Objective:

To measure and analyses the strains due to the internal pressure on

the wall of thin cylinder.
Theory:
Stress and strain in thin cylinder is calculated based on the membrane
theory of thin cylindrical shell.
Consider a Closed end cylinder under internal pressure P. An element
of the Shell would be subjected to both circumferential (Hoop) stress as
well as axial (or longitudinal) stress.
i)

Taking only the circumferential Forces as acting Alone,

To determine the Hoop stress, consider the longitudinal cross-section of

the shell. The forces due to the internal pressure, P are equalized by
the stress forces in the shell.
Pressure Force = P *(area under hydraulic pressure) =
Stress Force = Hoop Stress * area of shell material =
Pr
t
P 2 rL
h=
2<=

(1)

P(2 rL)
2<
h

The corresponding Hoop Strain,

h =

h Pr
=
E tE

(2)

(Note: the above Hoop stress and strain equations are also valid for
open ended thin cylinder where only the hoop stresses exist)

ii)

To determine the axial (longitudinal) stress due ONLY to the

Axial Forces ALONE,

Pressure Force = P *(area under hydraulic pressure) =

Stress Force = Hoop Stress * area of shell material =
a=

P r 2 Pr
=
2 rt 2t

P r

a ( 2 rt )

(3)

The corresponding axial strain,

a =

a Pr
=
E 2tE

iii)

(4)

Significance of Poissons ratio, v

For an element subjected to uni-axial stress along the X-axis,

||

Poisson ' s Ratio , v =

iv)

a
h

(5)

Poissons Ratio and OPEN end thin cylinder.

Therefore, for the open end thin cylinder where only the Hoop stress
exists,
h =

h Pr
=
E tE

(6)

And the induced axial strain

A =v h =v

Pr
tE

(7)

v)

Poissons Ratio and CLOSED end thin cylinder.

The total strain in the circumferential (Hoop) direction for a closed end
thin cylinder:
h = h +(v a )= hv a
Pr
Pr
Pr
+(v
)= (2v )
tE
2 tE tE

h =

(8)

And the total strain in the axial direction for a closed end thin cylinder:
A = a +(v h)= av h
A=

Pr
Pr
Pr
+(v )=
(12 v )
2tE
tE 2 tE

vi)

(9)

Determine of the Modulus of Elasticity, E using case of OPEN

end thin cylinder

From equation (6) above,

h =

h Pr
=
E tE

h r
=
P tE

(10)

By plotting Hoop strain,

against Pressure, P the gradient

h
P

can be obtained and E can be calculated as follows:

E=

r
t

vii)

(11)
Determination of strain in planes at angle

to direction of

the strain.
This can be done by using Mohrs Circle for plane strain where in
general:

 +
1,2 = x y
2

x y 2 2
+ xy
2

(12)

And the strain at a plane at an angle

2

would be shown at an angle

on the Mohrs diagram and the value of the strain would be

(assuming zero shear strain)

=

x + y x y
+
cos 2
2
2

(13)

Apparatus:
1. The apparatus consists of a thin aluminum cylinder having a
radius of 40mm and a thickness of 3mm
2. The cylinder is filled with oil and pressure is applied to the
cylinder using a hydraulic pump.
3. The pump is equipped with a lone valve located at the side of the
pump and a stop valve located in front of the cylinder.

4. The purpose of the stop is to stop the oil from following back to
cylinder while taking reading. By closing the stop valve, the
pressure can be maintained at a constant value while reading is
taken. It must be open when the cylinder is being pressurized
and when pressure is being released from the cylinder.
5. The line valve must be closed to pressure the cylinder and open
to release the pressure from the cylinder.
6. The pressure is applied to the cylinder using the pump handle.
7. A pressure is applied to the cylinder using the pump handle.
8. Six strain gauges are provided to measure the resulting strains.
Two gauge are provided to measure strain in the circumferential
direction(Hoop strain), one gauge to measure strain the axial
strain ( strain along the length of the cylinder) and one gauge
each to measure strain at 30, 45, 60 degrees.
9. The gauges are connected to six channels of the data logging
system as follows
Strain gauge direction
Channel No
Axial
2
30
4
45
5
60
7
Hoop
6
Hoop 2
3
The excitation voltage for the gauge is set at 2 volt to avoid heating of
the gauge during the experimental run.
10.
A piston is available inside the cylinder to induce close and
open end condition. A stud is provided to push the piston inside
the cylinder.
11.
See manual for data logging system to operate the data
logger.

Procedure:
1. The data acquisition system was switched on.
2. The piston cylinder was drawn into the cylinder by turning the
handle at the end of the cylinder to produce a free end condition.
3. By opening the line valve at the hand pump, all of the pressure in
the cylinder was released and the hydraulic oil was allowed to
flow back to the pump reservoir. If the pressure gauge indicates
there was pressure in the cylinder, the screw cap was opened to
release the trapped air.
4. When the pressure reading was zero, the screw cap and the
valve at the hand pump were closed. The pressure was increased
to 35 bars after that and the stop valve was closed to hold the
pressure for each reading.
5. The connection of the wire from the cylinder apparatus to the
data acquisition unit was checked so that they were connected.
6. The communication between computer and data acquisition
using the 8000 utility was checked and the parameter on the
utility menu was not changed.
7. The Winview CP32 software was ran from the start menu.
8. The sampling rate was changed from 10 sec to 2 sec.
9. The start button and overwrite button was clicked and the
reading at 35 bar was recorded.
10.
The stop button was clicked after 20 second. 10 reading
was recorded for each channel.
11.
The line valve was opened and the pressure was released
or decreased to the cylinder in the steps of 5 bars until the
pressure gauge indicates 10bar.
12.
The start button and the append button was clicked and
the reading of strain at each pressure was recorded.
13.
After 10 bar,all the pressure was released the pressure to 0
bars and the strain reading was recorded. This will serve as a
datum for the actual readings.
14.
The closed end condition was achieved by turning the stud
until the piston rest against the end of piston. The set of reading
was repeated for the closed end condition.
15.
At the end of experiment, the line valve at the hand pump
was opened in order to release the internal pressure.

Results:
Internal
Pressure
(bar)

Strain Reading (milistrain)

(Free End Condition)
30(4)
45(5)

0(2) a

35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

-11.5457
-11.5272
-11.5026
-11.4757
-11.4481
-11.4211
-11.3965
-11.3723

-10.7786
-10.7868
-10.7897
-10.7917
-10.7940
-10.7972
-10.8022
-10.8043

-7.3417
-7.3705
-7.3958
-7.4204
-7.4475
-7.4750
-7.5033
-7.5307

60(7)
-10.9356
-10.9895
-11.0416
-11.0926
-11.1487
-11.2051
-11.2601
-11.3145

90(6)

-7.299
-7.374
-7.448
-7.5207
-7.6003
-7.6797
-7.7575
-7.8351

Table 1: All angles measured from the horizontal

Internal
Pressure
(bar)

Strain Reading (milistrain)

(Close End Condition)
30(4)
45(5)

0(2) a

35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

-11.2771
-11.2898
-11.3031
-11.3161
-11.3293
-11.3429
-11.3574
-11.3719

-10.6008
-10.6299
-10.6583
-10.6868
-10.7157
-10.7465
-10.7761
-10.8039

-7.6271
-7.3041
-7.3415
-7.37927
-7.4177
-7.45818
-7.49591
-7.53045

Table 2: All angles measured from the horizontal

60(7)
-10.9321
-10.9862
-11.0402
-11.0946
-11.1502
-11.2083
-11.2629
-11.3129

90(6)
-7.3833
-7.4465
-7.5112
-7.5760
-7.6412
-7.7086
-7.7747
-7.8340

Results:
Internal
Pressure
(bar)

Strain Reading (milistrain)

(Free End Condition)
30(4)
45(5)

0(2) a

35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

-0.1734
-0.1549
-0.1303
-0.1034
-0.0758
-0.0488
-0.0242
0

0.0256
0.0175
0.0146
0.0126
0.0103
0.0071
0.0021
0

0.1892
0.1604
0.1349
0.1105
0.0835
0.0557
0.0274
0

60(7)
0.3789
0.3250
0.2727
0.2217
0.1658
0.1094
0.0544
0

90(6)

0.5353
0.4608
0.3871
0.3143
0.2348
0.1554
0.0776
0

Table 3: All angles measured from the horizontal

Internal
Pressure
(bar)

Strain Reading (milistrain)

(Close End Condition)
30(4)
45(5)

0(2) a

35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

0.0948
0.0821
0.0688
0.0558
0.0426
0.0291
0.0145
0

0.2031
0.1740
0.1456
0.1171
0.0882
0.0574
0.0278
0

0.2634
0.2264
0.18895
0.1512
0.11275
0.07227
0.03454
0

Table 4: All angles measured from the horizontal

60(7)
0.3808
0.3267
0.2727
0.2183
0.1627
0.1047
0.05
0

90(6)
0.4507
0.3875
0.3228
0.258
0.1928
0.1254
0.0593
0

f(x) = NaNx + NaN

Graph of against h

0
0.33x + 0 0.2
-0.02 0 f(x) = - 0.1
-0.04
-0.06
-0.08
-0.1
-0.12
-0.14
-0.16
-0.18
-0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

h
Figure 1: Graph of

f(x) = NaNx + NaN

against h

Graph of h against P
0.6
0.5

f(x) = 0.02x + 0

0.4

h
(milistrain)

0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0

10

15

20

P (bar)

Figure 2: Graph of h against P

25

30

35

40

KUALA LUMPUR
SECOND YEAR
DATE

TIM
E

PAPER

DESCRIPTION

THURSDAY

AM

MPU-3322

CONTEMPORARY
MALAYSIAN ISSUES

RME2-59

PA5(1-59)

20/08/2015

T(RME2)-1 PA5(63)

FRIDAY

AM

21/08/2015

MONDAY
24/08/2015
PM

DURATIO
N

1 hrs

MPU-3113

HUBUNGAN ETNIK

RME2-61

KS2(B233-B293)

1 hrs

RME2-16

V8(16-31)

1 hrs

BTME2213

FLUID MECHANICS

RME2-62

Q3(39-100)

T(RME2)-1 Q3(114)

2 hrs

BTMC2243 THERMODYNAMICS
RME2-62

WEDNESDA
Y

PM

26/08/2015

TUESDAY
01/09/2015

AM

V7(1-62)

T(RME2)-3 V7(66-68)
BTGE2013

ADVANCED ENGINEERING
MATHEMATICS

RME2-62

M2(69-130)

BTMM215
3

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

RME2-62

M3(1-62)

2 hrs

2 hrs

2 hrs