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Dr. M. Watfa
Sedimentary
Rock
Process
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Carbonate
Fraction
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Rock Types
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Rock Types
Sedimentary Rocks
These are the most important for the oil
industry as it contains most of the source
rocks and cap rocks and virtually all
reservoirs.
Sedimentary rocks come from the debris of
older rocks and are split into two categories
Clastic
and Non-Clastic.
Clastic rocks - formed from the materials of
older rocks by the actions of erosion,
transportation and deposition.
Non-Clastic rocks - Formed from chemical or
biological origin and then deposition.
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Rock Types
Clastic
Boulders/Cobbles, Granules(>2mm)
Sand (0.06 2.0 mm)
Silt (0.004 0.04 mm)
Clay (<0.004 mm)
Carbonate
Limestone / Dolomite
Evaporite
Salt / Gypsum
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Rock Types
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Rock Types
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Rock Types
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Rock Types
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Rock Types
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Igneous Rocks
Granite
Plutonic - slow-cooling,
crystalline rocks.
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Granite
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Schist
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Clastics
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Clastics
Clastic Depositional
Environments
Sandstone
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Alluvial Fan
Lacustrine
Eolian
Fluvial
Delta
Shelf
Marine
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Clastics
Clastic Rock
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Clastics
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Clastics
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Clastics
High
Sphericity
Low
Sphericity
SubAngular
SubRounded
Rounded
WellRounded
Very
Angular
Angular
(Geologists like their sandstones well rounded and with high sphericity)
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Clastics
Very Well
Sorted
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Well
Sorted
Moderately
Sorted
Poorly
Sorted
Very Poorly
Sorted
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Clastics
Change of Composition
Slow Current
Fast Current
Change of Size
River
Eolian
Beach
Fluvial
Change of Shape
Change of Orientation
Change of Packing
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Clastics
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Carbonates
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Carbonates
Limestone
Carbonates form a large
proportion of all permeable
sedimentary rocks ( 14%).
They consist of:
Dolomite
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Limestone.
Dolomite.
Carbonates usually have an
irregular pore structure.
Often, a formation has a mixture
of Limestone and dolomite
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Carbonates
Carbonate Types
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Limestone
Ca CO3
Dolomite
Ca CO3 Mg CO3
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Carbonates
Interparticle:
Pores between particles or grains
Intraparticle:
Pores within individual particles
Moldic
Fracture:
Formed by a planar break in the rock
Vug
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Carbonates
Depositional
Texture
Original Components
Not Recognizable
Bound Together
During Deposition
Grains
Mudstone Wackestone
Packstone
Grainstone
Boundstone
Crystalline
Carbonate
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Carbonates
Moldic
Pores
Dolomite
Moldic
Pore
Due to dissolution
and collapse of ooids
(allochemical particles)
Isolated pores
Low effective porosity
Calcite
Thin section micrograph - plane-polarized light
Smackover Formation, Alabama
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Low permeability
Blue areas are pores.
(Photograph by D.C. Kopaska-Merkel)
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Carbonates
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Carbonates
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Porosity
The percentage of pore volume or void space
that can contain fluids
Permeability
The measure of how easily fluid moves through
a rock, typically measured in Darcies or
millidarcies
Sorting
Range of sedimentary grain sizes that occurs in
sedimentary rock
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1- Definition of Porosity
Sand
Lime-Dol
Shale
Anhydrite
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Vuggy porosity:
Created by the
dissolution of fragments,
but unconnected.
Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved
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Fractures
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Vugs
Carbonate
Dissolution
Cavity:
Carbonates
have dissolution
cavities- but not
as large as this
cave.
Courtesy Schlumberger
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Permeability Definition
The rate of flow of a liquid
through a formation depends on:
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Q = K . A . (P1-P2)/ ( . L)
Area: A
P2
L
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P1
Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved
Material: M. Watfa
Permeability Definition
Darcy Experiment
The flow of fluid of viscosity m
through a porous medium was first
investigated in 1856 by Henri
Darcy.
He related the flow of water
through a unit volume of sand to
the pressure gradient across it.
In the experiment the flow rate can
be changed by altering the
parameters as follows:
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K = permeability, in Darcies.
P2
L
P1
K = Q. . L / { A . ( P1 - P2 ) }
= viscosity in centipoise.
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Production rate
Radial Flow Rate
re
rw
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h = Net Pay
Pe = Reservoir
Pw = Bottom hole pressure
= Fluid viscosity
Bo = Formation volume factor
re/rw = Drainage & wellbore radii
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>5 Darcy
50 m-Darcy
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Same porosity 25 %
> 25 Darcy
1.5 mm Marbles
( Beach Sand)
5 mm Marbles
1 mm
500 m-Darcy
10 m-Darcy
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The relationship
between porosity and
permeability for
various carbonate
rocks.
Courtesy Schlumberger
Fractures
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Porosity
Compaction
& Cementing
Compaction
& Leaching
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Courtesy Schlumberger
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Surface Tension
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Pressure in a bubble
P2
P1 P2 = 2 . / r
in dynes
P1
Where:
P2
= Pressure inside Bubble dynes / cm2
P2
= Pressure outside Bubble dynes / cm2
r
= Bubble Radius
cm
= surface tension
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dynes/cm
72.6 dynes/cm
Benzene
28.9 dynes/cm
Cyclohexane
25.3 dynes/cm
Contact Angle as a
measure of wettability
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Capillary Rise
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Shape of
Capillary
Curve
and Grain
Size
Distribution
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