1961

A Reaction Theorem and Its Application to

Antenna Impedance Calculations*
J. H. RICHNOKDf-,SENIOR

~JLZBER
IRE
,

involved, these pure-field theorems apply even when 110

suitable terminals exist.
Rumse>- [2] hasgiven t h e name "reaction"tothe
quantit>- represented by the integrals 11-hich appear i n
the reciprocity theorems of Lorentz and Carson and has
proposed the synlbol
2:) for the integrals on the left
side in (2j and ( 3 ) . I11 this terminology, t h e reciprocity
theorems of Lorentz and Carson state that the reaction
INTRODUCTION
of antenna 1 on antenna 2 is equal to the reaction of
ECIPROCITl- theoremsareanlongthemost
antenna 2 0 1 1 antenna 1.
useful tools in field and circuit problems, ranking
Kouyoumjian [ 3 ] has developed an expression for the
Ivith the superposition theorem and the equivavoltage or current induced
in one antenna b>-another
lence theorems. I t is convenient toclassif!. the reciprocity in terms of the reaction. This reaction theorem states
theorems into three types: pure circuit, pure
field, and t h e quantitJ- on the left side in (1) is equal to the negamixed. 'The pure circuit form
tive of the quantity on the left sidein ( 2 j 3 t h a t is

Summary-The reaction theorem is generalized a

to
llow the fields
of an antenna in one environment to be employed
in calculations
of mutual impedance in another environment.
Several expressions for self-impedance and mutual impedance
are presented. These are in the form of surface integrals or volume
integrals of the field intensities or the current density. It is shown
how the fields of an antenna in free space can be usefulin calculating the impedance in the presenceof scatterers.

V1?111

I,'sJa?

(1)

developed by Rayleigh for networksof lumped elements

n-as extended to antennas by Carson [l]. I t applies to
apair of antennas only if eachantennahassuitable
t e r n h a l s n-here voltage and current can be defined.
X theorem of the second t>-pe (pure fieldj involving
electric- and magnetic-field intensities was derived b>Lorentz [ l ] in the form of the surface integral

This important relation was also pointed by

outRumseJ[ 2 ] . I t is valid under conditions more general than those
required for reciprocity, as will be shown. However, if
the conditions for reciprocity are satisfied, this reaction
theorem (4) can be combined witha n > - one of the "pure"
reciprocity theorems given above to obtain a reciprocity
theorem of the "mixed type.'' Circuit quantities (voltage
and current) appear on one side of the equation, while
field quantities appear on the other side.
ss:E1
HZ E? H I ).ds
Inthispaper
a generalizedform
of,thereaction
theorem is presented, and equations are derived from i t
1 2 ( E 2 H I El
Hi).ds, ( 2 ) for the mutual impedance of two antennas. Expressions
for self-impedance are derived by similar methods.
In most equations from phJ-sics all of the quantities
wheresurface
encloses antenna 1 and
encloses
involved
in a given equation are understood to relate to
antenna 2. (Subscripts indicate the source of the field.
a
common
situation.
Forexample,Sen-ton'ssecond
Forexample, El representsthe electric-field intensity
l
a
w
relates
the
force
acting 011 ;Lbod!., the mass of the
set up by antenna 1.) Carson
also presented a puresame
bod>-,
and
its
acceleration,
all a t t h e same instant
field theorem in the form of a volume integral involving
of
time.
On
the
other
hand,
each
of the reciprocity and
electric-current densit>- andelectric-field intensit>-,
reaction theorems brings together quantities from differentsituationsinto
a single equation.Inthemost
familiar versions of these theorems the two situations
differ only in t h a t
batter!- andanamnleterhave
includes traded places i n network. I n the generalized versions
wherevolume V I includes antenna 1 and
antenna 2. Since terminal currents and voltages are not of these theorems developed herein some portions of the
environment or network are considered to change when
the source and observer tradeplaces. -Although this may
Received by the PG;\P, FebruarJ- 10, 1961; revised manuscript
seem
confusing the 111e11tal
effort is rewarded in the form
received, June 21, 1961. This re-,zarrh was sponsored by the Aeroof expressions which show how the fields of an antenna
nauticalSystems Div., --IF S\-stems Command,IYright-Patterson
AWB,under Contract AF33(616)-7614.
t Antenna Lab., Dept. of Elec. Engrg., T h e Ohio State Cniv., in one environment ma>-be emplo>red in calculations of
impedance in another environn~ent.
Columbus.

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I n each case the quantity

V I - VI is equal to four,
which is also the value of 1721Iez and the [reaction of
Theconcepts involved in the generalizedreaction
network 1 on network 2.
theorem can be introduced by means of the correspondThis network theorem (5) is not widely used, partly
ing network theorem. Consider the two passive networks
because it is not well known. I t is applicable to transin Fig. 1. In antenna terminology, network 1 is transmission-line problems and ladder networks. T h e quanmitting and network 2 is receiving. The voltages 1 and
tity V I - VI is independent not onlyof the impedance
V S l and the current I for this situation are defined
in
Z, b u t also of the point along the network or transmisFig. 1. S o w let network 2 transmit with terminal cursion line a t which the theorem is applied.
rent 122 into a new impedance 2 as in Fig. 2. T h e
Thisnetworktheoremshouldpavethewaytoan
voltage 1 and currents 122and I for this situation are
understanding
of the
corresponding
field theorem,
defined in Fig. 2. The current generators111and I??are
which is presented next.
assumed to have the same frequency.
Consider the situation shown in Fig. 4 in which anIf the reciprocity theorem applies to network 2 (but
tenna
1 is transmitting, setting up thefield
HI)
and
not necessarily to network l ) , it can easilJ- be shown
inducing
a
voltage
V p I at the open-circuited terminals
that
of the receiving antenna (antenna 2). The environment
V2122
V I VI.
( 5 ) seen by antenna 1 may be described b>- the complex
permeability p and permittivity E, and i t includes the
Sinceand
12?areindependent of Z, bothsides of structure of antenna 2 (with terminals open circuited).
(5) must also be independent of 2.This is true even
The medium need not behomo,ueneous.
though each of the two terms on the right side are deI n the usual reciprocity-theorem derivations, theroles
pendent on 2through 1, and 1.As an example, sup- of the two antennas are reversed a t this point, and anpose network 2 consists of three resistors as in Fig. 3, tenna 2 is considered to transmit while antenna 1 reand let I be 2 amperes and I?? 1 ampere. Then obviceives in the same environment ( p , as before. On the
ously V is 8 volts and I/~Iis 4 volts. The solutions for contraq-, consider the fields (E?,
Hz) of antenna 2
three values of
are tabulated below:
transmitting in a new environment ( p , E) which does
not necessarily include the struct.ure
of antenna 1. (HowI
Ir
VI
J/TI
ever, let p = p and E
within the regular surface
09
enclosing antenna 2.) This situationis depicted in Fig.5.
Now, as shown in Appendix I, these quantities are
related as follows:
a3
0
GENERALIZATION
OF THE REACTION
THEOREM

vel

I
Fig. 1-First

situation: Network 1 transmits,

network 2 receives.

Fig. 4-First

situation: Antenna 1 transmits,

antenna 2 receives.

Fig. 2-Second situation: Xetmork 2 transmits

into a new impedance 2.

Fig. 5-Second situation: Antenna 2 transmits

in a new environment.

Fig. .?--In

example to illustrate the network version

of the reaction theorem.

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Eq. (6) and many of the other results presented in this paper
are derived in J. H. Richmond, On the Theory of Scattering b y
Dielectric and Metal Objects, Ohio State Univ. Res. Foundation,
Columbus, Ohio, Antenna Lab. Rept. 786-3; April, 1958.

1iichrn.ond:

1961

Reaction
Theorem

to dnteuna
Impedance
Calculations

Eq. (6) is a generalization of the reaction theorem. The

usual time dependence ejwf is understood. It is assumed
t h a t all media are linear, the permeabilitJ- and permittivity are independent of time, and antenna 2 is constructed of isotropic media. (The other media are not
necessari1)- isotropic.) I t is assumed that thefeed system
of antenna 2 has a section of periect1)- shielded waveguide or transmission line, and that onlp a single mode
exists a t some point on the feed. The antenna terminals
are chosen a t such a point, and 12. represents t h e current there when antenna 2 transmits (Fig. 5).
The incremental area
in (6) has a vector direction
normal to the surfaceS pand awa!. from antenna 2.
After
using
(6) tocalculatethevoltageinduced
a t t h eopen-circuited terminals of antenna 2 , Thevenins
theoremmaybeemploped
to determine the terminal
voltage for an>-other load impedance.
Perhaps i t should be emphasized here that the vo!tage
in (6) is the induced voltagein t t e original situationshon-n in Fig. 4, m t in the new environment of
Fig. 5. If a constant-current generatoris employed when
antenna 2 transmits, the current J Z 2 n.ill be the same
regardless of the environment i n which antenna 2 transmits. Then the left-hand side
of (6) is independent of
the new environment. and so must also be the integral
on the right hand, even though the integrand does dependonthe
new environment.(The difference integrates tozero.)
Thus,althoughthe
field (E2,H:!)depends on the
environment in which antenna 2 transmits, the integral
in (6) is invariant with respect to changes in this environment. Therefore, the environment
E ) may be
chosen to represent any convenient situation such as

517

that the more general form of (6) is

(T~T?l,,r??,t
I.lnV2?,)
n

H1

(Er

El

H2)

(7)

RfYTL-.%I. IMPED.%SCE O F TIIT0 .%NTENh-AS

The mutual impedance

between antennas 1 and 2
in the environment
E ) illustrated in Fig. 4 is

ZZl

v?l!I1l

Js2(E4

H1

E1

Hi)

(8)

I11I2.

where Ill is the terminal current of antenna 1 when it

transmits. Eq. (8) follows directly-from thereaction
theorem (6).
I t will be recalled that (El, H l ) represents the field of
antenna 1 transnlitting in the presence of antenna 2 with
its terminals open circuited. \Yith the aid of Thevenins
theorem it can be shown t h a t a factor
must be inserted in front of the integral in (8) in the
moregeneralcasewhere
(E1,H,) representsthe field
with an impedance 2 across the terminals of antenna 2.
Here
and Z,represent the input impedance of antenna 2 in-environment
E ) and
E ) , respectively.
If the conditionsfor reciprocit!- are satisfied,(8) yields
themutualimpedance
Z12, as well as
T o insure
reciprocity,it will suffice if thetwoantennasare
of
finite dimensions and a finite distance apart, all media
are linear and isotropic, and the mediumis homogeneous
outside an imaginarl- sphereof finite radius.
In some cases the fields of an extended antenna are
1) free space,
known,whereasthose
of the corresponding truncated
2) the same environment into which antenna 1 trans- antenna are not. Examples include horns and biconical
mitted,
antennas. Eq. (8) permits the use of the known fields of
3) as perfect]!, cond!lcting metal shell on S e , or
an extended antenna in calculating the mutual impedan extension of the structure of antenna 2.
ance for a truncated antenna.
If a perfectly conducting metal shell is assumed on 52
In the last case listed, where the environmentis chosen
for
environment
E)!
the first term in the integral
to be a n extension of the antenna structure, the generalin
(8)
will
vanish.
Letting
J2=
- n X H 2 represent the
ized reaction theorem shows some similarity
tothe inducelectric-current
densit).
induced
on the shell by antenna
tion theorem of Schelkunoff [5].
2,
(8)
reduces
to
Thetransmissionformula
of Friis [6] andthe receiving antenna-sensitivity formula of Levis [5] can be
derived from (6). These formulas apply only in the farfield case(where
antennas 1 and 2 arefarapart),
n-hereas (6j does not have this restriction.
T h e anal!-sis can readi1)- beextended
tothe case
where two or more modes can exist at the terminal surface of antenna 2. I n this case, i t is convenient to use t h e
set of orthogonalmodes of the waveguide ortransmission line, letting l,722,L
and 12?,represent the voltage
and current formode
when antenna 2 transmits. If
T,,721rr anddenotethereceivedvoltageandcurrent
formodewhen
antenna 1 transmits, it can be shonm

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1
z
2
1

L 2 J : !Elas.
.

(9)

IllI??

Eq. (9) is particularly convenient in mutual impedance

calculationswhenone
of theantennas consists of a
waveguide or cavity perforated with holes or slots. Let
the perfectlyconductingsurface
S2 coincide with the
metal surface of the antenna plus the apertures formed
by the holes. Then the integral in (9) vanishes except
in the holes,since
thetangentialcomponents
of E1
vanish on the metal. Furthermore, the current
J ? will
in man>-casesbe a simpleknownfunction,since
i t is

thecurrent on the inside malls of thewaveguideor

cavity when the holes are covered with conductor.
T h e divergence theorem and Maxwells equations can
be employed to obtain another expression
for mutual
impedance from (X),

-1
2 2 1

i,2(J~.
E1

I111??1

K Z . H I ) ~ Z ~ , (10)

where J 2 and K 2are the densities of electric- and magnetic-sourcecurrent,and

V 2 is the volume within
Sincemagneticcurrentdoesnotexist
in realizable
sources, the term K z . H l may be omitted.
For an aperture antenna
such as a horn or paraboloid,
i t is convenient to choose S2 to coincide with the outer
surface of the antenna plus the aperture. Then the integrand in (8) vanishes ever>-where on S?,except on the
aperture.
Although (8) is suitable for aperture antennas, i t is
difficult to apply to cylindrical-wire antennas. The difficult,- arises from the fact that the integrand vanishes
everywhereontheantennasurface,exceptxhere
S2
crosses the terminal gap. This problem also exists viith
theinducedEJ,IFformulas
for self- andmutualimpedance [4],[SI. T h e followingexpression,derivedin
AppendixI1 is moreconvenientforc\.lindricalwire
antennas:

then the impedances are related as follows:

Lettingthetwoenvironments
coincide ( p = p and
E) within a surface S which encloses the antenna, a
useful expression for the impedance is

(E X H

H)

(15)

s?.

The derivation will not be given here, since i t is similar

t o t h a tin Appendix I.
I t is possible to let the environment (p, E ) represent
an extension of the antenna structure. In this way,(15)
and some of theotherimpedanceexpressionsinthis
section can beused to calculate the change in impedance
associated with an increase or decrease in the length of
an antenna. Furthermore, the impedanceof a truncated
antenna can thereb>- be related to the impedance
of the
corresponding complete antenna. This procedure would
be particularly convenient for antennas
of simple geometrJ- (such as horns and spheroidal antennas) where the
impedance andfields of the complete antenna are known.
If the antenna is a waveguide or cavity which is perforated with holes or slots, it mill be convenient to let
surface S be the metallic outer surface of the antenna
-1
plus the aperture surface of the holes. A perfect!y conz21
L , ( E z X Hli Eli X H2).ds. (11) ductingmetalshellma\-enclosetheantennaforenI11122
vironment (p,
in which case the first term in the
of thecurrent
Eq. (11) is the same as(8), except that the environment integral in (15) will vanish.Interms
of the
has been chosen t o be the same as(p, and the densit\*J - n X H induced on the inner surface
shell, (15) can be written in the form
field of antenna 1 has beenreplaced byitsincident
com.ponent.
Eq. (11) is convenient even when S2 coincides with
the perfectly conducting metal surfacesof a cylindricalwire antenna. In this case the first term in the integral
vanishes, with a possible exception where S , crosses the I t is sufficient to integrateovertheholes,sincethe
terminal gap. The second term, however, does not van- tangential components of E vanish elsewhere on S. In
ish because it involves the incident field rather than the many cases, Z and J will be known quantities, namely,
total field. The surface current J 2 on the metal can be
theimpedanceandcurrentdensity
of thecavityor
introduced in place of n X H B to obtain the following waveguidewithnoholes.
Eq. (16) allowsthese to be
result:
employedin thecalculation of theimpedance
with
holes.
1
ZZ1
JZ
(12)
Suppose the two environments coincide everywhere
I11I2?
exceptwithinafiniteregioncalled
thescattering
region enclosed by surface S,. Then an alternative exSELF-I Sf PEDANCE
pression for the impedance is
Consider an antenna transmitting in solne en\. wonment ( p ,
and let ( E , H),V , I , and represent the
field, the voltage, the current, and the impedance, respectively. Now let the antenna transmit in a new environment
with field (E, H),
voltage I, and Eq. (17) can be derived from(15) by using the radiation
impedance Z. If the currentI is adjusted tobe the same conditions to show that the integral vanisheson an inin both cases, and if thescatteredvoltage
V s is
finite sphere, using Maxwells equations
to show that
defined by
V .( E X H - E X H ) vanishes at each point outside S

L2

vs

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17

v,

(13)

and Ss,
and using the divergence theorem.

Richmond: -1 Reaction Theorem to .Intenna Impedance

Calcdations

1961

-Antenna impedance can be expressed in terms of a

volume integral bp using
the divergence theorem,
and Maxwells equations. The resultis

where V represents the antennaregion which is enclosed

by surface S, J and K are the dmsities of electric and
magnetic source current? a!ld ( E , H j i- the scattered
field defined b>-

E=E-E
Hs

19)

H.

-Another expressioncanbeobtained
manner by starting with

jw
Z = Z - - I

)E.E

(p

(20)

in asimilar

p)H.H]dr, (21)

519

finitel\- long horn can be used in calculating the mutual

impedance between a truncated horn and another antenna.
another example, this formulation permits the
current on the inside of a waveguide to be used in
calculating the radiation from a n antenna consisting of
a waveguide with holes or slots.
I n some cases i t is advantageous to let the two environments be the same. J f this is done one of the fields
involved i n the mutual impedance equation can be
replaced b\- the incident field. This avoids the dificulty
whicharises i n theinduced E l I F method,wherethe
integral vanishes over perfectlJ- conducting portions
of
the antenna.
Several
expressions
are
presented
for the selfimpedance of an antenna. They permit thekn0n.n fields
and impedance of a complete antenna to be used in
calculatingtheimpedance of thecorrespondingtruncated antenna.
.\PPEKDIS

where I;-, is the scattering region enclosed by surface S,.

GEhXR.\I,IZED I<E.lCTION T H E C R E M
If environment
E ) inclcdes a perfectlJ- conducting
metallicbods-which fills the ~cattering region,
.Antenna 2 ma\. be constructed partlJ-of dielectric and
reduces to
partly of metal, as suggested i n Fig. .Any conductivity
in the dielectric portions will be accounted for by letting
p and e be complex. llaxn-ells equations for the fields
within S,.but excluding the source region shown in
Fig.
7, are
where J is the current densits- induced on the conductingsurface.
Theconductingbody
in thescattering
region can be arranged as a n extension of a c?-lindrical
wire as in Fig. 6. In this \\a\-, (22) expresses the change
in impedance associated with a change i n the length of
such a n antenna.Theintegral
i n (27j hasthesame
form as that appearingin the inducedE l I F method, but
the integrand doesnotvanish
OII the surface of integration.

El

HI

Err
HZ

Fig.

;-.I

jwpH1,

(23)

jutE1,

(23.)

jwpHz?
jweE,.

(25)
(26)

metal horn with a dielectric lens, .illustrating the

surfaces employed in the derivatlon.

Fig. 6-Cylindrical wire antennas illustrating an

application of (22).

COSCLCSIO~V
The reaction theorem has been generalized to
allow
the fields of an antenna in one environment to be employed in calculations of mutual impedance in another
environment. For example, the
kno\m fields of an in-

(2,li

J s.

(E?

H1

El

Hi)

(28)

Eq. (28j is simply a definition of reaction; i t differs

slightly from the standard form
in that the two fields
which
are
involved
i
n
the
integral
are for different enI t is assumed that the currents J and K are held constant %-hen
the environment is changed from
E ) to
viro1:nlents. T h e dixlergence theorem
and (27) allow the
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IRE TRAXSACTIOSS O N A S T E L Y ~ Y A SA K D PROPAGATIOS

Xovember

surface of integration in (28) to be changed from SI t o and

S,+ST (seeFig. 7). Furthermore, the integral on the
HI
HIi HIS.
(38)
metal surface vanishes if it is assumed to be perfectly
To complete the definition of these fields, l\:Iaxwells
conducting, since E1 and Ez are normal to this surface.
equations for the incident and scattered
fields are given:
This leaves only the integration over the terminal surface ST.
Letting subscript
denote tangential-field components on the terminal plane, the voltage and current are
defined as follows when antenna 2 transmits 191:
V
H I S jwrEls
(41)
outside SI.
E2t
VzZe
(29)
V X ElS
jwPHlSJ
and
Eq. (11) canbederived
bq- startingwith (8) and
using (35) and (38) to split the integral into one involvThe vector-mode functions are related by
ing the incident field and another involving the scath=nXe,
(3
tered field. Theintegral of EZXHlS-ElSXH2 on
sphere vanishes as the radius goes to infinity in viewof
and they are normalized bs; letting
the radiation conditions. (Antenna
2 is assumed to be
of
finite
dimensions,
and
the
medium
outside
a finite
A T e . e d s I.
(32)
sphere is assumed t o be free space.) The integral on the
infinitespherecanbeexpressedviathedivergence
The voltage and current induced at antenna 2 when
theorem as a volume integralof V (E2 HIS ElS XHz).
antenna transmits are defined in a similar manner by
h1axLvells equations can be used to show that this inteElt
V2le
(33) grand vanishes a t each point outside S2. I t follows t h a t
the integral of E? HIs ElS H2 on S? is zero, and (1 1)
and
is established.
Hlt
Iplh.
(34)
Eqs. (29)-(34) canbe,used

(2,

ACKSOWLEDGMEXT

to reduce (28) to

Vs?Iz1

v211221.

(35)

T h e received current 1 2 1 is zero, since the terminals

are assumed to be open circuitedwhen receiving. Therefore, (35) becomes

(2,

V21I221

(36)

This leads directlyt o the reaction theorem, ( 6 ) .

APPENDIXI I
hIUTCAL IMPED.4NCE IN TERMS OF THE INCIDENT

Eli

ElS

FIELD

(37)

3 To be more specific, let (E*,H ? )be the field of antenna 2 in the

presence of antenna 1, the generator across the terminals of antenna
1 being replaced by its internal impedance.

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REFEREWES
[l] J. R.Carson,Reciprocaltheorems
in radiocommunication,
PROC.IRE, vol. 17, pp. 952-956; June, 1929.
H. Rumsev.Reactionconcem
in elecmomaenetictheorv.
Phys.Rex, vd.94,pp. 1483-1491; June 15, 1954;
[3] R. G. Kouyoumjian,TheCalculation
of the Echo Areas of
Perfectly Conducting Objects by the Variational Method, AntennaLab.,OhioState
Univ.
Res.
Foundation,Columbus,
Rept. No. 444-13, pp. 29, 80-84; 1953.
A. B. B r o n y l l a n d R. E. Beam,TheoryandApplication
of
Microu-a\Tes, XIcGraw-HillBook Co.,Inc., S e w York, N. Y.,
pp. 424431; 1917.
[5] S. A. Schelkunoff and H. Friis, Antennas: Theory and Practice,
John il-iley and Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y . , p. 516; 1952.
[6] H. T. Friis,
note on a simple transmissionformula, PROC
IRE,
34, pp. 254-256; May, 1946.
C. Levis. h o t e on Receiving. AntennaSensitivitv.4ntenna
Lab.,
Ohio
State
Unit-. Reg
Foundation,
Columbus,
Ohio,
Rept. S o . 486-29; 1954.
[8] P. S . Carter, Circuit relations in radiating systems and applications to antenna problems, PROC.
IRE, vol. 20, pp. 1004-1041;
June, 1932.
[9]
hIarcuvitz, Ed., naveguide Handbook, McGran-Hill Book
Co., Inc., S e w York, N.Y . , Sec. 1-2; 1951.
L

Let the field (E?,H?)be the field of antenna 2 when

transmitting with current I??in the environment
E),
which includes the structure df antenna l . 3The field of
antenna 1 in this same environment is resolved into incident and scattered components by means of the following equations:

El

Discussions with Dr. R. G. Kouyoumjian of T h e Ohio

State University have been most helpful and are gratefully acknowledged. Many of the ideas presented in this
paper were stimulated by Prof. V. H. Rumsey through
a course he preseated in the
1950s at T h e Ohio State
University.

<