Z-TRANSFORM

In mathematics and signal processing, the Z-transform converts a discrete-time signal,

which is a sequence of real or complex numbers, into a complex frequency
domain representation.
It can be considered as a discrete-time equivalent of the Laplace transform.
The idea contained within the Z-transform is also known in mathematical literature as the
method of generating functions which can be traced back as early as 1730 when it was
introduced by de Moivre in conjunction with probability theory. From a mathematical view the
Z-transform can also be viewed as a Laurent series where one views the sequence of
numbers under consideration as the (Laurent) expansion of an analytic function.

Definition
The Z-transform, like many integral transforms, can be defined as either a one-sided or twosided transform.

Bilateral Z-transform
The bilateral or two-sided Z-transform of a discrete-time signal x[n] is the formal power
series X(z) defined as

where n is an integer and z is, in general, a complex number:

where A is the magnitude of z, j is the imaginary unit, and is the complex

argument (also referred to as angle or phase) in radians.

Unilateral Z-transform
Alternatively, in cases where x[n] is defined only for n 0, the single-sided or unilateral Ztransform is defined as

In signal processing, this definition can be used to evaluate the Z-transform of the unit
impulse response of a discrete-time causal system.
An important example of the unilateral Z-transform is the probability-generating function,
where the component x[n] is the probability that a discrete random variable takes the

value n, and the function X(z) is usually written as X(s), in terms of s = z1. The properties of
Z-transforms (below) have useful interpretations in the context of probability theory.

Geophysical definition
In geophysics, the usual definition for the Z-transform is a power series in z as opposed
to z1. This convention is used, for example, by Robinson and Treitel[7] and by Kanasewich.
[8]
The geophysical definition is:

The two definitions are equivalent; however, the difference results in a number of changes.
For example, the location of zeros and poles move from inside the unit HYPERLINK
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_circle"circleusing one definition, to outside the unit circle
using the other definition.[7 HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-transform"] HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-transform"[8] Thus, care is
required to note which definition is being used by a particular author.

Properties
Properties of the z-transform

Time domain

Z-domain

Proof

ROC

Notatio
n

Contains

Lineari

ROC1

ty

ROC2

Time
expans
ion
Decim
ation
Time
shiftin
g

r: integer
ohio-state.edu or ee.ic.ac.uk
ROC,
except z =
0 if k> 0

and z =
if k < 0
Scalin
g in
the zdomai
n
Time
revers
al
Compl
ex
conjug
ation
Real
part
Imagin
ary
part
Differe
ntiatio
n
Convol
ution

Contains
ROC1
ROC2
Contains

Crosscorrela
tion

the
intersection
of ROC
of
and
Contains

First
differe
nce

the
intersection
of ROC
ofX1(z) and
z0

Accum
ulation
Multipl

ication

Table of common Z-transform pairs

Here:

is the unit (or Heaviside) step function and

is the discrete-time (or Dirac delta) unit impulse function. Both are usually not
considered as true functions but as distributions due to their discontinuity (their value
on n= 0 usually does not really matter, except when working in discrete time, in
which case they become degenerate discrete series ; in this section they are chosen
to take the value 1 on n = 0, both for the continuous and discrete time domains,
otherwise the content of the ROC column below would not apply). The two
"functions" are chosen together so that the unit step function is the integral of the
unit impulse function (in the continuous time domain), or the summation of the unit
impulse function is the unit step function (in the discrete time domain), hence the
choice of making their value on n = 0 fixed here to 1.
Signal,

Z-transform,

ROC

all z

1
0

11

1
2

1
3

1
4

1
5

1
6

1
7

1
8

1
9

2
0

2
1

Relationship to Fourier series and Fourier

transform
For values of z in the region |z|=1, known as the unit circle, we can express the transform as
a function of a single, real variable, , by defining z=ej. And the bi-lateral transform reduces
to a Fourier series:
(E
q.1

)
which is also known as the discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT) of the x[n] sequence. This
2-periodic function is the periodic summation of a Fourier transform, which makes it a
widely used analysis tool. To understand this, let X(f) be the Fourier transform of any
function, x(t), whose samples at some interval, T, equal the x[n] sequence. Then the DTFT of
the x[n] sequence can be written as:

When T has units of seconds,

has units of hertz. Comparison of the two series reveals that

is a normalized frequency with units of radians per sample. The value =2

corresponds to

Hz. And now, with the substitution

terms of the Fourier transform, X():

Eq.1 can be expressed in

When sequence x(nT) represents the impulse response of an LTI system, these functions
are also known as its frequency response. When the x(nT) sequence is periodic, its DTFT is
divergent at one or more harmonic frequencies, and zero at all other frequencies. This is
often represented by the use of amplitude-variant Dirac delta functions at the harmonic
frequencies. Due to periodicity, there are only a finite number of unique amplitudes, which
are readily computed by the much simpler discrete Fourier transform.

Relationship to Laplace transform

Bilinear transfom
The bilinear transform can be used to convert continuous-time filters (represented in the
Laplace domain) into discrete-time filters (represented in the Z-domain), and vice versa. The
following substitution is used:

to convert some function

in the Laplace domain to a function

in the Z-domain

(Tustin transformation), or

from the Z-domain to the Laplace domain. Through the bilinear transformation, the complex
s-plane (of the Laplace transform) is mapped to the complex z-plane (of the z-transform).
While this mapping is (necessarily) nonlinear, it is useful in that it maps the entire j axis of
the s-plane onto the unit circle in the z-plane. As such, the Fourier transform (which is the
Laplace transform evaluated on the j axis) becomes the discrete-time Fourier transform.
This assumes that the Fourier transform exists; i.e., that the j axis is in the region of
convergence of the Laplace transform.

Linear constant-coefficient difference

equation
The linear constant-coefficient difference (LCCD) equation is a representation for a linear
system based on the autoregressive moving-average equation.

Both sides of the above equation can be divided by 0, if it is not zero, normalizing
0 = 1 and the LCCD equation can be written
This form of the LCCD equation is favorable to make it more explicit that the "current"
output y[n] is a function of past outputs y[np], current input x[n], and previous

inputs x[nq].

Transfer function
Taking the Z-transform of the above equation (using linearity and time-shifting laws) yields

and rearranging results in

Zeros and poles

From the fundamental theorem of algebra the numerator has M roots (corresponding
to zeros of H) and the denominator has N roots (corresponding to poles). Rewriting
the transfer function in terms of poles and zeros

where qk is the k-th zero and pk is the k-th pole. The zeros and poles are commonly complex
and when plotted on the complex plane (z-plane) it is called the polezero plot.
In addition, there may also exist zeros and poles at z = 0 and z = . If we take these poles
and zeros as well as multiple-order zeros and poles into consideration, the number of zeros
and poles are always equal.
By factoring the denominator, partial fraction decomposition can be used, which can then be
transformed back to the time domain. Doing so would result in the impulse response and the
linear constant coefficient difference equation of the system.

Output response
If such a system H(z) is driven by a signal X(z) then the output is Y(z) = H(z)X(z). By
performing partial fraction decomposition on Y(z) and then taking the inverse Z-transform the
output y[n] can be found. In practice, it is often useful to fractionally decompose before
multiplying that quantity by z to generate a form of Y(z)which has terms with easily
computable inverse Z-transforms.

APPLICATIONS OF Z TRANSFORM
Z transform is used to convert discrete time Domain into a complex frequency domain where, discrete time
domain represents an order of complex or real Numbers. It is generalize form of Fourier Transform, which
we get when we generalize Fourier transform and get z transform. The reason behind this is that Fourier
transform is not sufficient to converge on all sequence and when we do this thing then we get the power of
complex variable theory that we deal with noncontiguous time systems and signals.
This transform is used in many applications of mathematics and signal processing. The lists of applications
of z transform are:-

-Uses to analysis of digital filters.

-Used to simulate the continuous systems.
-Analyze the linear discrete system.
-Used to finding frequency response.
-Analysis of discrete signal.
-Helps in system design and analysis and also checks the systems
stability.
-For automatic controls in telecommunication.
-Enhance the electrical and mechanical energy to provide dynamic
nature of the system.
If we see the main applications of z transform than we find that it is analysis tool that analyze the whole
discrete time signals and systems and their related issues. If we talk the application areas of

This transform wherever it is used, they are:-Digital signal processing.

-Population science.
-Control theory.
Z-transforms represent the system according to their location of poles and zeros of the system during
transfer function that happens only in complex plane. It is closely related toLaplace HYPERLINK
"http://math.tutorcircle.com/calculus/laplace-transform.html" Transform. Main functionality of this transform is
to provide access to transient behavior (transient behavior means changeable) that monitors all states
stability of a system or all behavior either static or dynamic. This transform is a generalize form of Fourier
transform from a discrete time signals and Laplace transform is also a generalize form of Fourier transform
but from continuous time signals.