1P1A/1

Prof SJ Roberts
Michaelmas Term

Paper 1 : Mathematics
1P1A: Calculus I
Differentiation & Series
Textbooks:
James, G. (2001) Modern Engineering Mathematics, Prentice-Hall, 3rd
Ed., ISBN: 0-13-018319-9 (paperback).
Kreyszig, E. (1999) Advanced Engineering Mathematics. John Wiley &
Sons, 8th Ed., ISBN: 0-471-15496-2 (paperback).
Stephenson, G. (1973) Mathematical Methods for Science Students,
Longman Scientific & Technical, 2nd Ed., ISBN: 0-582-44416-0
(paperback).
Fischer-Cripps, A.C. (2005) The Mathematics Companion, IoP
Publishing, ISBN: 0-7503-1020-0 (paperback)

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Problems:
Differentiation
1.

2.

Using Leibnitz's rule, evaluate the following differentials:

(a)

D6y where y = x3 exp(x);

(b)

D4(sin x cos x) ;

(c)

Dny where y = x2 ln x (n > 3) .

If y = exp( arccos x ) where | x | < 1 and is a constant, show

that:
2
y
dy
( x2 1 ) d 2 + x
+
dx
dx

y=0

By differentiating this equation n times using Leibnitz's rule, obtain

a relationship between the (n + 2)th, (n + 1)th and nth derivatives of
y.

Simple Series
3.

Classify each of these sums as absolutely convergent,

conditionally convergent or divergent:

(a)

1
;
n
!
n =0

(b)

n!

n =0100

(c)

n!
;
(
)
2
n
!
n =0

(d)

1
.
n
log
n
n =2

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4.

Find the range of values of the real number p for which the series

( 1)n

n =1

np

is (a) absolutely convergent, (b) conditionally convergent

and (c) divergent.

Taylor and Maclaurin Series

5.

Use Taylor series to show that, when h is small, the first derivative
of a function can be approximated in the following ways:
(a)

f (a ) [f (a + h ) f (a )] h

(b)

f (a ) [f (a + h ) f (a h )] 2h

Write down an expression for the error term in each case.

6.

Obtain the first three non-zero terms of the Maclaurin series for the
following functions. In each case at x = 0.25 determine the bound
on the remainder, and also assess the accuracy of the
approximation by comparing the Maclaurin series to the exact
function values.

(a)

(1 + x )1 3 ;

(b) ln

1
1- x

and (c)

1
1+ x

(Hint: Expand the series in part (c) as a series in x 2 , it is less

effort.)

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7.

By expanding the integrand as a Maclaurin series, show that:

0 .5

e x dx 0.461 .

8.

Machin's formula for the value of is

= 16 arctan(1 5 ) 4 arctan(1 239 ) .

Integrate your answer to Q6(c) to produce a series for arctan x

(don't forget you will have to determine the constant of integration).
Use the series to estimate the value of , and assess the error in
the approximation.

Limits of Series
9.

(a) Show by simple numerical evaluation there is a problem with

evaluating the limit :

lim

cos 2 (x )
1 sin (x )

Now take x = /2 + , where =10-n and n=0,1,2,3 and estimate

the limit as x 2 .
(b) Repeat this approach for lim

x 0

tan

(x )
x

sin

(x ) .

Obviously, the difficulty is now at the origin.

Determine the limits in both the above cases (a) and (b) using
lHopitals theorem.

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Answers
1.

x 3
2
(a) e x + 18 x + 90 x + 120

(c)

2.

(b) 8 sin 2x

2( 1)n +1(n 3 ) ! x 2 n

( x 2 1)Dn + 2 y + (2n + 1)xD n +1y + (n 2 + 2 )D n y = 0

3.

(a) convergent

(b) divergent

(c) convergent

(d) divergent

4.

Absolutely convergent if p >1, conditionally convergent if 1 p < 0 ,

and divergent otherwise

6.

Series

Error bound

Exact

Approx

value

value

Error

(a) 1 + x 3 x 2 9

R 2 0.96 10 3

1.07722 1.07638

0.83 10 3

(b) x + x 2 2 + x 3 3

R3 3.07 10 3

0.28768 0.28646

1.22 10 3

(c) 1 x 2 + x 4

R 4 0.24 10 3

0.94118 0.94141

0.23 10 3

7.

[x x

3 + x 5 10 x 7 42

12
0

0.4613

|Last term| = 0.186x10-3 which is an upper bound on the error.

8.

x x 3 3 + x 5 5 , 3.14162103, (cf 3.14159265, error of 2.8x10-5)

9.

(a)

2, (b) 1/2