11

activity of helping the learning process. Brown (2000:7) states Teaching is showing
or helping someone to learn how to do something, giving instruction, guiding in the
study of something, providing with knowledge, causing to know or understand.
Teaching is guiding and facilitating learning, enabling the learner to learn, setting the
conditions for learning. Our understanding of how the learner learns will determine
our philosophy of education, teaching style, approach, methods, and classroom
technique.
Based on the theories above, it can be concluded that language learning and
teaching is an interaction between someone who tries to understand a language and
the other who helps him or her gain more information about the language.
2.2 Transitivity
Transitivity system belongs to experiential metafunctions. Transitivity is
normally understood as the grammatical feature which indicates if a verb takes a
direct object. When we look at the experiential metafunctions, we are looking at the
grammar of the clause as representation. It is called so because the clause in its
experiential function is a way of representing pattern of experience. Through the
system of transitivity, we can explore the clause in its aspects such is:
Who=does=what=to=whom, when, where, why or how
When people talk about what a word or sentence means, it is kind of meaning
they have in mind. Meaning in this sense is related to content or idea. So, here the
clause that functions as the representation of processes explores by transitivity

12

system. A fundamental property of language is that it enables human being to build a

mental picture of reality, to make sense of their experience of what goes on around
them and inside them. The clause is the most significant grammatical unit, in this case
because it is the clause that function as the representation of processes. Transitivity
analysis offers a description of one of the structural strands of the clause. Transitivity
specifies the different types of process that are recognized in the language, and the
structures by which they are expressed.
According to Halliday (1985: 101) there are three semantic categories which
explain in general way about how phenomena of the real world are represented as
linguistic structures. They are:
The process it self
Participants in the process
Circumstances associated with the process
These provide the frame of reference for interpreting experience of what goes
on.
2.2.1 Circumstances
Circumstances answer such question as when, where, ehy, how, how many
and as what. Halliday (2004: 262) his classified into :
1. Time (temporal): tells when and is probed by when? How often? How long?
Example: Faisal goes to her girl friend house every Saturday night.
2. Place (spatial): tells where and is probed by where? How far?

13

Example: Indra goes to his girlfriend house every Saturday night.

3. Manner: tells how. Circumstance of manner hass divided to 3 kinds, they are:
Means: tells by what means and is probed by what with.
Example: John goes by bicycle.
Quality: tells how and is probed by how?
Example: Ryan loved her madly, deeply, truly!
Comparison: tells like what and is probed by what like?
Example: Pesta was jumping around like a monkey on a roof.
4. Cause: tells why. Cause has three kind, they are:
Reason: tells what cause the process and is probed by why? Or how?
Example: the sheep died of thirst.
Purpose: tells the purpose and is probed by what for?
Example: stephanie went to market for new pencil.
Behalf: tells for whose sake and is probed for whom?
Example: Sastri went to the market for his mother.
5. Accompaniment: tells with(out) who or what and is probed by who or what
else?
Example: Rani left work without his briefcase.
6. Matter: Tells about what or with reference to what and probed by what about?
Example: This book is talking about functional grammar.
7. Role: Tells what as and is probed by as what?

14

Example: Silvi lived a quite life as a beekeeper.

8. Contingency: Circumstances of contingency specify an element on which the
actualization of the process depends. Contingency has three kinds, they are:
Conditional have to obtain in order for process to be actualized; they have
the sense of it. They are expressed by propositional phrases with complex
preposition in case of, in the event of, on condition of.
Example: Andi get back to the bedroom and change clothes in case of
bloodstains.
Concession circumstantial construe frustrated cause, with the sense of
although; they are expressed by prepositional phrase with the prepositions
despite, in spite of, or regardless.
Example: In spite of its beacon, many ships have been wrecked on this
rocky coast.
Default circumstantial have the sense of negative condition- if not,
unless; they are expressed by prepositional phrase with the complex
prepositions in the absence of, in default.
Example: In the absence of any prior agreement between the parties ass to
the rate of salvage payable, the amount is assessed, as a rule, by the
admiralty court.
9. Angle is related either to (i) the sayer of a verbal clause, with the sense of
as...says or (ii) to the senser of a mental clause, with the sense of

15

as...thinks. we can all type (i) source since it is used to represent the source
information.
Example: according to the phlogistic theory, the part remaining after a
substance was burned was simply the original substance deprived of
phlogiston.
We can call type (ii) viewpoint since it is used to represent the information
given by the clause from the somebodys viewpoint, such as: to, in the
view/opinion of, from the stand point of.
Example: To Marry it seemed unlikely, theyre guilty in the eyes of the law.
2.2.2 Processes
Gerot and wignel (1994: 54) processes are central of Transitivity. Participants
and circumstances are incumbent upon the doings, happenings, feeling and beings.
We use term process and participant in analyzing what is represent through the use of
language. They center on the part of the clause which are realized by the verbal
group. They are also regerded as what goings-on and suggest many different kinds
of goings-on which necessarily involve different kinds of participant in varying
circumstances. While participants and circumstances are incumbent upon the doings,
happenings, feeling and beings.
Process can be subdivided into different types. There are six different process
types indentified by halliday in Gerot and Wignel (1994: 54), they are:
1. Material

doing

bodily, physically, materially

2. Mental

sensing

emotionally, intellectually, sensorilly

16

3. Relational

being

equal to, or some attribute of

4. Verbal

saying

lingually, signaling

5. Behavioral

behaving

physiologically and psychologically

6. Existential

existing

there exist

Processes are realized by verbs. Traditional verbs have been defined as doing
words. But as the above lists indicates, some verbs are not doing words at all, but
rather express states of being or having. There are different orders of doings and
beings. For example, to write a funny story, to tell a funny story, and to hear a funny
story are three different orders of meaning.
According to statement above, the examples:
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Process
Material
Mental
Behavioral
Verbal
Relational
Existential

Example
Sammy went up the hill.
Sammy realises the difficulties.
Sammy snores loudly.
Sammy says dont eat a lot!
Sammy is my favorite singer.
Theres a rabbit in the garden.

The tripartite interpretation of processes is what lies behind the grammatical

distinction of word classes into verbs, nouns, and the rest, a pattern that in some form
or other is probably universal among human languages. We can express this as
Halliday (1985: 102)
Type of element

Typically realized by:

(i). Process

Verbal group

(ii). Participant

Nominal group

17

(iii). Circumstance
Adverbial group or prepositional phrase
The concept of process, participant and circumstance are semantic categories
which explain in the most general way how phenomena of the real world are
represented as linguistic structures.
In the following sections we shall explore the different types of process that
are built in to semantics of English, and the particular kinds of participant role that
are systematically associated with each.
1. Material Processes
Material processes are processes of material doing. Halliday (1985: 103)
material processes are processes of doing. They express the nation that some entity
does something-which may be done to some other entity. So clauses with a
material process obligatorily have a doing (Process) and a doer (Participant).
The lion
Participant

Run
Process

Pesta
Participant

wrote
Process

a letter
Participant

The entity who or which does something is called the actor. Halliday (1985:
102) says, the actor is the logical subject of older terminology, and means the one
that does the deed.
Example: The mouse ran up the clock. In the sentence, the mouse is a subject or
participant who does something.
A logical element is a function in transitivity structure. The traditional view of

18

transitivity in western linguistics is as follows.

a. Every process has an Actor.
b. Some processes, but not all, also have second participant, which we shall call
GOAL.
the goal is the entity which may be done to.
Examples:
The lion
Participant

run
Process

An actor
Pesta
Participant

wrote

a letter
Participant

Process
An actor

The Goal

According to Halliday (1985: 104) there are two varieties of Material

Processes, they are:
Creative type
In the creative type, the Goal is brought about by the process.
Examples:
The leader
Actor

Dissolved
Process: Material

The commitee
Goal

Pesta
Actor

Wrote
Process: Material

a letter
Goal

19

Dispositive type
In the dispositive type, we have doings and happenings.
Examples:
Hiss boss
Actor

Dismissed
Process: Material

My father
Actor

Resigned
Process: Material

andi
Goal

Material process take both the active and the passive voice. The active voice
is a happening rather a doing: the probe is not what did actor do? But what happen to
actor? The passive form is used, we can probe for an explicit actor-we can ask who
by?
Example: Active voice
Petter
Actor

Sent
Process: Material

the letter
Goal

was sent
Process: Material

by petter
Actor

Passive voice
The letter
Goal

2. Mental processes
Mental processes is process of sensing. Gerot and Wignel (1994: 58) Mental
processes are ones of sensing such as: feeling, thinking, perceiving. Halliday

20

(1985:111) Mental processes, on the other hand, are processes of feeling, thinking and
seeing. Mental processes have three types, they are:
a. Affective or reactive (feeling)
b. Cognitive (thinking)
c. Perceptive (perceiving through the five senses.)
Gerot and wignel (1994: 58) says, Mental processes are mental, convert
kinds of goings-on. Mental processes is different from material processes ones in
much as much the letter are physical, moving and overt doing. The participant in
Mental is not much acting or acting upon in a doing sense, as sensing having
feelings, perceiving or thinking.
The participant roles in mental processes are:
Senser
The senser is by definition a conscious being, for only those who are consious
can feel, think and see.
Phenomenon
The phenomenon is which is sensed: felt, though or seen.
Examples:
The clause with senser and phenomenon.
Indra
Participant

Doesnt like

doll
Participant

Process: Mental
Senser

Phenomenon

21

Silvi
Senser

Likes
Mental: affect

Banana
phenomenon

Senser only:
Novi
Senser

Understood
Mental:cognitive

The active and passive form in Mental Process:

Active form:
Nella
Senser

Likes
Mental: affect

Banana
phenomenon

Passive form:
Banana
Phenomenon

Is liked
Mental: affect

By nella
Senser

3. Behavioral processes
According to halliday (1985: 128) Behavioural processes are processes of
physiological and psychological behavioral, like breathing, dreaming, smiling,
laughing, etc.
There is one obligatory participant: the behaver. The Behaver is a conscious
being but the process is one of doing, not sensing, but sometimes involve a
behavior.
Examples:
Indra

Weep

For me

22

Participant

circumstance

Process

Behaver

Behavioural

Cause

The lion
Participant

Roar

loudly
circumstance

Behaver

Behavioural

Process

Manner

4. Verbal Processes
Verbal processes are processes of saying, or more accurately, of symbolically
signaling. Halliday (1985: 129) verbal processes are processes of saying. A things
which need not to be a conscious being (signal source) is called the sayer. Gerot and
wignel (1994: 62) there are three participants in verbal processes, they are:
Reciever: The one to whom the verbalization is addressed.
Target: one acted upon verbally (insulted, complimented, etc)
Range/Verbiage: a name for the verbalization itself.
Examples:
Silvi
Sayer

Told
verbal

Anna
Target

I
Sayer

Am always praising
Verbal

him
Target

5. Relational Processes

A rude joke
Verbiage

23

Relational processes are those of being. They can be classified according to

whether they are baing used to identify something or to assign a quality to something.
In relational processes has two kinds, they are:

Identifying processes
Processes which establish an identity are called Identifying processes. In

Identifying processes the participant roles are Token and Value. Token which stands
for what is being defined, value which defined.

Attributive processes
Processes which assign a quality are called Attributive Processes. In
attributive the participant roles are Carrier and Atrribute. Attribute is a quality
or epithet ascribed to the carrier (X carriers the attribute) and carrier (X is a
member of the class a)

Example:
Attributive processes
David
Is
Carrier
Attributive
Identifying processess

A good games player

Attribute

Palepo
Token

The best games player

Value

May be
Identifying

There are three developments of the two sub types of relational process
(Halliday, 1985: 112)

Intensive (x is a)

24

Possesive (x has a)

Circumstantial (x is at a)
Gerot and wignel (1994: 68) show the option of relational process as the

following:
Attributive: Carrier, attribute
Identifying: Token, Value

Relational Process

Intensive
Possessive
Circumstantial

Examples:
Cytoplasm
Carrier
Fish
Carrier

Is
Attributive: intensive
have
Attributive: possessive

Sort of a jelly-like material

Attribute
fish fin
Attribute

My home
Carrier

Is
Attributive: circumstantial

Inside of the city

Attribute

Atom
Token

Is
Identifying: intensive

The nucleus of the cell

value

25

All cells
Token

Contain
Identifying: possessive

cytoplasm
value

Albumen
Token

Surrounds
Identifying: circumstantial

The yolk
value

6. Existential Processes
Existential processes are processes of existence. Halliday (1985: 130) says,
Existential processes are represent that something exist or happens. There has no
representational function; it is required because of the needs for a subject in English.
Existential processes are expressed by verbs of existing: be, exist, arise and the extent
can be a phenomenon of any kind. If in an existential clause containing a
circumstantial element. The circumstantial element is Thematic, the word there may
be omitted.
Examples:
Theres
Existential

A baby dog
Existent

In the yard
Circumstance: place

On the matinee jacket

Circumstance: place

Was
Existential

A blood-stain
Existent

2.3 Writing
In general, writing is considered as a one-way transmission from writers
mind to the working out of a graphic display. According to Knapp and Watkins
(2005:82), Writing is itself a relatively disciplined activity and while discussion and
working with peers is important, so are the times to individually reflect on work and
independently complete a task.
Writing is a thinking process in which getting ideas and arranging ideas in an
ordinary fashion are closely connected. Writing is not a sample of imagined because

26

it is a process of linking words into sentences paragraph. In writing, the organization

of ideas is very important. When we talk about writing, we often think about elements
like word choice, grammar and content of evidence. But it is very important part of
effective writing and effective thinking too is clear, logical organization. So it means
that writing should communicative something clearly, precisely and unambiguously,
so that the readers can comprehend the writer of what is being written about.
2.3.1 Process of Writing
Harmer (2004 : 4) suggests four main elements of writing process to produce
a readable meaningful text:
Planning is the first process of writing. Before starting to write, writers
considered to try and decide what it is they are going to say. Some of them may
involve making detailed notes or just a few jotted words and the others may do their
planning in their heads. When planning, writers have to think about three main issues.
In the first place they have to consider the purpose of their writing. Secondly, they
have to think of the audience they are writing for. The last, the writers have to
consider the content structure.
Drafting is the next step. Writers can refer to the first version of a piece of
writing as a draft. As the writing process proceed into editing, a number of drafts may
be produced on the way to the final version. Each draft will show the changing or/
and the developing of the written text.
Editing (Reflecting and Revising) is the third step of writing. After making a
draft, usually the writers read what they have written in draft to see whether it works
or not. They may move paragraphs around, write a new introduction or use a different

27

form of words for a particular sentence. Reflecting and revising are often helped by
the other readers (or editors) so that the writers can make appropriate revisions.
Final Version (Publishing) is the last process of writing. After editing the
draft, the writers produce their intended audience.
2.3.2 Assessment of Writing
Heaton (1988 : 138) says that skills of writing include five general
components or main areas such as:
1.

Content is the ability to think creatively and to develop thought including all

of the relevant to assigned topics.

2. Organization is the ability to write in appropriate manner for a particular
purpose with a particular audience in mind, together with ability to select, to
3.

organize and other relevant information.

Vocabulary is the ability to write the word effectively and to appreciate

register.
4. Language use is the ability to write correct and appropriate sentences and.
5. Mechanical skills is the ability to use those conventions peculiar correctly to
written language, e.g. punctuation, spelling.
2.4 Paragraph
A good paragraph is normally imported of writing. So the writers should
know element which well written paragraph must unified, coherence and complete.
Paragraph develops a unit of an outline. Siahaan and Sinurat (2005:1) states a
paragraph is made up of three kinds sentences namely topic sentences, supporting
sentences and concluding sentences.
2.4.1

Topic Sentences

28

Topic sentences (TS) are the most important part of paragraph. It introduces
the main idea of the paragraph and controlling idea of the paragraph. A good topic
sentence is the sentence which can be developed by some supports and it must be
interesting to attract the readers attention. The topic sentence is usually at the
beginning of a paragraph which most of topic sentences is the general statement. The
topic sentence can be factual.
Example 1 :
Studies on Human Brain
The study on the dead brain is called Autopsy study. The
technique of the study is by conducting an observation to a patient who is
displaying a neurological disorder. Soon after his death, the brain is
examined to determine the areas that are damaged. The purpose is to
develop theories about the role of the damaged brain parts in normal
functioning. A famous example of this study refers to the analysis of Paul
Broca, a nineteenth-century French neurologist. He conducted an
observation on a patient who was completely unable to speak, but
understand everything that was said to him and towards his dead (age 57)
he developed a paralysis of his right arm and leg. Immediate after his dead,
Boca examine tha brain and found a severe damage (lesion) in the lower
rear area of the left frontal lobe. The conclusion is that the part of the
frontal lobe is responsible for speech production. Many studies, which
were conducted later supported Brocas conclusion. (Siahaan and Sinurat
(2005: 68))
Based on the previous paragraph, the writer concludes that, the study on the
dead brain is called Autopsy study, as the topic sentence. This topic sentence can be
developed to be a paragraph, because the example of the topic sentence above
includes to factual data. This topic sentence is supported by following relevant
sentences, so it can be well formed into a good paragraph.
Topic sentence also can be an opinion. An opinion is a type of the subjective
data. It is based on a persons emotion, or belief, or feeling, or love, or ideology. The
following is an illustration.

29

Example 2 :
The President of the country
The president of the country is a corrupted leader of the
nation. He enjoys long holidays overseas. He has lots of understanding
with conglomerates. He deposits money in the foreign countries. He likes
giving projects to his relatives. He gives more power to some
departments. He also lengthens overseas time contracts. The president of
the country commits corruption from his legal works. (Siahaan and
Sinurat (2005: 54))
Based on the previous paragraph, the president of the country is a corrupted
leader of the nation. This topic sentence comes from the writers opinion. This topic
sentence cannot be verified by using a physical instrument of measurement. A
persons opinion towards an object id different from the others opinion. An opinion
statement is not considered as an empirical fact. It cannot be verified by using a
physical instrument of measurement.
2.4.2 Supporting Sentences
The supporting sentences (SS) elaborate the topic sentence by proving
elaboration or expansion of the topic sentence.
Example 3:
The Meaning of The Language Use
The meaning of the language use that is added to the semantic
meaning derives from the linguistic context as the linguistic
performance of the language. The meaning of the word green is
from its performance in its linguistic context. The context of the
word green is the additional meaning to its semantic meaning.
The word green means color in The lady is wearing a green
hat. It means inexperience or not qualified in John is still
green. It means raw or unripe in We do not want to eat the
green fruit. It means reforestation in Green revolution began
in Europe. This kind of context refers to internal factors of a sentence
that give the semantic meaning of a word in the sentence. (Siahaan and
Sinurat (2005: 88))

30

TS

: The meaning of the language use that is added to the semantic meaning
derives from the linguistic context as the linguistic performance of the
language.
SS1 : The meaning of the word green is from its performance in its linguistic
context.
SS2 : The context of the word green is the additional meaning to its semantic
meaning.
SS3 : The word green means color in The lady is wearing a green hat.
SS 4 : It means inexperience or not qualified in John is still green.
SS 5 : It means raw or unripe in We do not want to eat the green fruit.
SS6 : It means reforestation in Green revolution began in Europe.
CS : This kind of context refers to internal factors of a sentence that give the
semantic meaning of a word in the sentence.
Based on the previous data, it obviously shows several supporting sentences
which explain the topic sentence. Every supporting sentence is related to the topic
sentence written in the paragraph which is about language use, it means that the
supporting sentences give a strong contribution to the topic sentence to explain
widely the topic sentence so that it becomes a good paragraph.
2.4.3 Concluding Sentence
Concluding sentence (CS) is a last part of paragraph which is usually placed
in the ends of the paragraph. Concluding paragraph is closed to the development of
the paragraph.
Example 4 :
The Important Function of English Language
The world globalization gives the English language a very
important function for the humans life. It is accepted as an international
language of technology and commerce. As a consequence, more and
more people learn it specifically because they want to do their business
effectively. The facts indicate that business people sell their products to
the international society in English. Beside that, automotive and
electronic instructions are widely given in English. In addition to that,
doctors and researchers read the developments of their field in English.
The most important fact is that the majority of textbooks and journals
are written in English. This means that people are placed to the fact

31

that they cannot neglect to learn the English language. (Siahaan and
Sinurat (2005: 58))
TS
SS 1
SS 2
SS 3
SS 4
SS 5
SS 6
CS

: The world globalization gives the English language a very important

function for the humans life.
: It is accepted as an international language of technology and commerce.
: As a consequence, more and more people learn it specifically because they
want to do their business effectively.
: The facts indicate that business people sell their products to the international
society in English.
: Beside that, automotive and electronic instructions are widely given in
English.
: In addition to that, doctors and researchers read the developments of their
field in English.
: The most important fact is that the majority of textbooks and journals are
written in English.
: This means that people are placed to the fact that they cannot neglect to
learn the English language.
Based on the previous example, it shows that concluding sentence is placed in

the last part of paragraph. It is a single sentence. It concludes the topic sentence and
supporting sentences which explain about the importance of English language. It
closes the development of the paragraph.
2.5 Genre
Knap & Watkins (2005: 22) state that the term genre has been around for a
long time. It has been theorized from a range of perspectives, including literary
studies, popular culture, linguistics, pedagogy and more recently, English / literacy
education.
According to Gerot & Wignell (1994: 17) a genre can be defined as a
culturally specific text-type which results from using language (written or spoken) to
(help) accomplish something. Genre are classified according to their social purpose
and identified according to the stages they move through to attain their purpose.

32

There are some types of genre namely spoof, recount, report, exposition, news item,
anecdote, narrative, procedure, descriptive, explanation, discussion, and review.
Every genre has a number of characteristic and it has the specific purpose which
make it is different from other genre. In this study, the writer only focuses on the
genre of procedure writing.

2.5.1 Procedure text

Procedure text

is a text that is designed to describe how something is

achieved through a sequence of actions or steps. It explains how people perform

different processes in a sequence of steps. This text uses simple present tense, often
imperative sentences. It also uses the temporal conjunction such as first, second, then,
next, finally, etc.
The generic structures of procedure text are :

Goal/aim ( or title)

Materials (not required for all procedural texts)

Steps (the actions that must be taken)

significant Lexicogrammatical Features;

Use of simple present tense.

Use of imperatives (e.g.: cut, dont mix)

Use of action verbs (e.g.: turn, put, mix)

Use of connectives (e.g. : first, then, finally, )

33

Use of adverbial phrases (e.g. : for five minutes, 2 centimeters from the top)

Example 5 :
Procedure text
How to make a sandwich (aim/goal)
You need (materials)
2 slices of bread
peanut butter
a banana
honey
What you should do are : (steps)

Take two slices of bread

Spread peanut butter

Cut up a banana onto small slices and put them on one of the slices

Pour some honey over the bananas

Put the other slice of bread on top

2.6 Relevant Previous Research
1. Nova Idriyani from University of Sumatera Utara(2004), in her thesis with
title Transitivity Process in Worldviews Articles of Newsweek. In this
thesis she explained about the types of transitivity process occured in the
worldviews articles of newsweek. Newsweek is an international
newsmegazine which is published weekly by NEWSWEEK, Inc., 251 west
57th street, New York. The problems of the thesis are what types of
transitivity process occured in the worldviews article of Newsweek and
what is the most dominant type of transitivity process which become the
characteristic in the worldviews article of newsweek. The data of this
thesis was analyzed by using descriptive method. The result of the thesis

34

are material process (67,43%) is the most dominant found in worldviews

articles of newsweek followed by Relational process (19,40%), Mental
process (6,25%), verbal process (3,94%), Existential process (2,63), and
the lowest is Behavioral process (0,32%).
2. Winarno Hadi from University of Muria Kudus (2012), in his thesis with
title Analysis of The Process of Transitivity in The Last Airbender
Movie Script. This thesis is aimed to find out kinds the process of
transitivity and find out the dominant process of transitivity in the last
airbender movie script. This thesis used qualitative research. After analyses
the data the writer found six kinds of the process of transitivity they are
material, behavioral, mental, verbal, relational and existential process in the
last airbender movie script produced by the main character (Aang, Katara,
Sokka, Zuko) and material process as the dominant process of the script
contains of 117 clauses with percentage (39.13%).
3. Ratih Dhanianti from University of Dian Nuswantoro (2014), in her thesis
with title Transitivity Analysis on Barack Obama Victory Speech. This
thesis has one objective, it is aimed at finding the types of transitivity cover
the process, participant and circumstance found in Barack Obama victory
speech. In analyzing the data, the researcher use the framework proposed
by David Butt. Et.al. While the steps in analyzing the data are as follows:
reading Barack Obama victory speech transcript, segmenting the sentences
into clauses, identifying the clauses, classifying the clause into types of

35

process, participant and circumstance and describing each process,

participant and circumstances. Based on the table of the finding, it can be
concluded that relational process has the most dominant process found in
Barack Obama victory speech. This number has dominated with 88 divided
into attributive with 51 and identifying is 37. Then it is followed by
material process with 20 numbers. Meanwhile, verbal and behavioral
processes have the same number with 5. The last number of the process
found in the data is mental process with only 1 found in the data of Barack
Obama victory speech.
4. Handayani Erwik from University of Muhamadiyah Surakarta, in her thesis
with title An Analysis of Transitivity in The Song Lyrics Still Not Getting
Any of Simple Plan Album. In this thesis the writer observation and
documentation as method of data collection. The writer took 40 data of
jump song lyric text in still not getting any of Simple Plan Album
entitled Jump. The writer used descriptive qualitative method. By using
this method, the writer described the data by reflecting paraphrasing and
revealing the language patterns and the meaning contextually of song lyrics
text. The form analysis of song lyric text is based on transitivity system
viewed from functional grammar approach. From the analysis, the writer
found three kinds of the element of transitivity system to structure the
language patterns; they are five process types, eleven participant types, and
four circumstantial types. The most processed types occurring in the data

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analysis are the mental processes as the process of sensing. While for the
meaning, the writer found finds five meaning of process types, namely: (1)
Material Process is the process of doing and happening; (2) Mental Process
is the process of sensing feeling or affection, perception or seeing, and
cognition or thinking; (3) Behavioural process is the process of behaving;
(4) Relational Process is process of being; and (5) Existential Process is the
process of existing entity.
5. Sulaiman Rambe from University of Sumatera Utara (2015), his thesis with
title Transitivity Analysis on Two Short Stories in Nancy Chang Ings and
The Chinese Pen. In thesis entitled "Transitivity Analysis on Two Short
Stories in Nancy Chang Ings The Chinese Pen', the writer analyzed the
transitivity process based on the theory of Halliday, Systemic Functional
Linguistics. The data in this research were simple clauses contained in two
short stories Earth God Shrine written by Chuang Hua-t'ang and A Chip
off the Old Block written by Cheng Ming-Li. The analysis method used in
this research is content analysis method of Leedy and Ormrod. The results
of the analysis of two short stories, they are six types of processes, namely
material process, mental processes, relational processes, verbal processes,
behavioral processes, and existential process. The elements that form the
transitivity process from the two short stories are the same namely process,
participants, and circumstance. The difference between the two short
stories is the element type of each transitivity process. The most dominant

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from the two short stories is material process. In the first short story (Earth
God Shrine), material process (0,57%), relational process (0,22%), mental
process (0,10%), verbal process (0.07%), existential process (0.03%), and
behavioral process (0,01%). The second short story (A Chip off the Old
Block), material process (0,46%), relational process (0,25%), mental
process (0,19%), verbal process (0,07%), behavioral process (0,02%), and
existential process (0,01%).
Based on the relevant previous research above the writer find that there are
five researchers which research about transitivity system. The research of Nova
Idriyani and Sulaiman Rambe are same. Both of them focused only on the Processes
of the transitivity system and found the dominant process in their research. In the
research of Winarno Hadi, Handayani Erwik, and Ratih Dhanianti, they are also
focused only on process of the transitivity system but they didnt found the
percentage of the processes and the dominant process that they found in their
research. This research is different with the previous research. In this research the
writer will not only analyze in processes of the transitivity but the writer will analyzes
the three kinds of the transitivity, they are: Process, Participant and circumstance.