y 0 : H 1 a x x H 2 a x x 0
H 1t H 2t 0 H 1t H 2t
n (H 2 H 1 ) 0
1 , 2 are finite
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Fig. 1-4(a)
Chapter 1
Fields
(1-27a)
Chapter 1
Fields


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(1-27)
Fig. 1-4(a)
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Chapter 1
Fields
BCs on Normal E & H Field Components
For the normal components, E and H, we use the

cylindrical pillbox of Figure 1-4(b) and the second
two of Maxwells equations. That is:
e
Qm 0
lim y 0 : B 2 a y A0 B 1 a y A0 0
B 2 n B 1n 0 B 2 n B 1n
2H2 n 1H1n H2 n
B d s 0,
A0 , A1
n (B 2 B 1 ) 0
D d s Q
B d s Q
S

for Normal Components of B and H
(1-31a)
H H1n 2 H2 n
2 1n
1
n ( 2 H 2 1 H 1 ) 0
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Chapter 1
Fields

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(1-31)
(1-32)
(1-32a)
Chapter 1
Fields

of Normal Components of D and B
Boundary
Conditions
Infinite Conductivity
Media
Normal Components
Fig. 1-4(b)
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Chapter 1
Fields

for Normal Components of D and E
D d s 0,
Qe 0
(1-28)
lim y 0 : D 2 a y A0 D 1 a y A0 0
n ( D 2 D 1 ) 0 1 , 2 are finite
2E2 n 1E1n E2 n 1 E1n E1n 2 E2 n

2
1
n ( 2 E 2 1E 1 ) 0 1 , 2 are finite
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Chapter 1
Fields
1 , 2
A0 , A1
D 2 n D 1n 0 D 2 n D 1n

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(1-29)
1. n (H 2 H 1 )0 J
n H 2 J
(1-29a)
(1-39)
(1-43)
s
0
2. -n (E 2 E 1 )0 M s
(1-26a)
(1-30)
(1-30a)
Chapter 1
Fields
n E 2 0
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(1-40)
Chapter 1
Fields
10

3. n ( D 2 D 1 )0 qes
n D 2 qes
4. n (B 2 B 1 )0 qms 0
(1-45a)
(1-47a)
(1-8d)
n B 2 0
Fig. 1-4(a)
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Chapter 1
Fields

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Chapter 1
Fields
Table 1.3
n E 2 0
2.
Boundary Conditions On Instantaneous Electromagnetic Fields

Finite Conductivity
Media, no sources
or charges
n (E 2 n E 2t ) 0
n E n E 0
2n
2t
n E n E 0
n
2t
2n
=0
n E 2t 0 n E 2
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(1-40)
Chapter 1
Fields

Medium 1 of
Infinite
Magnetic
Conductivity
1, 2
1 , 2
H 1t 0
J s 0; qes 0 M
s 0; qms 0 J
0; qes 0
M s 0; qms 0
s
General
Tangential
electric field
intensity
Medium 1 of
Infinite Electric
Conductivity
n E 2 E 1 M s n E 2 E 1 0
n E 2 0
Tangential
magnetic
field
intensity
n H 2 H 1 J
n H 2 J s
Normal
electric flux
density
n D 2 D 1 qes
n D 2 D1 0
Normal
magnetic
flux density
n B 2 B 1 qms
n B 2 B 1 0
n H 2 H 1 0

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n D 2 qes
n B 2 0
n E 2 M s
n H 2 0
n D 2 0
n B 2 qms
Chapter 1
Fields
Application of BCs on Rectangular Waveguide
b
a
Fig. 1-4(a)
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Chapter 1
Fields
z
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Chapter 1
Fields
11
Using the Identity

A B B A A B
1-52
1-53
1-53a
E H H M i M d E J i J c J
Power and Energy
or
Conservation of Energy
in Differential Form

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Chapter 1
Fields
Chapter 1
Fields

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Take the volume integral of both sides of (1-53).
E H dv H M
Power and Energy

In a wireless communication system, EM fields are
used to transport information over long distances.
To accomplish this, energy must be associated with
EM fields. This transport of energy is accomplished
even in the absence of any intervening medium.
To generalize the problem, we will assume both
electric and magnetic current sources, represented
respectively by Ji and Mi, are used to generate the
initial fields.
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Chapter 1
Fields
H 1 49a : H E H M i M d
1 50a 1 50b : H E E H
H M i M d E J i + J c J d
M d E J i J c J
dv 1-54
Applying the Divergence Theorem on the left side of (1-54)
1-8
A dv
A d s
V
E H d s H M
S
M d E J i J c J
dv
1-55
or
E H d s H M
S
M d E J i J c J
dv 0
1-55a
in Integral Form
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Chapter 1
Fields
1-49a
E M i
E 1 49b : E H E J i + J c J d
Electric and Magnetic Fields within S

Generated by Ji and Mi .
Power and Energy

B
H
M i
M i M d
t
t
D
E
H J i +J c+
J i +J c J
= J i E
t
t
1-49b
1-50a
1 50b
1-51
Fig. 1-5

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Chapter 1
Fields

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Chapter 1
Fields
12

E H d s H M
S
E J i dv E J
dv
H M d E J d dv 0
(1-55), (1-55a)
S E H Pe
E H ds
S ds
(1-57)
ps H M i E J i Ps H M i E J i dv (1-58a)
V
pd E J c E E E E 2 Pd E 2dv
2
(1-58c)
Time-Harmonic
Fields
B
H 1 H
1
H

H 2
t
t
2 t
t 2
(1-58b)
1
Wm , Wm H 2 magnetic energy density J 3
m
t
2
2
H M d H

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Chapter 1
Fields
D
E
1

E
E 2 We
t
t t 2
t
(1-58d)
1 2
We E electric energy density J 3
m
2
1
1
2
2
H dv H dv
V H M d dv
2
2
t
t
V
V
E J d E
E J
d
Wm
Wm
t
t
1
1 2
dv E dv E 2dv
t V 2
2
(1-59c)
W
We e
t
t
(1-59d)

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Chapter 1
Fields
(Wm We ) 0
(1-60)
t
Ps = Pe Pd (Wm We )
(1-60a)
t
Ps H M i E J i dv = supplied power (Watts )
Pe Ps Pd
Pe
E H ds = exiting power (Watts)
S
Pd E 2dv dissapated power (Watts )
(1-59a)
(1-57)
(1-59c)
1
Wm H 2 dv magnetic stored energy (Joules)
2
V
1
2
We E 2dv electric stored energy (Joules )

V

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(1-59b)
(1-59d)
Chapter 1
Fields

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Chapter 1
Fields
Time-Harmonic
Maxwells equations in differential and integral
forms for general time-varying EM fields were
presented up to now. However in many practical
systems involving EM waves the time variations
are of cosinusoidal form and are referred to as timeharmonic. In general, such time variations can be
represented by ejt, and the instantaneous EM field
vectors are related to their complex forms in a very
simple manner.
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Chapter 1
Fields
Time-Harmonic
Most of the electrical EM engineers use ejt as the time
convention. However some others use e-jt, eit ,e-it . As we
will see later (Chapter 3), there is a pronounced difference
between them.
For example, a uniform plane wave in complex form
E= E = a x Eo e j z
will indicate the wave is traveling, as time increases, in the:

+z direction using the ejt time convention.
-z direction using the e-jt time convention!
To determine the actual direction of travel, you should use
the instantaneous form (function of both space and time).
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Chapter 1
Fields
13
To derive Maxwell's equations, and all the other

x
equations, in terms of the complex fields and charges,

we work with one of Maxwell's equations; we do the
Ex
same for the others.

v (direction of travel)
z
Hy

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Re Ee jt Re M i e jt Re j H e jt
Chapter 1
Fields
Time-Harmonic Fields
(1-61a)
H ( x, y, z; t ) Re H ( x, y, z )e jt
(1-61b)
D( x, y, z; t ) Re D( x, y, z )e jt
(1-61c)
B ( x, y, z; t ) Re B( x, y, z )e jt
(1-61d)
Chapter 1
Fields
J ( x, y , z; t ) Re[ J ( x, y , z )e jt ]
q ( x, y , z; t ) Re[ q( x, y , z )e
jt

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Chapter 1
Fields
Lemma
E ( x, y, z; t ) Re E ( x, y, z )e jt

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B
H
M i
t
t
Re Ee jt Re M i e jt Re H e jt
t
jt
Re Ee jt Re M i e jt Re j H
E M i
If A and B are complex quantities, and

Re[ Ae jt ] Re[ Be jt ]
for all t , then
A B

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Chapter 1
Fields
(1-61e)
In terms of instantaneous fields/charges:

(1-61f)
where
E , H , D, B , J and q
present the instantaneous field vectors
and charges, where
H
t
In terms of complex fields/charges:
E M i
E M i j H
E , H , D, B, J and q
present their corresponding complex
We do the same for the other equations:

Maxwells, Continuity, Boundary Conditions, etc.
spatial forms.
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Chapter 1
Fields

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Chapter 1
Fields
14
Circuits
Boundary Conditions
1. Laplace Transform
s
t
Differential EquationAlgebraic Equation

2. Steady State
s j
t
n ( E 2 E 1 ) M s
n ( H 2 H 1 ) J s
n ( D 2 D1 ) qes
n ( B 2 B1 ) qms
Differential EquationAlgebraic Equation

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Chapter 1
Fields
Chapter 1
Fields

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Surface Impedance
Zs
Boundary Conditions
Next to a
Very Good Conductor

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Chapter 1
Fields
j1
s
1 j1
If ( 1 / 1 ) 1
If ( 1 /1 )2 1:
Z s (1 j )
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1
2 1
Chapter 1
Fields
If 1 :
Surface Impedance Along the Surface

of a Very Good Conductor
J s n H 2
If
E t 2 Z s J s n H 2 (1 j )
Fig. 1-6
Chapter 1
Fields
(1-63)
( 1 / 1 ) 1
J s n H 2

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(1-62)

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1
2 1
(1-64)
Chapter 1
Fields
15
Surface Impedance Along the Surface

of a Very Good Conductor
Boundary Conditions
for
Fig. 1-6
Chapter 1
Fields

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Boundary Conditions: Time-Harmonic Field
BCs for Time-Harmonic Fields

For time-harmonic fields all the boundary conditions are not
independent from each other since they are related and they
are solutions to Maxwells equations. In fact, if the
tangential components of the electric and magnetic field
intensities satisfy the boundary conditions, the normal
components of the same fields automatically satisfy their
appropriate boundary conditions.
For example, if the tangential components of the electric
field are continuous across a boundary, the derivatives of the
tangential components are also continuous. This, in turn,
ensures continuity of the normal components of the
magnetic field. To demonstrate it, we take an example.
Chapter 1
Fields

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E a x Ex a z Ez
Assume Ex and Ez and their derivatives
Example Based on Fig. 1- 6

Assume Ex and Ez and their derivatives
Ex Ex Ez Ez
,
,
,
x z x z
Hy
1 Ex Ez
x
j z
a y
0
0
a z
E E
a x 0 a y x z
x
z
z
Ez
E E
E a x 0 a y x z a z 0
x
z

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Table 1.3
Finite Conductivity
Media, no sources
or charges

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Hy
1 Ex Ez
x
j z
(1-65a)
Chapter 1
Fields
Tangential
electric field
intensity
Medium 1 of
Infinite Electric
Conductivity
Medium 1 of
Infinite
Magnetic
Conductivity
1, 2
1 , 2
H 1t 0
J s 0; qes 0 M
s 0; qms 0 J
0; qes 0
M s 0; qms 0
s
General

a z 0
= j H j a x H x a y H y a z H z
E E
j H y x z
x
z
Chapter 1
Fields
Boundary Conditions On Instantaneous Electromagnetic Fields
(1-65)
(1-65a)
Thus the normal components of the magnetic field and flux

density (By & Hy) along the interface are continuous if the
partial derivatives of the electric field are continuous across
the boundary.
In a similar manner, it can be shown that the continuity of
the tangential components of the magnetic field ensures
continuity of the normal components of the D and E.
are continnous.
a x
E a x Ex a z Ez
x
Ex
Ex Ex Ez Ez
,
,
,
x z x z
are continnous.
Boundary Conditions: Time-Harmonic Field

E a x Ex a z Ez
Chapter 1
Fields
n E 2 E 1 M s n E 2 E 1 0
n E 2 0
Tangential
magnetic
field
intensity
n H 2 H 1 J
n H 2 J s
Normal
electric flux
density
n D 2 D 1 qes
n D 2 D1 0
Normal
magnetic
flux density
n B 2 B 1 qms
n B 2 B 1 0
n H 2 H 1 0

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n D 2 qes
n B 2 0
n E 2 M s
n H 2 0
n D 2 0
n B 2 qms
Chapter 1
Fields
16
1
1
Ee jt E * e jt He jt H * e jt
2
2
1 1
*
S E H E H ( E * H )
2 2
S EH
Power and Energy

for
E He j 2t E * H * e j 2t
2
S EH
1 1
*
* *
E H E H
2 2
*
1
E H e j 2t E He j 2t
(1-68)
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Chapter 1
Fields
(Wm We ) 0
(1-60)
t
Ps = Pe Pd (Wm We )
(1-60a)
t
Pe Ps Pd
Pe
S
Pd E dv dissapated power (Watts )

2
(1-59a)
(1-57)

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Chapter 1
Fields
Using equalities of the (1-67a) or (1-67b)

E ( x, y , z; t ) Re E ( x, y , z )e jt
1
(1-67a)
Ee jt ( Ee jt )*
2
form in reverse order, we can write (1-68) as
(1-59c)
1
2
Wm H 2 dv magnetic stored energy (Joules ) (1-59b)

V
1
We E 2 dv electric stored energy (Joules )
2 by Constantine A. Balanis
Chapter 1
V
Copyright2012
(1-59d)

Fields
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(1-66)
E ( x, y, z; t ) Re E ( x, y , z )e
jt
1
Ee jt ( Ee jt )*
2
1
E ( x, y, z; t ) Ee jt ( E * e jt )
2
H ( x, y, z; t ) Re H ( x, y , z )e jt
1
He jt ( He jt )*
2
1
H ( x, y, z; t ) H e jt ( H * e jt )
2
S ave
(1-69)
Reactive Power Density
( time )

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Chapter 1
Fields
the time variations of the second term are twice the

frequency of the field vectors,
1
1
S Re E H * Re E He j 2t
2
2

(1-67a)
S ave
( time )
Reactive Power Density
the time-average Poynting vector (average power

density) over one period is equal to

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1
1
Re( E H * ) Re( E H e j 2t )
2
2
Since both E and H are not functions of time and
Power & Energy

S E H
1
S av S S Re E H *
(1-67b)
Chapter 1
Fields
S ave
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(1-70)
( time )
Chapter 1
Fields
17
Since E H =E H* is in general complex and

*
Re ( E H )=Re(E H*) represents the real part

of the power density, what does the imaginary
part represent? As will be shown in what follows,
the imaginary part represents the reactive power.
*
Let us derive the conservation of energy equation

in differential and integral forms using the
complex forms of the field vector.
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Chapter 1
Fields
Derivation of Conservation of Energy Equation

E M i j H
(1 71a )
F . Take Volume Integral

of both sides of (1-75)
G. Apply the Divergence Theorem
A d s A d
S
on left side
H . Leads to
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Ps
1
1
2
*
E H ) ds E d
S (
2
2
J i E j E
A. (1 71a ) H
(1-72b)
(1-73)
D. Use ( A B ) B ( A) A ( B ) (1-52)
E. Divide both sides of (1-74a) by 2 leads to
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Chapter 1
Fields
1 *
1
1
*
*
E H H M i E J i
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
1
E j 2 H E
4
2
4
(1-75)
in Differential Form
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Chapter 1
Fields
Pd
Pe
(1-71b)
(1-72a)
B. (1 71b) E
C. (1 72b) (1 72a )
*
Chapter 1
Fields
1
H * M i E J i * d

2 V
H Ji
J c j E
By
(1-76)
2
1
1
2
j 2 H E d
4
4
We
Wm
Conversation of Energy in Integral Form

Ps Pe Pd j 2 W m W e
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Ps
(1-76a)
Chapter 1
Fields
Pe Pd j 2 W m W e
(1-76)
Ps Supplied Power (W )
1
H * M i E J i* d
2
V
1
*
Pe Exiting Power
S 2 E H d s
1
2
Pd Dissipated Power E d
2
(1-76b)
(1-76c)
(1-76d)
W m ,e Time-Average Magnetic (Electric) Energy ( J )

1
2
W m H d ,
4
V
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1
2
W e E d
4
V
(1-76e,f)
Chapter 1
Fields
18

(Wm We ) 0
(1-60)
t
Ps = Pe Pd (Wm We )
(1-60a)
t
Pe Ps Pd
(1-59a)
Pe
(1-57)
Pd E dv dissapated power (Watts )

2
(1-59c)
1
2
Wm H 2 dv magnetic stored energy (Joules ) (1-59b)

V
1
2 by Constantine A. Balanis
V
Copyright2012
We E 2 dv electric stored energy (Joules )
(1-59d)
Power & Energy
Conservation of energy in Diffential Form
(1-75)
Conservation of energy in Integral Form
2 E H
ds
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
*
*
H M i E J i d E d j 2
V 4 H 4 E d
2
2 V
V
(1-76)
1
2
2
1
j 2
V 4 H 4 E d
does conform to conventional circuit theory.
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1-53a

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in parallel with an capacitor C , with a voltage V across both

G and C and total current I ( I I G I C ), its complex power
1
VI * 21 V YV * 12 Y * V 2 12 G jC V
2
The imaginary part of (1-77b) is always negative.
P
Conservation of energy in Integral Form
E J i dv E J
dv
H M d E J d dv 0
(1-77b)
Therefore the imaginary parts of (1-77a) and (1-77b)

conform, respectively, to the notation (positive and negative)
of the imaginary parts of the complex power in (1-76)
(1-55a)
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Chapter 1
Fields
P, based on (1-77), can be expressed as
Conservation of energy in Diffential Form
E H d s H M
Chapter 1
Fields
Similarly, for a parallel circuit consisting of a conductor G
Power & Energy

(1-76)
power P, assuming V and I are peak values, as

(1-77)
1
P VI *
2
the complex power of a series circuit of a resistor R in
series with an inductor L, with a current I through both
R and L and total voltage V across both the resistor and
inductor, can be written, based on (1-77), as
1
1
1
1
2
2
P VI * ZI I * Z I R j L I (1-77a)
2
2
2
2
The imaginary part of (1-77a) is always positive.
Chapter 1
Fields

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Associate (1-76) to circuit theory. Defining the complex
1
1 *
2
1
*
*
E H H M i E J i E
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
j 2 H E
4
1
*
E H d
2
1
1
*
*
E H d
E H ds
2
2
V
S
1
1
2
*
*
H M i E J i d E d
2 V
2 V
Chapter 1
Fields
All rights reserved
The imaginary term on the right side of (1-76),

including its sign, which represents the complex
stored power (inductive and capacitive)
Chapter 1
Fields
due to E and H fields.

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Chapter 1
Fields
19
1
1
*
*
E H d
E H ds
2
2
V
S
1
1
2
*
*
H M i E J i d E d
2 V
2 V
Equivalents
in
Circuit Theory
and
Electromagnetics
1
2
2
1
j 2
H E d
4
4
V
(1-76)
All rights reserved
Chapter 1
Fields

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Table 1.4 Instantaneous and Time-harmonic Forms of Maxwells

Equations and Continuity Equation in Differential and Integral Form
Instantaneous
Time-Harmonic
Differential Form
Differential Form
E M i
B
t
H J i J c
Black Box
D qev
B qmv
qev
t
Thevenin
Equivalent
J ic j qev

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Chapter 1
Fields

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Table 1.4 (Contd)
Instantaneous
Time-Harmonic
Integral Form
Integral Form
E d M i d s j B ds
E d M
S
ds
H d
B ds
t S
J i ds
J c d s
D ds
t S
J ic d s
ds
J c d s j D ds
S
J
S
Observation
Point
h
Image

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Observation
Point
Q
qevdv e
t V
t
Actual and Equivalent Problems
D ds Q
B ds Q
D ds Q
B ds Q
S
Chapter 1
Fields
H d J
Actual
H J i J c j D
D qev
B qmv
J ic
Thevenin Equivalent in Circuits
E M i j B
D
t
Chapter 1
Fields
ic
ds j Qe
Chapter 1
Fields
Actual Problem
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Equivalent Problem
Chapter 1
Fields
20
Scattering by a Flat PEC Plate

i
E ,H
E ,H
n
y
a
J po 2n H
a
x
Chapter 1
Fields

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Chapter 1
Fields

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n (H 2 ) J
Scattering
n (H 2 n H 2 t ) J
Specular Direction
n H 2 n n H 2 t J
n n H 2 n n H 2 t J
n H 2 t J
H s Hi
Actual
J s 2n H i
x
Chapter 1
Fields
Chapter 1
Fields

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Physical Optics Equivalent (PO)

Specular Direction
Equivalent
J s n H 2
i
n H H
i
2n H
n
a
Equivalent
J po 2n H
All rights reserved
Chapter 1
Fields
s
i
i
i
n (H H ) J s n (H H )

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b
x
All rights reserved
J s 2n H i
P.O. Equivalent
Chapter 1
Fields
21
Radiation
Actual
Equivalent
Physical
Optics
(PO)
Chapter 1
Fields

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Copyright 2012 by Constantine A. Balanis

All rights reserved
Chapter 11
Scattering
Radiation
Actual
Equivalent
Physical Optics
J s 2n H
M s 2n E a on Sa
Ms 0
Js 0

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Elsewhere
Everywhere
Chapter 1
Fields
Line Source: Coordinate System

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Chapter 11
Scattering
Geometry of Line-Source Above a

Two-Dimensional Finite Width Strip
Fig. 12-5(a)
(a) Boundary conditions & integration on the same surface
Fig. 13-9(a)
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Chapter 11
Scattering

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Chapter 12
Integral Equations & MM
22
Geometry of Line-Source Above a

Two-Dimensional Finite Width Strip
Finite Width Strip
Fig. 12-5(b)
Fig. 11-4 (a)
(b) Boundary conditions & integration not on the same surface

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Chapter 12
Current Density on Finite Width Strip due to Electric

Line Source above The Strip
Chapter 11
Scattering

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TMz Polarization
Fig. 12-11
Fig. 11-4 (b)
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Chapter 12
Normalized Amplitude Pattern Of Line Source

above Finite Width Strip (w=2 , h=0.5)
TEz Polarization
Fig. 12-12
All rights reserved
Chapter 12
Chapter 11
Scattering

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Fig. 11-4 (c)

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Chapter 11
Scattering
23
Current Density Induced on Finite Width Strip by

Plane Wave Incident at Normal Angle
Current Density Induced on Surface of Circular Conducting

Cylinder by TEz Plane Wave Incidence (a=2)
Fig. 12-15
Fig. 12-21

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Chapter 12
Integral Equations & MoM
Monostatic Radar Cross Section of a

Finite Width Strip (w=2)

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Chapter 1
Fields
TEz Bistatic Radar Cross Section of a Circular

Conducting Cylinder (a=2)
Fig. 12-22
Fig. 12-16
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Chapter 12
Integral Equations & MoM

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Chapter 1
Fields
Uniform Plane Wave: TEz

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Chapter 1
Fields
24

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EEE 541

We See Water Waves but Usually Do Not See

Sandy Weinreb 2014

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Definitions and Units

Copyright2012 by Constantine A. Balanis

D = electric flux density (coulombs/square meter)

The differential form of Maxwells equations is the

Maxwells Equations and Continuity Equation

H = magnetic field intensity (amperes/meter)

James Clerk Maxwell

Copyright2012 by Constantine A. Balanis

E = electric field intensity (volts/meter)

Copyright2012 by Constantine A. Balanis

Maxwells Equations and Continuity Equation

Circuit with Electric Current Density Jd

Copyright2012 by Constantine A. Balanis

Copyright2012 by Constantine A. Balanis

Circuit with Magnetic Current Density Md

Table 1-1: Maxwells Equations

Copyright2012 by Constantine A. Balanis

Constitutive Parameters and Relations:

D E , permittivity o 8.854 1012

Copyright2012 by Constantine A. Balanis

The divergence theorem states that for an arbitrary

Dielectrics (Insulators): Electric Displacement

Copyright2012 by Constantine A. Balanis

Semiconductors: Bridge Gap Between

Copyright2012 by Constantine A. Balanis

Maxwells Equations and Continuity Equation

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Copyright2012 by Constantine A. Balanis

Copyright2012 by Constantine A. Balanis

Copyright2012 by Constantine A. Balanis

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Copyright2012 by Constantine A. Balanis

Linear Vs. Nonlinear

Copyright2012 by Constantine A. Balanis

Dispersive Vs. Nondispersive

1. Linear vs. Nonlinear

Material whose constitutive parameters are not

Material whose constitutive parameters are not

RLC Series Network

Copyright2012 by Constantine A. Balanis

Copyright2012 by Constantine A. Balanis

Kirchhoffs Current Law

Kirchhoffs Voltage Law

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Example (Fig. 1-2):

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Copyright2012 by Constantine A. Balanis

RLC Parallel Network

Table 1.2 (Contd)

conduction current density)

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Element Laws (See Tablet 1-2)

Copyright2012 by Constantine A. Balanis

Table 1-2 Relations Between Field And Circuit Theories

3. D electric flux density

3. qev electric charge density

6. M magnetic current density

Copyright2012 by Constantine A. Balanis

Copyright2012 by Constantine A. Balanis