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Punmia
RETAINING WALL
A retaining wall or retaining structure is used for maintaining the ground surfgaces at
defrent elevations on either side of it. Whenever embankments are involed in construction ,retaining
wall are usually necessary. In the construction of buildins having basements, retaining walls are
mandatory. Similsrly in bridge work, the wing walls and abutments etc. are designed as retaining
walls , to resist earth pressure along with superimposed loads. The material retained or supported by
a retaining wall is called backfill lying above the horizontal plane at the elevation of the top of a wall is
called the surcharge, and its inclination to horizontal is called the surcharge angle
In the design of retaining walls or other retaining structures, it is necessary to compute the
lateral earth pressure exerted bythe retaining mass of soil. The equation of finding out the lateral
earth pressure against retaining wall is one of the oldest in Civil Engineering field. The plastic state of
strees, when the failure is imminent, was invetigated by Rankine in1860. A Lot of theoretical
experiment work has been done in this field and many theory and hypothesis heve benn proposed.
Gravity walls
Cantilever retaining walls
Counterfort retainig walls.
Buttresssed walls.
a. T- shaped
b. L- shaped
A gravity retaining wall shown in fig 1 is the one in which the earth pressure exrted by the
back fill is resisted by dead weight of wall, which is either made of masonry or of mass concrete .
The stress devlop in the wall is very low ,These walls are no proportioned that no tension is devloped
any where, and the resultant of forces remain withen the middle third of the base.
The cantilever retaining wall resist the horizontal earth pressure as well as other vertical pressure by way of beending of va
ressure by way of beending of varios components acting as cantilever s.A coomon form of cantilever retaining waal
etaining waal
3.00
18
30
180
0.5
20
25000
230
7
25
1.00
m
KN/m3
Degree
KN/m3
N/m
N/mm2
N/mm2
mm
m
3
200
0 mm@
0 mm c/c
8 mm@
300 mm c/c
0 mm@
mm c/c
0 mm@
0 mm c/c
0 mm@
0 mm c/c
0 mm@
0 mm c/c
0 mm@
0 mm c/c
0 mm@
mm c/c
`
DESIGN SUMMARY
Stem thickness
290 mm
-400 mm
Key
290
At top
Heel width
x
10
10
10
mm@
mm@
mm@
80
160
320
mm c/c
mm c/c
mm c/c
Distribution
Tamprecture
8
8
mm @
mm @
180
300
mm c/c
mm c/c
Main
Distribution
16
8
mm@
mm @
80
100
mm c/c
mm c/c
Footing width
At footing
Toe width
2400 mm
200 mm
2500 mm
290 mm
Reinforcement Summary
STEM:- Main
(from top of
Retaining
100% Reinforcement
upto
wall)
m 2.29
m 1.74
m Top
TOE:-
pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in
pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in
10 mm
320 @ c/c
mm
@ c/c
4000
mm
3000
1.74
8
300 @ c/c
###
###
8 mm
10 mm
160 @ c/c
2.29
180 @ c/c
720
###
###
290
###
Heel
720
200
2500
8
300
###
###
16
80
mm
@ c/c
@ c/c
300
2400
300
2500
2.29
### mm
### @ c/c
mm
10
320 @ c/c
1.74
#REF!
10 mm
160 @ c/c
10
80
Out side
pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in
mm
@ c/c
Heel
-400
-400
mm 180 @ c/c
mm
###
Toe
### mm
### @ c/c
10
80
Earth side
mm
@ c/c
pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in
q0
fe
st =
cbc =
k=
m*c
m*c+st
j=1-k/3
1
R=1/2xc x j x k
0.5
=
=
=
=
=
=
Cocrete M =
230 N/mm2
7
=
=
=
m
kN/m3
Degree
0.289
20
230
x 0.904
18000 N/m2
M 20
415
25 mm
1.00 m
m
13.33
13.33 x
kN/m2
wt. of concrete =
N/mm2
=
3.00
18
30
180
0.5
### N/m3
25
kN/m3
13.33
= 0.289
= 0.904
x 0.289 = 0.913
0.95
4.00
1-sin
1+sin
0.333
-0.14 )x(
1
sin 30
1
- 0.5
1
+ 0.5
+ -0.42 )
= 0.5
= 0.33
2.70
b =
Taking value of H =
0.6
0.60
4.00 =
2.40
Hence Provided b =
m
2.40
The wall will be unsafe against sliding. This will be made safe by providing a shear Key at base .
Width of toe slab =
xb
=
=
=
4 Thickness of stem:Heigth AB
-0.14 x
H/12
=
2.40 4.00
2.40
4.00
0.30
0.30
H13
Kxy x
0.33 x
18 x( 3.70
=
6
6
6
50.65 x
10
)3
50.65
50
45
150
= 290
mm
mm
mm
+
=
=
213.00
Ka x y x H2
139.86
w =
181.00
18
2
x( 4.00 )2
48
0.33
w
PH
=
0.5 x
48
213
64
181.00
4.0
3.0
Moment (KN-m)
0.100
0.245
1.200
1.35
total MR
1.85
1.02
21.60
188.81
213.00
=
64
48
kN
kN-m
3.33
>
1.5
Hence safe
1.89
>
1.5
Pressure distribution
64 =
net moment M = 213.00 Distance x of the point of application of resultant, from toe is
149
M
=
= 0.82 m
x =
181
w
b
2.40
Eccenticity e =
x
=
- 0.82 = 0.38 m
2
2
Pressure p1 at
6e
181
6x 0.38
W
=
1+
=
x 1+
=
b
b
2.40
2.40
toe
Pressure p1 at
6e
181
6x 0.38
W
=
1=
x
1=
b
b
2.40
2.40
Heel
Pressure p at the junction of stem with toe slab is
146.00 - 4.00
p = 146.00 x -0.40 = 169.67
2.40
Pressure p at the junction of stem with Heel slab is
146.00 - 4.00
p = 146.00 x 2.50 =
-1.92
2.40
6
lever arm
kN-m
x
Earth pressure p =
Over turning
25
25
25
18
force(kN)
= 18.50
=
4.16
= 18.00
kN-m
149
b
6
2.40
6
<
0.40
= 0.40
Hence safe
146.0 <
kN -m2
4
<
kN -m2
180
kN-m2 <
180
Hence safe
kN-m2 <
180
Hence safe
180
Hence safe
Hence safe
Design of Bottom slab:The upward pressure distribution on the slab is shown in fig 1b .The weight of soil above the
toe slab is neglicted . Thus two forces are acting on it
(1) Up ward soil pressure
(2) Down ward weight of slab
Down ward weight of slab per unit area = 0.30 x
1
x 1.00 x 25 = 7.50 kN-m2
Hence net pressure intensities will be = 146.00 - 7.50 =
138.5 kN-m2 under D
And at under E
= 4.00 - 7.50 =
-3.50 kN-m2
Total S.F. =
0.50 x( 138.50 + -3.50 ) x 2.40 = 162.00 kN
-3.50
+
2.00 x 138.50
2.40
x from E =
x
= 1.62 m
-3.50
+
138.50
3
B.M. at E =
162.00 x 1.62
= 262.56 kN-m
262.56 x
10 6
=
=
Ast =
st x j x D
550
200
550 +
50
=
say =
600
0.6
mm2
3.14xdia2
3.14 x 16 x 16
=
= 201
4
4
=
1000 / 2297 =
Spacing A x1000 / Ast
201 x
80
mm
80
Hence Provided
mm c/c
16 mm bar, @
45 x
16 = 720 mm
Let us check this reinforcement for development length Ld=45 =
Providing
25 mm clear side cover actual length available =
-400 25 =
-425
-425 <
Hence
not
safe
720
0.12
600 + 200
Distribution steel
=
x 1000 x
=
480
100
2
3.14 x (
8
)'2
D2
Using 8 mm bars, Area
=
=
=
50
mm2
4
4
1000 x
50
mm c/c
= 105 mm say = 100
Spacing =
480
using
16
mm bars
8 Reinforcement in the stem:We had earliar assume the thickeness of heel slab as
While it has now been fixed as
0.6
H13
6
Rxb
m only.
0.33
18
210
140
4.00 -
0.30 m
0.6
= 3.40
x( 3.40 )
=
39.30 kN-m
6
39.30
x
10 6
Effective depth required =
=
= 207 mm
0.913
x
1000
Keep effective depth d =
= 210 + 50
= 260
210 mm and total thickness
Reduce the total thickness to
0.20 m at edge
=
200 mm or
BM x100
39.30
x
10 6
=
Ast =
=
mm2
901
st x j x D
230 x 0.904 x 210
3.14 x ( 10 )'2
D2
Using 10 mm bars, Area
=
=
=
79
mm2
4
4
1000 x
79
= 87 mm say =
80
mm c/c
Spacing =
901
79
Actual AS provided = 1000 x
=
982
mm2
80
Continue alternate bars in the toe slabto serve as tensile reinforcement ther.Discontinue the remaining
half bars after a distance of 45= 45
x
10
= 450 mm beyond B, In th etoe slab.
Between A and B some of bars can be curtailed. Cosider a section at depth below the top of stem
M =
Kay
Ast' =
d' =
245
H
210
- 140
3.40
mm and d' =(
h
H1
3.40
140 +
140 +
2
140 x
(where h In meter)
=( 140
+ 20.59 x h )
H =( Ast d )1/3
or
Hence
Subsituting d
H3
d'
Ast
Now As
where
140
Ast
d
h
H1
= reinforcement at depth H1
= effective depthat depth H1
1
d' 1/3
=
x
2
d
20.6 x h ) we get
20.6 x
h 1/3
x
245
20.6 x
1/3
3.40
1
4
2
x
245
h =
0.431 x ( 140 + 20.6 x h )1/3
2.50
-0.01
m
0.431 x ( 140 + 20.6 x h) 1/3- h =
h =
This can be solved by trial and error,
Solving (3) by trial, we get h = 2.50 m.Thus half bars can be curtailed can be curtailed at this point
.Howerver, the bars should be extented by a distance of 12 =
12 x 10 =
120 mm
Or d =
210 mm whichever is more beyond the point.
h =
2.5
- 0.21 = 2.29 m. Hence curtailed half bars at at height of
2.29 m below the top . If we wish to curtailed half of the remaining bars so that remaining
Ast'
1
remaining reinforcement is one forth of that provided ar B, we have
=
Hence from .(2)
Ast
4
h
H1
d'
d
1/3
h =
H1
140
4
+ 20.6
x
245
20.6 x
h 1/3
h =
3.40
x
245
h =
0.342 x (
20.6 x h )1/3
1.95 m
0.342 x ( 140 + 20.6 x h) 1/3- h =
-0.01
h =
This can be solved by trial and error,
Solving (4) by trial, we get h = 1.95 m.Thus half bars can be curtailed can be curtailed at this point
.Howerver, the bars should be extented by a distance of 12 =
12 x 10 =
120 mm
Or d =
210 mm whichever is more beyond the point.
h =
1.95 0.21 = 1.74 m. Hence stop half bars the remaining bars
1.74
m below the tonanagh
by
x
140 x
4
140 +
kayH2
p=
= 0.33 x
2
34.68 x 1000
tv
=
=
1000 x 250
Distribution and temprechure reinforcement:Average thickness of stem
=
Using
Distribution reinforcement
mm bars, Area
x
50
276
for tempreture reinforcement provide
spacing
1000
D2
=
4
18
2
0.14
<
0.18
260
+
2
200
x 3.40 =
182
mm say =
mm bars =
kN
0.12
x 1000 x
100
)'2
3.14 x (
8
4
34.68
230
230
=
mm
=
276
50.24
mm2
mm2
9 Design of shear key:The wall is in unsafe in sliding, and hence shear key will be provided below the stem as shown in fig.
Let the depth of key =a intensity of passive pressure P p devloped in front of key depend upon
the soil pressure P in front of the key
Pp = KpP =
3.00 x 169.67 = 509.00 kN/m3
Kp=1/ka = 3.00
total passive pressure Pp = Pp x a =
509.00 a
18
Sliding force at level D1C1
=
0.33 x
x(
4
+
a
)2
2.00
or PH
=
3.00 x(
4
+
a
)2
.(2)
Weight of the soil between bottom of the base and D 1C1 = 2.40 ax 18 = 43.20 a
181.00 + 43.20 a
Refer force calculation table
W =
Hence equilibrium of wall, permitting F.S. = 1.5
against sliding we have
w+Pp
0.5 x ( 181.00 + 43.20 a)+ 509.00 a
1.5
=
=
PH
3
x(
4
)
+ a2
0.5
x
(
+
43.20
a)+
181.00
509.00 a
1.5 x(
4
+
a)2
=
1.5 x(
a)2
a)2
=
=
=
181.00 + 43.20 a
181.00 + 43.20 x
x
1.5
21.6 a+ 509.00 a
4.5
2
20.11
(
4
+ a)
=
+ 118 a
16 +
8 a + a2
= 117.91 a8
a + 20.11 - 16
a2
= 109.9 a 4.11
+
or a =
a2 - 109.9 a
-4.11
or a = -0.037 m say
=
-40 mm
However, provided minimum value of a = 300 mm. Keep width of key 290 mm (equal to stem width)
it should be noted that passive pressure taken into account above will be devloped only when length
a1 given below is avilable in front of key ;
a1 = 0.5196 m
Actual length of the slab available = DE = -0.40
Hence satisfactory.
Now size of key =
300 x 290 mm
PH =
3.00 x(
4.00 +
a
)2
=
3.00 x(
4.00 + 0.30 )2
PH =
55.47 kN
=
509.00 a
=
509.00
x
0.30
=
Hence
152.70 kN
=
193.96
90.50
Bending stress
=
=
pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in
-13.78
300
-13.78
1/6
-0.14
x
x
x
x
0.30
kN
shear stress
= 1.5PH - W
= 1.5 x 55.47 = -13.78
kN
1000
= -0.046 N/mm2
1000
150 x 1000
1000 x(
300 )2
N/mm2
Hence safe
0.5
193.96
ck fill
Eq (1)
0.33
m
y at base .
for design
purpose
Kn-m
mm
..(1)
..(2)
Hence safe
Shear key Not
required
Hence safe
Hence safe
Hence safe
Hence safe
Hence safe
mm
m
mm2
mm
mm2
mm
the remaining
op of stem
,,,'(1)
..(3)
-0.01
at this point
at at height of
nce from
.(2)
1/3
..(4)
-0.01
at this point
remaining bars
m as shown in fig.
ey depend upon
.(2)
culation table
assive resistance
m
ce satisfactory.
0.20
0 mm @
mm c/c
c/c
0 mm@
mm C/C
0 mm@
mm C/C
0 mm@
mm C/C
0 mm @
mm c/c
0 mm @
mm c/c
3.70
0 mm @
mm c/c
0 mm @
mm c/c
0 mm @
mm c/c
0 mm@
0.29
0.29
2.40
0 mm @
mm c/c
mm C/C
0.20
0.20
A
0.20
A
H= ###
H= 4.00
H1=3.70 m
3.00 m
H1=
3.00 m
W1
W2
2.40
0.00
2.50
heel
C
W1
W2
E
2.50
B
a1
m
Kay(H+a)
###
###
2.40
D1
P=
###
b=
###
C
0.30
Toe
2.40
W2
0.30
P=
Toe
2.40
###
2.50
0.30
b=
3.70 m
W1
###
toe
### D
3.00 m
###
b
-0.40
3.70 m
Pp =
Kpp
C1
###
###
0.20
A
Outer side face
8 mm
@ 300 c/c
4.00 m
###
H=
3000
#REF!
8 mm
@ 180 c/c
@ 300 c/c
mm
@ 300 c/c
10 mm@ 80
C/C
N.S.L.
mm
@ ### c/c
###
###
290
###
Toe
Heel
###
200
200
Foundation level
16 mm
@ 80 c/c
mm
290
### mm
@ ### c/c
290
mm
c/c
mm
c/c
M-10
M-15
M-20
M-25
M-30
M-35
M-40
1.2
2.0
2.8
3.2
3.6
4.0
4.4
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
5.0
7.0
8.5
10.0
11.5
13.0
14.5
16.0
500
700
850
1000
1150
1300
1450
1600
4.0
5.0
6.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
400
500
600
800
900
1000
1100
1200
0.6
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
60
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
Modular ratio m
M-10
M-15
M-20
M-25
M-30
M-35
M-40
31
(31.11)
19
(18.67)
13
(13.33)
11
(10.98)
9
(9.33)
8
(8.11)
7
(7.18)
cbc N/mm
m cbc
kc
(a) st =
jc
140
N/mm2 Rc
(Fe 250) P (%)
c
kc
(b) st = j
c
190
Rc
N/mm2
Pc (%)
kc
(c ) st =
jc
230
Rc
N/mm2
(Fe 415) P (%)
c
kc
(d) st =
jc
275
Rc
N/mm2
(Fe 500)
M-15
18.67
5
93.33
0.4
0.867
0.867
0.714
0.329
0.89
0.732
0.433
0.289
0.904
0.653
0.314
0.253
0.916
0.579
M-20
13.33
7
93.33
0.4
0.867
1.214
1
0.329
0.89
1.025
0.606
0.289
0.904
0.914
0.44
0.253
0.916
0.811
M-25
10.98
8.5
93.33
0.4
0.867
1.474
1.214
0.329
0.89
1.244
0.736
0.289
0.904
1.11
0.534
0.253
0.916
0.985
M-30
9.33
10
93.33
0.4
0.867
1.734
1.429
0.329
0.89
1.464
0.866
0.289
0.904
1.306
0.628
0.253
0.914
1.159
M-35
8.11
11.5
93.33
0.4
0.867
1.994
1.643
0.329
0.89
1.684
0.997
0.289
0.904
1.502
0.722
0.253
0.916
1.332
M-40
7.18
13
93.33
0.4
0.867
2.254
1.857
0.329
0.89
1.903
1.127
0.289
0.904
1.698
0.816
0.253
0.916
1.506
Grade of concret
(d) st =
275
N/mm2
(Fe 500)
Pc (%)
0.23
0.322
0.391
0.46
0.53
0.599
bd
< 0.15
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
2.75
3.00 and above
M-20
0.18
0.22
0.30
0.35
0.39
0.42
0.45
0.47
0.49
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
M-25
0.19
0.23
0.31
0.36
0.40
0.44
0.46
0.49
0.51
0.53
0.55
0.56
0.57
M-30
0.20
0.23
0.31
0.37
0.41
0.45
0.48
0.50
0.53
0.55
0.57
0.58
0.6
M-35
0.20
0.23
0.31
0.37
0.42
0.45
0.49
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58
0.60
0.62
M-40
0.20
0.23
0.32
0.38
0.42
0.46
0.49
0.52
0.55
0.57
0.60
0.62
0.63
200
1.20
300 or more
1.00
275
1.05
250
1.10
225
1.15
Grade of concrete
c.max
M-20
1.8
M-25
1.9
M-30
2.2
M-35
2.3
M-40
2.5
M-15
0.6
M-20
0.8
M-25
0.9
M-30
1
M-35
1.1
M-40
1.2
M-45
1.3
58
44
39
35
32
29
27
25
H.Y.S.D. Bars
bd (N / mm2)
kd = Ld
0.96
1.28
1.44
1.6
1.76
1.92
2.08
2.24
60
45
40
36
33
30
28
26
M-50
1.4
Value of angle
Degree
sin
cos
tan
10
0.174
0.985
0.176
15
0.259
0.966
0.268
16
0.276
0.961
0.287
17
0.292
0.956
0.306
18
0.309
0.951
0.325
19
0.326
0.946
0.344
20
0.342
0.940
0.364
21
0.358
0.934
0.384
22
0.375
0.927
0.404
23
0.391
0.921
0.424
24
0.407
0.924
0.445
25
0.422
0.906
0.466
30
0.500
0.866
0.577
35
0.573
0.819
0.700
40
0.643
0.766
0.839
45
0.707
0.707
1.000
50
0.766
0.643
1.192
55
0.819
0.574
1.428
60
0.866
0.500
1.732
65
0.906
0.423
2.145