Bio Test 2

Chapter 19
- General concepts; how things evolved; importance in the evolutionary cycle
- Craniates, notochords
- Hagfish and lampreys
- Modifications that would have had to happen for them to appear (where the
jaws came from)
- Three large groups of jawed fish, chondrichthyans, ray-finned fishes, lobefinned fishes, characteristics of each type)
- Ray finned versus lobed fin
- Three lineages of lobed fins (table of what makes each type what it is)
- Adaptations to land
- Intermediary between water and land, amphibian
- Amphibians, breathe though skin, dependent on water to reproduce, first
tetrapods capable of moving onto land, they had created those evolutionary
adaptations
- Amniotes, eggs, clades, egg has four internal membranes, understand the
egg and the structures of the egg and what their importance is.
- Birds and reptiles are in the same group
- Understand adaptations for flight
- When did mammals arise, 200 million years ago, different lineages of
mammals
- Darwins finches, adaptive radiation, one species gives rise to many other
species because of where they live
- Understand the differences between a monotreme and a marsupial
- Marsupials
- Primate diversity
- Monkeys versus apes.
- New world versus old world monkeys *Iclicker* *hint*
- Non-human apes
- Understanding chimps, chips are closest to humans, when diverging occurred
- Monkey graph, oldest hominid 7 million years ago, greatest diversity 2 million
years ago, figure 19.11
- Brain size, everything about brain.
- Lucy, Australopithecus apheresis
- Homo erectus and homo sapiens
- Hobbits
- BONDS.

Chapter 3
-

4 basic types of molecules

Monomers vs. polymers exist within all categories.
Dehydration and hydrolysis
Amino acids are building blocks of proteins.
Monosaccharaides and disaccharides.
Polysaccharides
Cellulose and Chitin
Hydrophilic and hydrophobic, in relation to phospholipids and triglycerides
Slide 145
-ase = enzyme (protein
-ose = carbohydrates
-ol alcohol
Steroids
How amino acids create proteins (152)
Peptide bond
R group and how they impact the amino acids
Enzymes, active site, substrate
Shapes of proteins
Nucleic acids and nucleotides on DNA chain. Understand how they fit
together to make that DNA change.
the nucleotides are to DNA like the _____ are to proteins
Nucleotides are monomers for DNA, amino acids are for proteins
Monomers, polymers
ATCG

Chapter 4
-

Cell membranes, cell walls

How different organelles interact.
Understand surface area to volume ratio*
Folds in mitochondria
Phosophophillic bilayer
Movement through the membrane is through proteins
Active and passive transport through proteins.
Eukaryotic vs prokaryotic
Understand what different organelles do.
Slide 209 ish area, organelles.
Endomembrane system and how it interacts and whats in it? Which one of
these is not in the Endomembrane system
Smooth ER used in metabolic processes, produces enzymes (ntmd)
Plant cells also have mitochondria
Be familiar with the diagram of the mitochondria
No endosymbiotic theory
Different filaments and why it is important
Slide 265 and 266

Chapter 5
-

Understanding the role of cholesterol in the cell membrane

Understand how the cell membrane works; protein, phospholipid bilayers
Hypertonic, hypotonic
Donut diagram
Active and passive transport
Passive uses concentration gradient for transport. 287
Osmosis is the diffusion of water not particles
tonicity is relative to itself? Tonicity
Slide 298. DIgram
Aquaporin
Moving against concentration gradient = active transport, requires energy
(306)
Redox
Laws of thermodynamics
o 1st, energy is constant, not created or destroyed, moving towards
chaos
ATP
Exergonic reactions and endergonic reactions.
Phosphorylation
Hydration vs dehydration reactions
o Diagram on 333
Coenzymes and cofactors
Why activation energy is important and how it works.
Substrates and active sites
Competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors
Feedback loops, negative feedback loops,
The more glucose and fructose, more reaction until the reaction stops

Chapter 6
-

Basic steps for cellular respiration

What it starts with and what it ends with
Beginning of glycolysis, 6 carbon sugar, end of it, 2 prevue, chemical
grooming
Chemical equation for cellular respiration (367)
Redox reactions
LEO)(GER losing electron oxidation)(gaining electron reduction
Final electron receptor in the electron transport chain, Oxygen*
Three stages of cellular reparation (385)
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Glucose to pyruvate (396)
Chemical grooming
Citric acid cycle goes around twice because two pyruvates
Citric acid cycles: two atps, left with electron carriers 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1
FADH2 are produced.
Ideally 32 atp can be formed.

Chapter 2
- Basics of chemistry
- ATP
- Fill in the blank.
- Bolded terms in power points
- Elements,, trace elements, 4 main elements
- Oxidation and reduction
- Definition of atom, the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties
of an element
- Atoms, neutrons, electrons, protons
- Isotopes, have a different number of neutrons, charge remains the same,
radioactive isotopes
- Ionic and covalent bonds.
- Non polar and polar covalent
- Ion, an atom or molecule with a charge
- Redox reactions
- Ionic bonds
- Hydrogen bonds, what makes them unique; what properties are created
based on these bonds, adhesion, cohesion, why it is so important to life. Page
30, slide 42, 16 points
- Acids and bases
- PH scale
- Understand potential problems, acidification, impact on oceans
- 8-9 questions on cellular respiration

4 diagrams on the exam,

chapter 19
mitochondria
chemical reaction
tonicity

Figure 5.5 How animal and plant cells react to changes in tonicity

The covalent bond joining two amino acids is a peptide bond.