viii

Preface xiv

Maxwells Equations, 1
Lorentz Force, 2
Constitutive Relations, 3
Boundary Conditions, 6
Currents, Fluxes, and Conservation Laws, 8
Charge Conservation, 9
Energy Flux and Energy Conservation, 10
Harmonic Time Dependence, 12
Simple Models of Dielectrics, Conductors, and Plasmas, 13
Problems, 21

Uniform Plane Waves in Lossless Media, 25

Monochromatic Waves, 31
Energy Density and Flux, 34
Wave Impedance, 35
Polarization, 35
Uniform Plane Waves in Lossy Media, 42
Propagation in Weakly Lossy Dielectrics, 48
Propagation in Good Conductors, 49
Propagation in Oblique Directions, 50
Complex or Inhomogeneous Waves, 53
Doppler Effect, 55
Problems, 59

Propagation in Birefringent Media 65

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7

Linear and Circular Birefringence, 65

Uniaxial and Biaxial Media, 66
Chiral Media, 68
Gyrotropic Media, 71
Linear and Circular Dichroism, 72
Oblique Propagation in Birefringent Media, 73
Problems, 80

vii

Multiple Dielectric Slabs, 117

Antireflection Coatings, 119
Dielectric Mirrors, 124
Propagation Bandgaps, 135
Narrow-Band Transmission Filters, 135
Equal Travel-Time Multilayer Structures, 140
Applications of Layered Structures, 154
Chebyshev Design of Reflectionless Multilayers, 157
Problems, 165

Oblique Incidence 168

6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
6.11
6.12

Propagation Matrices, 86
Matching Matrices, 90
Reflected and Transmitted Power, 93
Single Dielectric Slab, 96
Reflectionless Slab, 99
Time-Domain Reflection Response, 107
Two Dielectric Slabs, 109
Reflection by a Moving Boundary, 111
Problems, 114

Multilayer Structures 117

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

Uniform Plane Waves 25

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12

Maxwells Equations 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.10

Reflection and Transmission 86

4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

Contents

Electromagnetic Waves & Antennas S. J. Orfanidis June 21, 2004

Oblique Incidence and Snells Laws, 168

Transverse Impedance, 170
Propagation and Matching of Transverse Fields, 173
Fresnel Reflection Coefficients, 175
Total Internal Reflection, 177
Brewster Angle, 183
Complex Waves, 186
Oblique Reflection by a Moving Boundary, 196
Geometrical Optics, 199
Fermats Principle, 202
Ray Tracing, 204
Problems, 215

Multilayer Film Applications 217

7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
7.10

Multilayer Dielectric Structures at Oblique Incidence, 217

Lossy Multilayer Structures, 219
Single Dielectric Slab, 221
Antireflection Coatings at Oblique Incidence, 223
Omnidirectional Dielectric Mirrors, 227
Polarizing Beam Splitters, 237
Reflection and Refraction in Birefringent Media, 240
Brewster and Critical Angles in Birefringent Media, 244
Multilayer Birefringent Structures, 247
Giant Birefringent Optics, 249

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7.11 Problems, 254

Waveguides 255
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
8.10
8.11
8.12

Longitudinal-Transverse Decompositions, 256

Power Transfer and Attenuation, 261
TEM, TE, and TM modes, 263
Rectangular Waveguides, 266
Higher TE and TM modes, 268
Operating Bandwidth, 270
Power Transfer, Energy Density, and Group Velocity, 271
Power Attenuation, 273
Reflection Model of Waveguide Propagation, 276
Resonant Cavities, 278
Dielectric Slab Waveguides, 280
Problems, 288

Transmission Lines 290

9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
9.10
9.11
9.12
9.13
9.14
9.15
9.16

General Properties of TEM Transmission Lines, 290

Parallel Plate Lines, 296
Microstrip Lines, 297
Coaxial Lines, 301
Two-Wire Lines, 306
Distributed Circuit Model of a Transmission Line, 308
Wave Impedance and Reflection Response, 310
Two-Port Equivalent Circuit, 312
Terminated Transmission Lines, 313
Power Transfer from Generator to Load, 316
Open- and Short-Circuited Transmission Lines, 318
Standing Wave Ratio, 321
Determining an Unknown Load Impedance, 323
Smith Chart, 327
Time-Domain Response of Transmission Lines, 331
Problems, 338

10 Coupled Lines 347

10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7

Coupled Transmission Lines, 347

Crosstalk Between Lines, 353
Weakly Coupled Lines with Arbitrary Terminations, 356
Coupled-Mode Theory, 358
Fiber Bragg Gratings, 360
Diffuse Reflection and Transmission, 363
Problems, 365

11 Impedance Matching 366

11.1 Conjugate and Reflectionless Matching, 366
11.2 Multisection Transmission Lines, 368
11.3 Quarter-Wavelength Chebyshev Transformers, 369

ix

Electromagnetic Waves & Antennas S. J. Orfanidis June 21, 2004

11.4
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9
11.10
11.11
11.12
11.13
11.14

Two-Section Dual-Band Chebyshev Transformers, 375

Quarter-Wavelength Transformer With Series Section, 381
Quarter-Wavelength Transformer With Shunt Stub, 384
Two-Section Series Impedance Transformer, 386
Single Stub Matching, 391
Balanced Stubs, 395
Double and Triple Stub Matching, 397
L-Section Lumped Reactive Matching Networks, 399
Pi-Section Lumped Reactive Matching Networks, 402
Reversed Matching Networks, 409
Problems, 411

12 S-Parameters 413
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6
12.7
12.8
12.9
12.10
12.11
12.12
12.13

Scattering Parameters, 413

Power Flow, 417
Parameter Conversions, 418
Input and Output Reflection Coefficients, 419
Stability Circles, 421
Power Gains, 427
Generalized S-Parameters and Power Waves, 433
Simultaneous Conjugate Matching, 437
Power Gain Circles, 442
Unilateral Gain Circles, 443
Operating and Available Power Gain Circles, 445
Noise Figure Circles, 451
Problems, 456

13 Radiation Fields 458

13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6
13.7
13.8
13.9
13.10
13.11

Currents and Charges as Sources of Fields, 458

Retarded Potentials, 460
Harmonic Time Dependence, 463
Fields of a Linear Wire Antenna, 465
Fields of Electric and Magnetic Dipoles, 467
Ewald-Oseen Extinction Theorem, 472
Radiation Fields, 477
Radial Coordinates, 480
Radiation Field Approximation, 482
Computing the Radiation Fields, 483
Problems, 485

14 Transmitting and Receiving Antennas 488

14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
14.7

Energy Flux and Radiation Intensity, 488

Directivity, Gain, and Beamwidth, 489
Effective Area, 494
Antenna Equivalent Circuits, 498
Effective Length, 500
Communicating Antennas, 502
Antenna Noise Temperature, 504

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14.8
14.9
14.10
14.11
14.12

System Noise Temperature, 508

Data Rate Limits, 514
Satellite Links, 516
Radar Equation, 519
Problems, 521

xi

xii

Electromagnetic Waves & Antennas S. J. Orfanidis June 21, 2004

17.10
17.11
17.12
17.13

Radiation Patterns of Reflector Antennas, 618

Dual-Reflector Antennas, 627
Lens Antennas, 630
Problems, 631

18 Antenna Arrays 632

15 Linear and Loop Antennas 522
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5
15.6
15.7
15.8
15.9
15.10
15.11
15.12

Linear Antennas, 522

Hertzian Dipole, 524
Standing-Wave Antennas, 526
Half-Wave Dipole, 528
Monopole Antennas, 530
Traveling-Wave Antennas, 531
Vee and Rhombic Antennas, 534
Loop Antennas, 537
Circular Loops, 539
Square Loops, 540
Dipole and Quadrupole Radiation, 541
Problems, 543

16 Radiation from Apertures 544

16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5
16.6
16.7
16.8
16.9
16.10
16.11
16.12
16.13
16.14
16.15
16.16

Field Equivalence Principle, 544

Magnetic Currents and Duality, 546
Radiation Fields from Magnetic Currents, 548
Radiation Fields from Apertures, 549
Huygens Source, 552
Directivity and Effective Area of Apertures, 554
Uniform Apertures, 556
Rectangular Apertures, 556
Circular Apertures, 558
Vector Diffraction Theory, 561
Extinction Theorem, 565
Vector Diffraction for Apertures, 567
Fresnel Diffraction, 568
Knife-Edge Diffraction, 572
Geometrical Theory of Diffraction, 578
Problems, 584

17 Aperture Antennas 587

17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4
17.5
17.6
17.7
17.8
17.9

Open-Ended Waveguides, 587

Horn Antennas, 591
Horn Radiation Fields, 593
Horn Directivity, 598
Horn Design, 601
Microstrip Antennas, 604
Parabolic Reflector Antennas, 610
Gain and Beamwidth of Reflector Antennas, 612
Aperture-Field and Current-Distribution Methods, 615

18.1
18.2
18.3
18.4
18.5
18.6
18.7
18.8
18.9
18.10
18.11

Antenna Arrays, 632

Translational Phase Shift, 632
Array Pattern Multiplication, 634
One-Dimensional Arrays, 644
Visible Region, 646
Grating Lobes, 647
Uniform Arrays, 650
Array Directivity, 654
Array Steering, 655
Array Beamwidth, 657
Problems, 659

19 Array Design Methods 661

19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4
19.5
19.6
19.7
19.8
19.9
19.10
19.11

Array Design Methods, 661

Schelkunoffs Zero Placement Method, 664
Fourier Series Method with Windowing, 666
Sector Beam Array Design, 667
Woodward-Lawson Frequency-Sampling Design, 672
Narrow-Beam Low-Sidelobe Designs, 676
Binomial Arrays, 680
Dolph-Chebyshev Arrays, 682
Taylor-Kaiser Arrays, 694
Multibeam Arrays, 697
Problems, 700

20 Currents on Linear Antennas 701

20.1
20.2
20.3
20.4
20.5
20.6
20.7
20.8
20.9
20.10
20.11

Hall
en and Pocklington Integral Equations, 701
Delta-Gap and Plane-Wave Sources, 704
Solving Hall
ens Equation, 705
Sinusoidal Current Approximation, 707
Reflecting and Center-Loaded Receiving Antennas, 708
Kings Three-Term Approximation, 711
Numerical Solution of Hall
ens Equation, 715
Numerical Solution Using Pulse Functions, 718
Numerical Solution for Arbitrary Incident Field, 722
Numerical Solution of Pocklingtons Equation, 724
Problems, 730

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21 Coupled Antennas 731

21.1
21.2
21.3
21.4
21.5
21.6
21.7

Near Fields of Linear Antennas, 731

Self and Mutual Impedance, 734
Coupled Two-Element Arrays, 738
Arrays of Parallel Dipoles, 741
Yagi-Uda Antennas, 750
Hall
en Equations for Coupled Antennas, 755
Problems, 762

22 Appendices 764
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H

Physical Constants, 764

Electromagnetic Frequency Bands, 765
Vector Identities and Integral Theorems, 767
Greens Functions, 770
Coordinate Systems, 773
Fresnel Integrals, 775
Lorentz Transformations, 778
MATLAB Functions, 785

References 790
Index 820

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