Software Engineering

Indo Global College of Engineering,
Page no.
Abhipur,(Mohali)
IGCE
Software Engineering s/w lab
EXPERIMENT NO 1
AIM : INTRODUCTION
OF
ENGINEERING AND ITS CASE TOOLS
SOFTWARE
INTRODUCTION TO SOFTWARE ENGINEERING

Software engineering is the profession concerned with creating and
maintaining software applications by applying technologies and
practices from computer science, project management,
engineering, application domains, and other fields. Software
engineering covers not only the technical aspects of building
software systems, but also management issues, such as directing
programming teams, scheduling, and budgeting.
INTRODUCTION TO CASE TOOLS
Computer-assisted software engineering (CASE) tools are a set of
programs and aids that assist analysts, software engineers, and
programmers during all phases of the system development life
cycle (The stages in the system development life cycle are:
Preliminary Investigation, Analysis, Design, Implementation, and
Installation).CASE tools were developed to automate these process
and to ease the task of coordinating the events that need to be
performed in the system development life cycle. CASE tools can be
divided into two main groups - those that deal with the first three
parts of the system development life cycle (preliminary
investigation, analysis, and design) are referred to as Front-End
CASE tools or Upper CASE tools, and those that deal mainly with
the Implementation and Installation are referred to as Back-End
CASE tools or Lower CASE tools.
The major reason for the development of CASE tools was to
increase the speed of the development of systems. By doing so,
companies were able to develop systems without facing the
problem of having business needs change before the system could
be finished being developed. CASE tools also allowed analysts to
allocate more time to the analysis and design stages of
development and less time coding and testing. This resulted in
systems that more closely mirrored the requirement from the users
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and allowed for more efficient and effective systems to be

developed.
HISTORY OF CASE TOOLS

CASE tools began with the simple word processor which was used
for creating and manipulating documentation. The seventies saw
the introduction of graphical techniques and structured data flow
diagrams. Up until this point, design and specifications in pictorial
form had been extremely complex and time consuming to change.
The introduction of CASE tools to aid this process allowed diagrams
to be easily created and modified, improving the quality of
software designs. Data dictionaries, a very useful document that
holds the details of each data type and processes within a system,
are the direct result of the arrival of data flow design and structural
analysis made possible through the improvements of CASE tools.
All these processes can know be integrated into a single CASE tool
that supports all of the development cycle.
Early 80's
Mid 80's
Late 80's
Early 90's
computer aided documentation

computer aided diagramming
analysis and design tools
automated design analysis and
checking.
automated system information
repositories
automated code generation from
design specification.
linking design automation
intelligent methodology driver
reusability as a development
methodology
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ADVANTAGES OF CASE TOOLS

Current trends are showing a significant decrease in the cost of
hardware with a corresponding increase in the cost of computer
software. This reflects the labor intensive nature of the software.
Developing effective software packages takes the work of many
people and can take years to complete. Much of the code can now
be generated automatically with the development of detailed
specifications. Improvements in both these areas made possible
through the use of CASE tools are showing dramatic reductions in
maintenance costs. More specifically CASE tools:
ensure
consistency,
completeness
and
conformance to standards
encourage
an
interactive,
workstation
environment
speeds up development process
allows precision to be replicated
reduces costs, especially in maintenance
increases productivity
makes structured techniques practical
SELECTION OF A CASE TOOL

With thousands of tools available the decision of which one will
best fit your needs is not an easy one. The failure or success of the
tool is relative to your expectations. Therefore a clear
understanding of the specifications and expectations of the CASE
tool are of utmost necessity before beginning your search. There
are three common points of failure; the selection process itself, the
pre-requisites of the tool, your business.If these three areas are
taken into consideration the tools is sure to be a success and offer
all the benefits outlined above to your development project.
UPPER (FRONT-END) CASE TOOLS
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During the initial stages of the system development, analysts are

required to determine system requirements, and analyze this
information to design the most effective system possible. To
complete this task, an analyst will use data flow diagrams, data
dictionaries, process specifications, documentation and structure
charts.By using CASE tool's analysis feature, information shared
throughout the flowcharts and documentation can be checked
against each.CASE provides tools to help develop prototype
screens, reports and interfaces. These prototypes can then be
check and approved by the users and management very quickly.
LOWER (BACK-END) CASE TOOLS
Lower CASE tools are most often used to help with the generation
of the program code. Forth generation programming languages and
code generators measurably reduce the time and cost needed to
produce the code necessary to run the system. Code generators
also produce a high quality of code that is easy to maintain and
that is portable.
Code generators also have the feature that they are able to
interact with the upper CASE tools. Information that was stored
from the upper CASE tools can be accessed using the code
generators to aid in the development of the code.
VARIOUS CASE TOOLS:
1. Smart Draw
Smartdraw is the easy-to-use program that lets anyone draw great
looking flowcharts, diagrams, forms and other business graphics. It
can easily develop:
1. Data Flow Diagrams
2. Organizational Chart
3. Floors Plans
4. Networks
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5. Flowchart
6. Timelines
7. Software Designs
Smartdraw automatically aligns shapes, lines and text. Smartdraw

works as a stand-alone program, and as part of Microsoft Office
and other programs that support Object Linking and Embedding
(OLE).
VERSIONS OF SMARTDRAW:
Smartdraw Standard
This is the standard edition of Smartdraw. It is a 32-bit Windows
application and requires a Pentium (or better) PC running Microsoft
Windows 95, 98, NT 4.0, ME, 2000, XP or later. Smartdraw
Standard comes with the Standard Collection of symbols and
templates.
Smartdraw Professional
The Professional Edition of Smartdraw has all the features of
Smartdraw Standard plus a collection of our choice and more
advanced features, including:
Spelling checker
The Microsoft Office Companion
Freeform draw capability for creating your own shapes
Gradient Fills
Layers
Find and Replace
Advanced import and export filters
OLE Client Support
Smartdraw Professional Plus
Professional Plus has the same features as the Professional Edition
of Smartdraw, but also includes a license to the Standard
Collection and all eleven Smartdraw Library and Template
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Collections, which include more than 50,000 symbols and example

drawings.
Features of Smartdraw Professional:
Spelling Checker
Smart Draws spelling checker works similarly to the one in
Microsoft Office. Words are checked in the background as you type,
and misspelled words are underlined with a red wavy line. Right
clicking on a misspelled word presents a menu of suggestions.
The Microsoft Office Companion
If we have Office installed on your system, the Office Companion
adds many more exciting features to Smartdraw Professional,
including the ability to add bitmaps, graphs, equations and
WordArt, directly from the Smartdraw toolbar.
Create our own shapes and lines with Freeform Draw
Even though nearly every imaginable shape, symbol and form is
available in Smartdraw, the Freeform Draw tools can be used to
create our own line or shape. Control points along a line or shape
help us refine and smooth your drawing.
Gradient Fill
Almost anywhere we can add color; we can apply a Gradient
Fill.The Smartdraw fill color menu shows a choice for gradient fill
where we can pick from any of the 64 pre-defined gradients. We
can also define our own and save them to the list.
Layers
Smartdraw Professional allows us to define more than one Layer in
our drawing. A layer is a group of objects that lay in front of, or
behind, another layer. The layer feature allows you to work with
one layer at a time by hiding other layers or locking them.
Global Search and Replace
Smartdraw Professional supports global search and replace for an
entire drawing
Advanced Import and Export Filters
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Smartdraw Professional gives us access to Postscript Import and

Export, plus the vast libraries of technical symbols in AutoCAD
format. It supports many more file import and export formats than
the regular edition of Smartdraw. These include:
Encapsulated Postscript (EPS)

AutoCAD (DXF)
CGM
HPGL
PDF
Adobe Illustrator
CorelDraw (Import Only)
MicroGrafx Draw
Visio (Import Only)
OLE Client Support

Smartdraw Professional is an OLE client. As with Microsoft Word
and other Office applications, we can insert graphs, WordArt,
Spreadsheets and other OLE objects into Smartdraw Professional
drawings.
In Smartdraw an OLE object behaves like any shape. It can be
flipped, rotated, moved and re-opened for editing by the program
that created it.
SMART DRAW CAN HELP US TO:
Illustrate a report
Analyze a process
Make a presentation
Document procedures
Communicate clearly.
ADVANTAGES OF SMART DRAW:
Easy "drag-and-drop" drawingno skill required!

Over 50,000 built-in symbols and clip art
Works hand-in-hand with Microsoft Office
Automatic alignment for neat, crisp drawings
Built-in templates and examples
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Import our own symbols and clipart

Save your drawings for the web as GIF, JPG, or HTML
Easily convert drawings made in other software.
2. Umbrello
All actions in Umbrello UML Modeller are accessible via the menu
and the toolbars, but Umbrello UML Modeller also makes extensive
use of right mouse button context menus. You can right mouse
button click on almost any element in Umbrello UML Modeller's
work area or tree view to get a menu with the most useful
functions that can be applied to the particular element you are
working on.
User Interface
Umbrello UML Modeller's main window is divided in three areas
that will help you keep an overview of your entire system and
access the different diagrams quickly while working on your model.
These areas are called:
Tree View
The Tree View is usually located on the top left hand side of the
window and shows all the diagrams, classes, actors and use cases
that build up your model. The Tree View allows you to have a quick
overview of the elements composing your model.
Documentation Window
The Documentation Window is the small window located on the left
bottom of Umbrello UML Modeller, and it gives you a quick preview
of the documentation for the currently selected item.
Work Area
The Work Area is the main window in Umbrello UML Modeller and is
where the real action takes place. You use the Work Area to edit
and view the diagrams in your model. The Work Area shows the
currently active diagram.
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Printing
Umbrello UML Modeller allows you to print individual diagrams.
Press the Print button on the application toolbar or selecting the
Print option from the File menu will give you a standard KDE Print
dialogue from where you can print your diagrams.
Logical Folders
To better organise your model, especially for larger projects, you
can create logical folders in the Tree View. Just select the option
New->Folder from the context menu of the default folders in the
Tree View to create them.
Organising a Model with Logical Folders in Umbrello UML

Modeller
3. Rational Rose
Why Rational Suite
Think about your last software project:
_ Was it delivered on time?
_ Was it released within its budget?
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_ Did it meet requirements, satisfy users, and perform reliably?

_ Was communication among team members clear and timely?
_ Was your development process repeatable?
Many project
Subsequently:
teams
experience
problems
in
these
areas.
_ Projects finish late (or not at all).

_ Results do not match requirements.
_ Serious design flaws are uncovered late in development.
_ Defects are found after the software ships, instead of during
development.
EXPERIMENT NO 2
AIM: Study of Feasibility Study
Feasibility studies aim to objectively and rationally uncover the
strengths and weaknesses of the existing business or proposed venture,
opportunities and threats as presented by the environment,
the resources required to carry through, and ultimately the prospects
for success. In its simplest term, the two criteria to judge feasibility
are cost required and value to be attained. As such, a well-designed
feasibility study should provide a historical background of the business or
project, description of the product or service, accounting statements,
details of the operations and management, marketing research and
policies, financial data, legal requirements and tax obligations. Generally,
feasibility studies precede technical development and project
implementation.
Types of feasibility study : Technology and system feasibility
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The assessment is based on an outline design of system requirements in

terms of Input, Processes, Output, Fields, Programs, and Procedures. This
can be quantified in terms of volumes of data, trends, frequency of
updating, etc. in order to estimate whether the new system will perform
adequately or not. Technological feasibility is carried out to determine
whether the company has the capability, in terms of software, hardware,
personnel and expertise, to handle the completion of the project when
writing a feasibility report, the following should be taken to consideration:
A brief description of the business
The part of the business being examined
The human and economic factor
The possible solutions to the problems
At this level, the concern is whether the proposal is

both technically and legally feasible (assuming moderate cost). For
example, some automobiles contain parts connected within small spaces,
where most 11-year-old girls (with small hands) could reach between the
parts to adjust (or check) the assemblage of components. However, in
regions with child labor laws which prohibit employment of 11-year-old
children in such jobs, the task might not be legally feasible.
Economic feasibility
Economic analysis is the most frequently used method for evaluating the
effectiveness of a new system. More commonly known as cost/benefit
analysis, the procedure is to determine the benefits and savings that are
expected from a candidate system and compare them with costs. If
benefits outweigh costs, then the decision is made to design and
implement the system. An entrepreneur must accurately weigh the cost
versus benefits before taking an action.
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Cost-based study: It is important to identify cost and benefit factors,

which can be categorized as follows: 1. Development costs; and 2.
Operating costs. This is an analysis of the costs to be incurred in the
system and the benefits derivable out of the system.
Time-based study: This is an analysis of the time required to achieve a
return on investments. The future value of a project is also a factor.
Operational feasibility
Operational feasibility is a measure of how well a proposed system solves
the problems, and takes advantage of the opportunities identified during
scope definition and how it satisfies the requirements identified in the
requirements analysis phase of system development.
Behavioral feasibility
People are inherently resistant to change, and computers have been
known to facilitate change, an estimate should be made of how strong a
reaction the user staff is likely to have toward the development of a
computerized system. It is common knowledge that computer
installations have something to do with turnover, transfers, training and
changes in employee job status.
EXPERIMENT NO 3
Aim: Study of various structured analysis
tools
The various structured analysis tools are:
Data flow diagrams
Entity relationship diagrams
Data dictionary
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Decision tree
Structured English
Flow charts
1. DATA FLOW DIAGRAM: A DFD, also known as bubble chart, has

the purpose of clarifying system requirements and identifying
major transformations that will become programs in system design.
So it is the starting point of the design phase that functionally
decomposes the requirements specifications down to the lowest
level of detail.
lines.
A DFD consists of a series of bubbles joined by
The bubbles represent data transformations and the lines
represent data flows in the system.

Data flow diagram process decomposition, as applied in the
analysis phase of software engineering, is a top-down method that
takes a process, and its input and output data flows, and logically
implements the process as a network of smaller processes. A data
flow diagram is a graphic representation of all the major steps of a
process. It can help us to:
Understand the complete process.
Identify the critical stages of a process.
Locate problem areas.
Show relationships between different steps in a process.

Therefore, the principle for creating a DFD is that one system
may be disintegrated into subsystems, which in turn can be

disintegrated into subsystems at a much lower level, and so on and
so forth.
Processes cannot be decomposed after reaching a certain
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lower level.
SYMBOLS USED IN DFD:
Square:
Or
Squares are the source and destination in the DFD.
The
source may be the user who is requesting the information.
The
destination
the
may
be
any
department,
which
receives
information from any other department or employees.

Oval/Circle:
Or
Ovals are used to depict the processes being executed. This
process may be any work process, which used in the project that
affects the data. It converts incoming data to modified outgoing
data.
Open Rectangle:
Open rectangles are to show the stored data or data in rest

i.e. temporary.
It keeps the record and adds new data received
from a process.
Also a process receives required data from this
open rectangle. Some examples are, records of employees,

departments etc.
Arrows:
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Arrows shows the flow of data among various sources,

destinations and processes. These are labeled by the type/name of
the data being flowed, for example bill no, student information etc.
TYPES OF DFD:
Logical DFD: Logical DFD describes the inputs, outputs, database
and procedures all in a format that meets the users requirements.
When analysts prepare the logical system design, they specify the
user needs at a level of detail that virtually determines the
information flow into and out of the system.
Physical DFD: The physical DFD produces the working system by
defining the design specifications that tell programmers exactly
what the candidate system must do. Physical system design
consists of:
1. Design the physical system
2. Plan system implementation
3. Devise a test And implementation plan and specify any new
hardware and software
4. Update benefits, costs and conversion date.
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Context Level DFD
Level 1 DFD
Level 2 DFD
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2. ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM: These diagrams represent

objects (entities) and relationships between objects. They have two
types of symbols. Entities and relationships are usually represented
as rectangles and diamonds, respectively. Connections between
symbols are usually "undirected". This entity-relationship (ER)
diagram
is
specialized
graphic
that
illustrates
the
interrelationships between entities in a database.

E-R DIAGRAM HAS THREE MAJOR COMPONENTS:
1. Entities: Entities are the principal data objects about which
information is to be collected. Entities can be classified into two
types as independent and dependent entities. An independent
entity is the one that does not rely on another for identification. A
dependent entity is one that relies on another for identification.
2. Attributes: Attributes describes the properties of the entity of
which they are associated. A particular instance of an attribute is a
value and domain of an attribute is the collection of all possible
values an attribute can have.
Let us take an example; if Employee is the entity then
employee name, employee age, employee address etc. are
the attributes as shown below:
Employee
Employee name
Employee
Employee address
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Attributes are of following types:

I.
Simple Attribute: It is an attribute composed of a single
component with an independent existence. Simple attribute cannot

be further subdivided. Examples simple attributes included age,
salaries etc. simple attributes sometimes called atomic attribute.
II.
Composite Attribute: It is an attribute which is composed of

multiple components, each with an independent existence. Some
attributes can be further divided to yield smaller components with
an independent existence of their own. For example address
attribute can be composed of components like street number, area,
city, etc. is a composed attribute.
III.
Single-valued Attribute: It is an attribute which holds a single
value for a single entity. For example Classroom entity has a single
value for the Room_number attribute and therefore Room_number
attribute is referred to as being single-valued.
IV.
Multi-valued Attribute: It is an attribute which holds multiple

values for a single entity. For example, a student entity can have
multiple values for the Hobby attribute- reading, music, movies
and so on.
V.
Derived Attribute: It is an attribute that represents a value

that is derivable from the value of a related attribute or set of
attributes, not necessarily in the same entity. For example Age
attribute can be derived from the date-of-birth attribute and
therefore they are related.
3. Relationship: Relationship represents an association between two

or more entities. Relationships are classified in the terms of degree,
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connectivity, cardinality and existence. An example of relationship

would be:
Employees are assigned to projects

Projects have subtasks
Department manage one or more projects
The connectivity of a relationship describes the mapping of
associated entity instances in the relationship. The values of
connectivity are one or many. The cardinality of a relationship is
the actual number of related occurrences for each of two entities.
3. DATA
DICTIONARY: Data dictionary may cover the whole
organization, a part of or a database. In its simplest form Data

dictionary is only a collection of data element definitions, according
to the description below .more advanced schema with reference
keys, still more advanced data dictionary contain entity
relationship model of data element or object.
DATA DICTIONARY CONSISTS OF FOLLOWING:
1. Data element definitions:
Data element definitions may be independent of table of table
definitions or a part of each table definitions
Data element number:

Data element number is used in the technical documents.
Data element name (caption):

Commonly agreed, unique data element name from the
application domain. This is the real life name of this data
element.
Short description:
Description of the element in the application domain.
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Security classification of the data element:

Organization-specific security classification level or possible
restrictions on use. This may contain technical links to security
systems.
Related data elements:

List of closely related data element names when the relation is
important.
Field name(s):
Field names are the names used for this element in computer
programs and database schemas. These are the technical
names, often limited by the programming languages and
systems.
Code format:
Data type (characters, numeric, etc.), size and, if needed,
special representation. Common programming language
notation, input masks, etc. can be used.
Null value allowed:

Null or non-existing data value may be or may not be allowed
for an element. Element with possible null values needs special
considerations in reports and may cause problems, if used as a
key.
Default value:
Data element may have a default value. Default value may be a
variable, like current date and time of the day (DoD).
Element coding (allowed values) and intra-element

validation details or reference to other documents:
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Explanation of coding (code tables, etc.) and validation rules

when validating this element alone in the application domain.
Inter-element validation details or reference to other

documents:
Validation rules between this element and other elements in the
data dictionary.
Database table references:

Reference to tables the element is used and the role of the
element in each table. Special indication when the data element
is the key for the table or a part of the key.
Definitions and references needed to understand the

meaning of the element:
Short application domain definitions and references to other
documents needed to understand the meaning and use of the
data element.
Source of the data in the element:

Short description in application domain terms, where the data is
coming. Rules used in calculations producing the element
values are usually written here.
Validity dates for the data element definition:

Validity dates start and possible end dates, when the element is
or was used. There may be several time periods the element
has been used.
History references:
Date when the element was defined in present form, references
to supersede elements, etc.
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External references:
References to books, other documents, laws, etc.
Version of the data element document:

Version number or other indicator. This may include formal
version control or configuration management references, but
such references may be hidden, depending on the system used.
Date of the data element document:

Writing date of this version of the data element document.
Quality control references:

Organization-specific quality control endorsements, dates, etc.
Data element notes:

Short notes not included in above parts.
2. Table definitions
Table definitions are usually available with SQL command help
table name.
Table owner or database name:
List of data element (column) names and details:
Key order for all the elements, which are possible keys:
Possible information on indexes:
Possible information on table organization:

Technical table organization, like hash, heap, B+ -tree, AVL
-tree, ISAM, etc. may be in the table definition.
Duplicate rows allowed or not allowed:
Possible detailed data element list with complete data

element definitions:
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Possible data on the current contents of the table:

The size of the table and similar site specific information may be
kept with the table definition.
Security classification of the table:

Security classification of the table is usually same or higher than
its elements. However, there may be views accessing parts of
the table with lower security.
3. Database schema:
Database schema is usually graphical presentation of the whole
database. Tables are connected with external keys and key
columns. When accessing data from several tables, database
schema will be needed in order to find joining data elements and in
complex cases to find proper intermediate tables. Some database
products use the schema to join the tables automatically.
4. Entity-relationship model of data:
Entity-relationship model is database analysis and design tool. It
lists
real-life
application
entities,
attributes
of
entities
and
relationships amongst entities. The type of each relationship is also

indicated. Entity-relationship model is represented in graphical
form.
5. Database security model:
Database security model associates users, groups of users or
applications (programs) with database access rights.
PROBLEM: DATA DICTIONARY FOR LIBRARY MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
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Address: name +house# + street # + city + pin

Sales details: {book +amount}*+ CN
Student data :{address+CN}*
Issue info :{ issue-details}*
Total books :{ CN+integer}*
4. DECISION TREE: Decision Tree is a structured analysis tool used
to show the logic .it has many branches as there are logical
alternative .it simply checks the logical structure based on stated
problem .in respect it is an excellent tool . instruction for action.
5. STRUCTURED ENGLISH: The Structured English borrows heavily
structured
programming
.it
uses
logical
construction
and
imperative sentences designed to carry out instruction for action.

Decision are made IF, THEN, ELSE and SO statement.
PROBLEM: DISCOUNT POLICY
Add up the number of copies per book title
IF order is from bookstore
and-IF
order is for 6 copies or more per book title

THEN : Discount is 25%
ELSE
(order is for fewer than 6 copies per book title)

THEN : no discount is allowed.
ELSE
(order is from libraries or individual customers)

So- IF
order is for 50 copies or more per book title

THEN : Discount is 25%.
ELSE IF
order is for 20 to 49 copies per book title

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ELSE IF

ELSE IF

ELSE
(order is for less than 6 copies per book title)

THEN : No discount is allowed.
6. FLOW
CHARTS:
Flow
charts
are
defined
as
pictorial
representation describing a process being studied or even used to

plan stages of project. Flow charts tend to provide people with
common language or reference point when dealing with a project
or process. The flow charts are a mean of visually presenting the
flow of data through information processing system, the operations
within the system and the sequence in which they are performed.
When dealing with process flow charts, two separate stages of the
process should e considered: the finished product and the making
of the product .in order to analyze the finished product or how to
operate the process, flow charts tend to use simple and easily
recognizable symbols.
TYPES OF FLOWCHARTS:
There are four basic types of flow charts:
1. Basic flow charts quickly identify all the major steps in a
process .they are used to orient a team with the major steps by
just giving a broad overview of the process.
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2. Process flow charts examines the process in great detail .they

provide a comprehensive listing of the entire major and sub step in
the process.
3. Deployment flow charts are similar to process flow charts in that
they are very detail but also indicate the people who are involved
in the process .this could be very useful when the process involves
cooperation between functional areas.
4. Opportunity flow charts highlight decision step and check
point .they are used for very complicated processes because they
highlight specific opportunities for improvement.
Flow charts are usually drawn using some standard symbols;
however some special symbol can also be developed when
required .some standard symbols which are frequently required for
flowcharts many computer programs are shown below:
Start or end of the program
Computational steps or processing function of a
program
Input or output operation
Decision making and branching
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Connector or joining of two parts of program

Magnetic Tape
Magnetic Disk
Off-page connector
Flow line
Annotation
Display
PROS AND CONS OF EACH TOOL

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Which tool is best depends on number factors: the nature and

complexity of problem, the number of action resulting from the
decisions and the ease of use
1. The primary strength of DFD is its ability to represent data flows. it
may be used at high or low level of analysis and provides good
system documentation .however the tool only weakly shows input
and output detail .the user often finds it confusing initially.
2. The data dictionary helps the analyst simplify the structure
for
meeting the data requirements of the system .it may be used at

low or high levels of analysis but it dose not provide the functional
detail and it is not acceptable to many non technical users .
3. The structured English is the best used when the problem requires
sequences of action with decisions.
4. The decision trees are used to verify logic and in problem that
involves a few complex decisions resulting in a limited number of
action.
5. The decision trees and decision tables are best suited for dealing
with complex branching routines such as calculating discounts or
sales commissions or inventory control procedure.
EXPERIMENT NO 4
AIM: Case study on College Management
System
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Colleges created to provide quality education to the people. A lot of

branches come under a single college. The administrator &
bindings of different branches is its primary goal. The secondary
goals would be designed to achieve better results of its primary
goal.
In order to achieve its goals a proper management system is must.
Because its this system that develops interrelationship b/w
different departments and branches that come under a college and
also between different colleges .
DATA FLOW DIAGRAM:
Figure - 1Context Level DFD
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Figure-2 LEVEL1 DFD

College management system manage all the departments comes
under college as library department, finance department, sports
department, all the branches, faculty members, students and
canteen department.
E-R DIAGRAM of engineering college MANAGEMENT IS SHOWN
BELOW:
COLLEGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM manages all branches (CSE, ECE,
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ME, CE), canteen department, library department and finance

department.
Therefore subsystems of college management system are:
Library management system
Finance management system
Sports management system
Faculty management system
Student management system
Canteen management system
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Name
Id
Return
Date
Issue date
Teacher
Phone no
Library
Address
Student
Name
Id
CSE
Student
Phone no
Address
ME
CE
Canteen
Sports
Other
ECE
Department
College
Management system
Finance department
Teacher salary
Book
No of food
Cricket
Price food
Basketball
E-R DIAGRAM OF COLLEGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

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EXPERIMENT NO 5
AIM:-ER diagram of inventory control system
INTRODUCTION:
Relevant data flows include payment information, receipt,
goods sold information, and inventory information. Three data
stores are a goods sold file, an inventory file, and daily sales
total file. Processes include update goods sold file, update
inventory file, update daily sales total file, and produce
management reports.
Sources/sinks include customer and
store manager. A sample context diagram and level-0 data
flow diagram are provided below. In the level-0 data flow
diagram, Transform Customer Purchase, Update Goods Sold
File, Update Inventory File, and Update Sales Total File, were
selected as processes rather than as sources/sinks because
they were deemed to be central to the point of sale process.
Point out why these DFDs are balanced.
Retail Store
Context Level DIAGRAM
0
Management
Report
Receipt
Customer
Payment
Point of Sale
System
Store
Manager
ER DIAGRAM:
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Retail Store
Level-0 Diagram
Receipt
Transform
Customer
Purchase
Customer
Payment
Goods Sold
Inventory
Data
Sales Data
Update Goods Sold

File
Update
Inventory
File
Update
Sales Total
File
Formatted
Goods Sold
Amount
D1
Goods Sold File
Formatted
Inventory
Amount
D2
Formatted
Sales Total
Amount
Inventory File
D3
Inventory
Amounts
Goods Sold
Amounts
Sales Total File
Sales Totals
5
Produce
Management
Reports
Management
Report
Store
Manager
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EXPERIMENT NO 6
AIM: -ER diagram of Library Management System
The Library Management System is able to manage different types
of library resources such as Books, Magazines, News Papers,
CD/DVDs, and any other resources which the management feels in
the future could form a resource
The important modules that are going to implement in the
proposed system.
Calculating the fines.
Reservation of books.
Searching facility depends upon i) Book name ii) Author.
Log in, depends upon campus Id.
Administrator has all the privileges to add, modify and delete the
books.
My account facility for the student so that he can view his account
details.
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Issue books
Context Diagram for Library Management System
User
Pending book Details
Search Book
History
ReserveBook
Library booking System
Generate Reports
Issue Books
Create Accounts
Admin
Manage Transactions
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books
books
Issue books
User
books
Admin
books
Issue History
2.2 ER Diagrambooks
Pending books
books
Generates reports
ER Reserves
diagram
is the graphical
system model that shows all main
Reserves
issueDetails
Manages Payments
requirements for an IS in one diagram.

issues
Book Issue
Add, Edit, delete
ReserveBook
Payment
Manages Books
Reservation
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Request
Items
Add, Edit, delete
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EXPERIMENT NO 7
AIM:- ER diagram of University Management
System.
INTRODUCTION
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University is created to provide quality education to the people. A

lot of colleges come under a single university. The administrator &
bindings of different colleges is its primary goal. The secondary
goals would be designed to achieve better results of its primary
goal.
In order to achieve its goals a proper management system is must.
Because its this system that develops interrelationship b/w
different departments and colleges that come under a university
and also between different universities
ER DIAGRAM
Figure - 1
Context Level Diagram
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Figure - 2
40
Level 1 Diagram
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Figure - 3
41
Level 2 Diagram
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42
Level 3 Diagram
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43
Level 4 Diagram
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EXPERIMENT NO 8
AIM:-ER diagram of Super Market Prize
Scheme.
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM: A Supermarket needs to
develop following software to encourage regular customers. For
this the customer needs to supply his residence address, telephone
number and the driving license number. Each customer who
registers for this scheme is assigned a unique customer number
(CN) by the computer. A customer can present his CN to the check
out staff when he makes any purchase. In this case, the value of
his purchase is credited against his CN.
Figure-1 context level diagram
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At the end of each year, the super market awards surprise gift to
10 customers who make the highest total purchase over the year.
Also it awards a 22 carat gold coin to every customer who
purchases exceeds Rs. 10,000/- .The entries against the CN are
reset on the last day of every year after the prize winners lists are
generated.
Figure - 2
Level 1 Diagram
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Figure - 3
46
Level 2 Diagram
DATA DICTIONARY:
Data dictionary may cover the whole organization, a part of the
organization or a database. In its simplest form, the data dictionary
is only a collection of data element definitions, according to
descriptions below. More advanced data dictionary contains
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database schema with reference keys, still more advanced data

dictionary contains entity-relationship model of the data elements
or objects. The term "data element" is the same concept as "data
object" or "object" in some database texts.
Data dictionary consists of the following:

1. DATA ELEMENT DEFINITIONS:
Data element definitions may be independent of table definitions
or a part of each table definition
Data element number

Data element number is used in the technical documents.
Data element name (caption)

commonly agreed, unique data element name from the
application domain. This is the real life name of this data
element.
Short description
Description of the element in the application domain.
Security classification of the data element

Organization-specific security classification level or possible
restrictions on use. This may contain technical links to
security systems.
Related data elements

List of closely related data element names when the relation
is important.
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Field name(s)
Field names are the names used for this element in computer
programs and database schemas. These are the technical
names, often limited by the programming languages and
systems.
Code format
Data type (characters, numeric, etc.), size and, if needed,
special representation. Common programming language
notation, input masks, etc. can be used.
Null value allowed

Null or non-existing data value may be or may not be allowed
for an element. Element with possible null values needs
special considerations in reports and may cause problems, if
used as a key.
Default value
Data element may have a default value. Default value may
be a variable, like current date and time of the day (DoD).
Element coding (allowed values) and intra-element

validation details or reference to other documents
Explanation of coding (code tables, etc.) and validation rules
when validating this element alone in the application domain.
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Inter-element validation details or reference to other

documents
Validation rules between this element and other elements in
the data dictionary.
Database table references

Reference to tables the element is used and the role of the
element in each table. Special indication when the data
element is the key for the table or a part of the key.
Definitions and references needed to understand the

meaning of the element
Short application domain definitions and references to other
documents needed to understand the meaning and use of
the data element.
Source of the data in the element

Short description in application domain terms, where the
data is coming. Rules used in calculations producing the
element values are usually written here.
Validity dates for the data element definition

Validity dates, start and possible end dates, when the
element is or was used. There may be several time periods
the element has been used.
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History references
Date when the element was defined in present form,
references to supersede elements, etc.
External references
References to books, other documents, laws, etc.
Version of the data element document

Version number or other indicator. This may include formal
version control or configuration management references, but
such references may be hidden, depending on the system
used.
Date of the data element document

writing date of this version of the data element document.
Quality control references

Organization-specific quality control endorsements, dates,
etc.
Data element notes

Short notes not included in above parts.
2. TABLE DEFINITIONS:
Table definition is usually available with SQL command help table
name
Table name
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Table owner or database name
List of data element (column) names and details
Key order for all the elements, which are possible

keys
Possible information on indexes
Possible information on table organization

Technical table organization, like hash, heap, B+ -tree, AVL
-tree, ISAM, etc. may be in the table definition.
Duplicate rows allowed or not allowed
Possible detailed data element list with complete data

element definitions
Possible data on the current contents of the table

the size of the table and similar site specific information may
be kept with the table definition.
Security classification of the table

Security classification of the table is usually same or higher
than its elements. However, there may be views accessing
parts of the table with lower security.
3. DATABASE SCHEMA:
Database schema is usually graphical presentation of the whole
database. Tables are connected with external keys and key
columns. When accessing data from several tables, database
schema will be needed in order to find joining data elements and in
complex cases to find proper intermediate tables. Some database
products use the schema to join the tables automatically.
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4. ENTITY-RELATIONSHIP MODEL OF DATA:

Entity-relationship model is database analysis and design tool. It
lists
real-life
application
entities,
attributes
of
entities
and
relationships amongst entities. The type of each relationship is also

indicated. Entity-relationship model is represented in graphical
form.
5. DATABASE SECURITY MODEL:
Database security model associates users, groups of users or
applications (programs) with database access rights.
PROBLEM: DATA DICTIONARY FOR SUPER MARKET

PRIZE
SCHEME
Address : name + house# + street# + city + pin

sales-details : { item + amount } * + CN
CN : integer
customerdata : { address + CN } *
sales info : { sales details } *
winnerlist : surprise gift winner-list + gold coin
winner list
surprise gift winner list : { address + CN }
sold coin winner list : { address + CN } *
gen winner command : command
total sales : { CN + integer }
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EXPERIMENT NO 9
AIM: Case study on Railway Reservation
System
INTRODUCTION:
The Railway Reservation system has the following main features:
Traveler may be able to book tickets from any

station to any station
Availability of seats can be known at any time
Status of trains can be easily checked
Previous bookings can be easily seen
The system requires the traveler to give the

specific details about traveling schedule:
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It includes date of journey,

Source station,
Destination station,
Class of traveling,
Number of seats to be reserved etc .
Clerk will then send the account details to the accountant, who
calculates the actual fare. Supervisor then checks all the details
like availability of seat etc and pass it to the management.
DATA FLOW DIAGRAM:
Figure
-1
Context Level DFD
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Level 1 DFD
EXPERIMENT NO 10
AIM: ER diagram of employee management
system.
Introduction:
Management of the employees is determinant to the company as
their contribution often decides the value of the business. One of
the main features in employee management system is time
tracking for employees. Effective time tracking mechanism saves
both time and money for the organization. So, the first tip is when
you want to buy an employee management system, you need to
carefully select the one that offers such feature.
Another aspect in any given company is the payroll structure
devised for the employees. Many industries have numerous
department and wide range of designations and accordingly the
pay structure changes from one position to another. Usually for a
company with more than 25 employees, good payroll system is
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feasible. This system enables the company to distribute salary

equally and aptly on set pay structure criteria which leads to
another tip of choosing your business management system, you
need to select the actual system that has the feature of
distributing payrolls in a company.
Employee Management System
Another most important advantage of employee management
system which you should look into before choosing the one to buy
is that it gives you capacity to keep track of your companys
workforce from any part of the world. Organizations that are spread
across geographical locations with their offices are most benefitted
by such a system. You can track and manage any employee with
such system. The system records the time spent by each employee
on an assigned project and the exact skills used. These records
form basis on which appraisal or promotions are considered.
ER diagram of employee management system:
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