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I. Introduction
Although the Hindu Succession Act (the Act) is not a piece of commercial or corporate
legislation but its importance in todays business world is being felt because of family
separations and family feuds becoming the order of the day the Act. The Act governs the law
relating to intestate succession among Hindus. Indian businesses have traditionally been
family owned and run and often when the family patriarch dies intestate it leads to family
disputes over succession issues. These disputes are not just restricted to non-corporate
entities but corporate India too has also witnessed some of the most bitter succession issues.
It is quintessential to note that this Act would have no application in case of a testamentary
succession, i.e., in a case where there is a will. The Act would thus, only apply in a case
where a Hindu male or female dies without making a will and leaves behind various classes
of heirs and property.
II. Application
2.1 As stated above the Act applies only in case of intestate succession by Hindus. The Act
applies to Hindus, Jains, Sikhs, Buddhists and to any person who is not a Muslim, Christian,
Parsi or a Jew. Any person who becomes a Hindu by conversion is also covered by the Act.
The Act overrides all Hindu customs, traditions and usages and specifies the heirs entitled to
such property and the order or preference among them.
2.2 The Act lays down separate rules for succession for males and females. It is important to
note that succession can never be in abeyance, i.e., it can never lie in a vacuum. The moment
a Hindu dies intestate, his heirs (in order of succession) become entitled to succeed to his
property.
III. Male intestate succession
3.1 The rules governing intestate succession of a Hindu male are specified in ss. 8 to 13
of the Act.
3.2 The property of an intestate Hindu male devolves on the following heirs in the order
specified below :
Thus, if the father is surviving, he takes the property in exclusion to all other Class II heirs,
Agantes and Cognates. As regards the heirs specified in one entry all of them get an equal
share in the property.
3.5 Agnates and Cognates
Two people are called Agnates of each other if they are related (by blood or by
adoption) wholly through males. Agnates could be males or females. Thus, a fathers
brothers daughter is an Agnate but a fathers sisters son is not an Agnate because the
relation is not entirely through males. Cognates On the other hand, two people are
called Cognates of each other if they are related (by blood or by adoption) but not
wholly through males. Cognates could be males or females. A mothers brothers
daughter or a fathers sisters son is a Cognate because the relationship is not wholly
through males. The relationship of Agnates and Cognates does not extend to those
relationships which arise because of marriage. Among two or more Agnates/ Cognates,
the order of succession is that the heir who has fewer or no degrees of ascent is
preferred. If the degrees are same then those who have fewer or no degrees of descent
are preferred.
(a) Firstly, upon her sons and daughters (including the children of any pre-deceased children)
and husband;
(b) Secondly, upon the heirs of her husband;
(c) Thirdly, upon her parents
(d) Fourthly, upon the heirs of her father
6.2 An exception to the above provision is that in case the deceased has left behind a female
relative specified in Class I or a son of a predeceased daughter, then the interest of the
deceased devolves by intestate succession under the Act and not by succession.
6.3 An important amendment has been made in the State of Maharashtra by the insertion of
ss.29A to 29C. By virtue of s.29A, in an HUF, a members daughter would have the same
rights in the HUF as that of a son and she would become a member of the HUF just as a son
would become. She would be subject to the same rights and liabilities as a son would in the
HUF property. Thus, a Hindu daughter would become a co-parcener in the HUF property.
She is also capable of disposing of such property by will. It is important to note that the
above provisions only apply to female Hindus who are married after 22nd June, 1994.
Further, if she dies intestate, her interest in such HUF property shall devolve by survivorship
upon the surviving members and not in accordance with the provisions of the Act, i.e., ss. 15
to 16.
VII. Dwelling Houses
S.23 makes a special provision in respect of partition of dwelling houses. Where a Hindu
(male or female) intestate dies leaving behind both male and female heirs specified in Class
I, and his / her property includes a dwelling-house wholly occupied by member of his / her
family, then, any such female heir cannot claim partition of the dwelling-house until the male
heirs choose to do so. However, the female heir shall be entitled to a have right of residence
in such house. If such female heir is a daughter, then she will be entitled to a right to
residence in the dwelling-house only if she is unmarried or has been deserted / separated
from her husband, or is a widow. Thus, this section prevents the female members from
claiming partition of a dwelling-house till such time as the male members decide to do so.
IX. Escheat
In case there are no heirs of an intestate who are qualified to succeed to the property in
accordance with the provisions of the Act, then such property would devolve upon the
Government and the Government would take such property.