Surveying on NAD83 State

Plane Coordinate System

By
Dr. Joshua Greenfeld
Surveying Program Coordinator
NJ Institute of Technology

Objective
Modern surveying operations which involves
working with GIS/LIS and GPS requires the
utilization of a nationwide or at least a
statewide reference coordinate system. The
most common reference system in the US is
The NAD83 State Plane Coordinate System
(SPCS).

Objective
The purpose of the seminar is to provide the
Professional Land Surveyor with the
necessary information for working with the
NAD83 SPCS. It will include a discussion
on projecting the earth onto a plane,
definitions of NAD83 and computational
aspects of SPCS. Practical examples such as
traverse computations will be practiced by
the seminar participants.

OUTLINE
Background on State Plane Coordinate
Systems
- The need
- The law

Definition of Terms
- Geodetic Reference System
- Geodetic Coordinate Systems
- Datum

OUTLINE
Introduction to map projections
From the curved earth to a flat map
Classes of map projections
Map projections for surveying

NAD83
Why replace NAD27?
Characteristics of the new datum
NAD83/9x

OUTLINE
State plane coordinate system
General
New Jerseys system
Pennsylvanias system

Coordinate computations and

conversions
Geodetic to Plane
Plane to Geodetic

Meridian convergence and Scale Factor

OUTLINE
Traverse computation on SPCS
(t-T) correction
Scale factor correction
Final coordinate values for traverse points

GPS applications

The National Spatial Reference

System
NSRS serves as the basis for:

mapping
GIS
navigation
military activities

The nature of NSRS changed

over the years
Name
Objective
1. New England Datum
Local
2. NAD 27
Adjustment of North America
3. NAD 83
Development of EDM
4. NAD 2000 (ITRF)
GPS

Some of the benefits for

surveyors to work with SPCS
All surveys correlate to a single reference
framework. This means that all surveys, old and
new, can be combined seamlessly to a consistent
and contiguous mapping project. Points from old
and new surveys can be used without the need to
recompute the old measurements. Surveyors
having numerous projects in a certain area could,
theoretically, cut and paste different projects to
produce a map without compromising the
accuracy of the new product.

Some of the benefits for

surveyors to work with SPCS
Large projects can be surveyed in parallel as
independent sections. Although during the time of
the execution of the project the different sections
are not yet connected physically, they are
connected computationally because they all share
a common reference framework. As the work
progresses, all sections will be connected and the
accuracy of the entire project will be maintained
throughout.

Some of the benefits for

surveyors to work with SPCS
Data sharing among surveyors is simplified if
everyone is working on the same reference
system. This means that surveys can be repackaged and sold for additional profit. Data is a
precious commodity in the GIS world. Surveyors
have an abundance of spatial information; if it is
in a useable form (such as SPCS) it has a market
value.

Some of the benefits for

surveyors to work with SPCS
No point can be considered lost because it can be
recovered by its coordinates. If you have the State
Plane Coordinates of a point, you can use, for
example, GPS to recover it. There is no need to
recover points using ties that may have been also
been destroyed. (Unless there is a legal issue
involved.)

Some of the benefits for

surveyors to work with SPCS
Using SPCS, the earth can be viewed mathematically
as a plane. This means that plane geometry and
trigonometry mathematics can be used in our
computations. One needs only to apply a small,
well defined, correction to compensate for the
plane approximation. This manual explains what
corrections have to be made and provides an
example of how to apply them.

Some of the benefits for

surveyors to work with SPCS
Working with SPCS provides an extra external
computation check for our surveys. Loop closures such
as a closed traverse check only the inner consistency of
the survey. If, for example, there is a systematic scale
error in the traverse, it will not be detected by summing
up the latitudes and the departures. Only if we tie the
traverse to two or more points with given State Plane
Coordinate values can this error be realized and
corrected. A similar argument holds for the orientation
of the traverse. To maintain proper orientation of a
traverse we need to tie it to at least two control points
with State Plane Coordinates.

NJ SPCS Law
Assembly, No. 21-L.1989, c. 218
This bill changes the system of plane coordinates which
comprises the official survey base for the State. The plane
coordinates system currently in use is a transverse Mercator
projection of Clarke's spheroid of 1866, with a central
meridian located 74 40' west from Greenwich. Under the
bill, the system will be a transverse Mercator projection of
the Geodetic Reference System of 1980, with a central
meridian located 74 30' west from Greenwich. The bill also
provides for the use of' the North American Datum of 1983
or the most recently published adjustment by the National
Geodetic Survey.

NJ SPCS Law (cont)

All coordinates of the system shall be expressed in meters rather
than in feet. The bill revises the scale of the coordinate system
from 1:40,000 (expressed in feet) to 1:10,000 (expressed in
meters). It also provides that standard conversions from meters
to feet shall be the adopted standards of the National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration.
COMMITTEE AMENDMENTS
The committee amended the bill to correct the reference to the
Geodetic Reference System of 1980 and to provide that the
New Jersey coordinate system defined by the North American
Datum of 1927 may be used concurrently with or in lieu of the
system defined by the North American Datum of 1983 for a
period of 36 months after the effective date of this act.

Some of the benefits for

surveyors to work with SPCS
In many states such as New Jersey there is a SPCS law.

GEODESY
Geodesy is one of the oldest sciences

Definition:
The science of determining the size and
shape of the earth including its gravity field,
in four-dimensional space-time

Different Surfaces In Geodesy

The topography - the physical surface of the earth
The geoid - the level (equipotential) surface at
mean sea level. In simple terms a level surface is
a surface on which water will stand still. The
geoid is a level surface at elevation zero.
The ellipsoid - the mathematical surface which
approximates the shape and size of the earth, and
is used as a reference frame for position
computations.

10

Surfaces in Geodesy

Minor Axis

The Figure of the Earth

Major Axis

a b
f =
a

11

Common Ellipsoids
Name

Use

a - (meters)

1/f

Clarke 1866 NAD27

6378206.4 294.97869820

GRS 1967

(Old GRS)

6378160.0 298.247167427

GRS 1980

NAD83

6378137.0 298.257222101

WGS-72

Previous GPS 6378135.0 298.26

WGS-84

Current GPS

6378137.0 298.257223563

Geodetic Coordinate System

12

Geodetic Coordinate System

Pole

b
Eq
uat
or

o
al t
rm
o
N

h
nwic
Gree

id
pso
elli

Map projection
A Map projection is a systematic
representation of a round body such as the
earth on a flat (plane) surface. Each map
projection has specific properties that make
it useful for specific purpose.

13

The Problem of map projection

The earth is an irregular surface that has to
be represented in terms of a simple but
consistent graph.
Computation of Distances and Directions
(Az) are very complicated on spheroid but
very easy using X,Y coordinates.

Solution
1. Approximate the earth by a sphere (or an
ellipsoid)
2. Reduce the size of the sphere (globe)
3. Project the globe into another surface
(developable surface) that can be flattened
out
4. develop a method for calculating the
resultant distortions.

14

Distance distortion

Shape distortion

15

Distortions

Mercator

Cylindrical Equal Area

An ideal map projection must

satisfy the following:
1. All distances and areas on the map should
have correct relative magnitude.
2. All Azimuths and angles should be correctly
shown on the map
3. All Great circles on the earth should appear
as straight lines.
4. Geographic latitudes and longitudes of all
points should be shown correctly on the map

16

An ideal map projection?

It is impossible to satisfy all of these
conditions.
So, we devise different map projections for
specific purposes. The best map projection
is the one that best serves a particular
application.

The most common classification of

map projections:
Azimuthal projection: Shows correct directions
and AZ from one central point
Equidistance projection: shows correct distances
from one central point.
Conformal projection: Shows correct angles from
all points, if a small portion of the earth is
projected.
Equal area projection: Shows correct areas.
Shape is usually very distorted.

17

Choice of Datum

Ellipsoid
Sphere
tion
duc
e
R
le
Sca
Cylindrical

Globe

Projection
Con
ic
P
Az roject
i
i
o
n
Pr mut
oje ha
ctio l
n

Sys
tem
atic

(math

Map
Projection

emati

duate
cal) construction of gra

No actual projection

18

Classification of map projections

Extrinsic Problem (Projection Surface)
Class
Nature

Varieties
Plane

Conical

Cylindrical

Coincidence Tangent

Secant

Poly
superficial

Position

Transverse

Oblique

Normal

Classification of map projections

Intrinsic Problem (Projection Characteristic)
Class

Varieties

Properties

Equidistance Equivalent

Conformal

Generation

Geometric

conventional

Mapping
extent
Use

World

SemiGeometric
Continent

Topographic Thematic

Region
Navigation

19

Glossary
Map projection - An orderly system of lines on a plane
representing a corresponding system of imaginary
lines on an adopted datum surface, and its
mathematical concept.
Developable surface- A developable surface is a
simple geometric form capable of being flattened
without stretching
Datum - Any numerical or geometrical quantity or set
of such quantities which may serve as reference or
base for other quantities.

Glossary
Latitude - The angle which the normal to ellipsoid
at a point makes with the plane of the equator.
Longitude - The angle between the plane of the
meridian and the plane of an initial meridian,
arbitrarily chosen (Greenwich)
Great Circle - A great circle is formed on the
surface of a sphere by a plane that passes through
the center of the sphere. The arc of a great circle is
the shortest distance between points on the surface
of the earth.

20

Glossary
Meridian - An arc formed by the intersection of the
plane containing a point on the earth and its two poles.
Central meridian - A meridian that is located in the
center of the projected area (used only in some map
projection)
Parallel - An arc formed by connecting all the points
that have the same latitude
Standard Parallel - A specific parallel at which the
developable surface intersect the surface of the earth

Glossary
Rhumb Line (Loxodromes)
- A rhumb line is a line on
the surface on the earth
cutting all meridians at the
same angle. (not necessarily
the shortest distance!)
Linear Scale - Linear scale is the relationship between
a distance on a map and the corresponding distance on
the earth.

21

Glossary
Mapping Equations - Mapping equations are the
mathematical relationship between the coordinates of
the earth and the coordinates of the map
x = f1(,)
y = f2(,)
The simplest mapping equations are:
x=
y=

Glossary
For T.M.
x = ko N [A+ (1-T+C)A3 /6 + (5-18T+T2 +72C-58e2 )A5 /120]

Where:
e2 = (a2 - b2 ) / b2
N = a /(1-e2 sin2 )1/2
T = tan2
C = e2 cos2
A = cos (-o )
y = ...

22

Some Map Projections

23

Orthographic
Polar
Mapmaker selects
North or South Pole

Plane of
projection

Oblique
Mapmaker selects
any point of tangency
except along
Equator or at Poles

Equator

Equatorial
Mapmaker selects
central meridian

24

Orthographic
Used for perspective views of the Earth, Moon,
and other planets. The Earth appears as it would
on a photograph from deep space. Used by USGS
in the National Atlas of the United States of
America.
The Orthographic projection was known to
Egyptians and Greeks 2,000 years ago.

Orthographic
Directions are true only from center point of
projection.
Scale decreases along all lines radiating from
center point of projection. Any straight line
through center point is a great circle.
Areas and shapes are distorted by perspective;
distortion increases away from center point.
Map is perspective but not conformal or equal
area. In the polar aspect, distances are true along
the Equator and all other parallels.
Azimuthal-Geometrically projected onto a plane.
Point of projection is at infinity.

25

Stereographic

Polar
Mapmaker selects
North or South Pole

Oblique
Mapmaker selects
any point of tangency
except along
Equator or at Poles
Plane of
projection
Equator

Point of projection

Equatorial
Mapmaker selects
central meridian

Stereographic
Used by the USGS for maps of Antarctica and
American Geographical Society for Arctic and
Antarctic maps. May be used to map large
continent-sized areas of similar extent in all
directions Used in geophysics to solve spherical
geometry problems. Polar aspects used for
topographic maps and charts for navigating in
latitudes above 80.
Dates from 2nd century B.C. Ascribed to
Hipparchus.

26

Stereographic
Directions true only from center point of
projection
Scale increases away from center point. Any
straight line through center point is a great circle.
Distortion of areas and large shapes increases
away from center point.
Map is conformal and perspective but not equal
area or equidistant.
Azimuthal-Geometrically projected on a plane.
Point of projection is at surface of globe opposite
the point of tangency.

Gnomonic

Polar
Mapmaker selects
North or South Pole

Oblique
Mapmaker selects
any point of tangency
except along
Equator or at Poles

Plane of
projection
Equator

Equatorial
Mapmaker selects
central meridian

27

Gnomonic
Used along with the Mercator by some navigators
to find the shortest path between two points. Used
in seismic work because seismic waves tend to
travel along great circles.
Considered to be the oldest projection. Ascribed to
Thales, the father of abstract geometry, who lived
in the 6th century B.C.

Gnomonic
Any straight line drawn on the map is on a great
circle, but directions are true only from center point
of projection.
Scale increases very rapidly away from center point.
Distortion of shapes and areas increases away from
center point.
Map is perspective (from the center of the Earth onto
a tan- gent plane) but not conformal, equal area, or
equidistant.
Azimuthal-Geometrically projected on a plane. Point
of projection is the center of a globe.

28

Mercator
Central Meridian
(selected by mapmaker)

Rhumbs lines
(direction true
between any
two points
Equator touches
cylinder if cylinder
is tangent
Great distortions
In high latitudes
Reasonably true shapes and
distances within 15o of equator

Mercator
Used for navigation or maps of equatorial regions.
Any straight line on map is a rhumb line (line of
constant direction).
Presented by Mercator in 1569.
Directions along a rhumb line are true between
any two points on map, but a rhumb line usually is
not the shortest distance between points.
(Sometimes used with Gnomonic map on which
any straight line is on a great circle and shows
shortest path between two points.)

29

Mercator
Distances are true only along Equator, but are
reasonably correct within 15 of Equator; special
scales can be used to measure distances along
other parallels. Two particular parallels can be
made correct in scale instead of the Equator.
Areas and shapes of large areas are distorted.
Distortion increases away from Equator and is
extreme in polar regions. Map, however, is
conformal in that angles and shapes within any
small area (such as that shown by a USGS
topographic map) are essentially true.

Mercator
The map is not perspective, equal area, or
equidistant.
Equator and other parallels are straight lines
(spacing increases toward poles) and meet
meridians (equally spaced straight lines) at right
angles. Poles are not shown.
Cylindrical-Mathematically projected on a
cylinder tangent to the Equator. (Cylinder may
also be secant.)

30

Transverse Mercator
Central Meridian selected by mapmaker
touches cylinder if cylinder is tangent

Equator
Can show whole Earth, but directions,
distances and areas are reasonably
accurate only within 15o of the central
meridian
No straight rhumb lines

Transverse Mercator
Used by USGS for many quadrangle maps at
scales from 1:24,000 to 1:250,000; such maps can
be joined at their edges only if they are in the
same zone with one central meridian. Also used
for mapping large areas that are mainly northsouth in extent.
Presented by Lambert in 1772.
Distances are true only along the central meridian
selected by the mapmaker or else along two lines
parallel to it, but all distances, directions, shapes,
and areas are reasonably accurate within 15 of the
central meridian.

31

Transverse Mercator
Distortion of distances, directions, and size of areas
increases rapidly outside the 15 band. Because the
map is conformal, however, shapes and angles
within any small area (such as that shown by a USGS
topographic map) are essentially true.
Graticule spacing increases away from central
meridian. Equator is straight. Other parallels are
complex curves concave toward nearest pole.
Central meridian and each meridian 90' from it are
straight. Other meridians are complex curves concave
toward central meridian.
Cylindrical-Mathematically projected on cylinder
tangent to a meridian. (Cylinder may also be secant.)

Oblique Mercator
Line of tangency
the great circle that
touches cylinder if
cylinder is tangent

In this projection,
shortest distance between
points along line of
tangency are straight lines.
No straight rhumb lines
Equator

32

Oblique Mercator
Used to show regions along a great circle other
than the Equator or a meridian, that is, having
their general extent oblique to the Equator. This
kind of map can be made to show as a straight line
the shortest distance between any two preselected
points along the selected great circle.
Developed 1900-50 by Rosenmund, Laborde,
Hotine et al.

Oblique Mercator
Distances are true only along the great circle (the
line of tangency for this projection), or along two
lines parallel to it. Distances, directions, areas, and
shapes are fairly accurate within 15 of the great
circle.
Distortion of areas, distances, and shapes
increases away from the great circle. It is
excessive toward the edges of a world map except
near the path of the great circle.
The map is conformal, but not perspective, equal
area, or equidistant. Rhumb lines are curved.

33

Oblique Mercator
Graticule spacing increases away from the great
circle but conformality is retained. Both poles can
be shown. Equator and other parallels are complex
curves concave toward nearest pole. Two meridians
180 apart are straight lines; all others are complex
curves concave toward the great circle.
Cylindrical-Mathematically projected on a cylinder
tangent, (or secant) along any great circle but the
Equator or a meridian.
Directions, distances, and areas reasonably
accurate only within 15 of the line of tangency.

Robinson
Pseudocylindrical or orthophanic ("right appearing") projection
Central Meridian

Equator
Concave
meridian
are equally spaced

Straight equator, parallels, central meridian

central meridian is 0.53 as long as equator

34

Robinson
Uses tabular coordinates rather than mathematical
formulas to make the world "look right." Better
balance of size and shape of high-latitude lands
than in Mercator, Van der Grinten, or Mollweide.
Soviet Union, Canada, and Greenland truer to size,
but Greenland compressed.
Presented by Arthur H. Robin- son in 1963.
Used in Goode's Atlas, adopted for National
Geographic's world maps in 1988, appears in
growing number of other publications, may
replace Mercator in many classrooms.

Robinson

Directions true along all parallels and along central

meridian.
Distances constant along Equator and other parallels,
but scales vary.
Scale true along 38 N & S, constant along any given
parallel, same alone N & S parallels same distance from
Equator.
Distortion: All points have some. Very low along
Equator and within 45 of center. Greatest near the
poles.
Not conformal, equal area, equidistant, or perspective.
Pseudocylindrical or orthophanic ("right appearing")
projection

35

Albers Equal Area Conic

Two standard parallels
(selected by mapmaker)

Equal area. Deformation of shapes

increases away from standard parallels

Albers Equal Area Conic

Used by USGS for maps show-ing the
conterminous United States (48 states) or large
areas of the United States. Well suited for large
countries or other areas that are mainly east-west
in extent and that require equal area
representation. Used for many thematic maps.
Maps showing adjacent areas can be joined at their
edges only if they have the same standard parallels
(parallels of no distortion) and the same scale.
Presented by H. C. Albers in 1805.

36

Albers Equal Area Conic

All areas on the map are proportional to the same areas
on the Earth.
Directions are reasonably accurate in limited regions.
Distances are true on both standard parallels.
Maximum scale error is 1.25% on map of
conterminous States with standard parallels of 29.5 N
and 45.5'N.
Scale true only along standard parallels. USGS maps of
the conterminous 48 States, if based on this projection,
have standard parallels 29.5'N and 45.5'N. Such maps
of Alaska use standard parallels 55'N and 65'N, and
maps of Hawaii use standard parallels 8'N and 18'N.

Albers Equal Area Conic

Map is not conformal, perspective, or equidistant.
Conic-Mathematically projected on a cone
conceptually secant at two standard parallels.

37

Lambert Conformal Conic

Two standard parallels
(selected by mapmaker )

Large-scale map sheets can be

joined at edges if they have same standard parallels and scales

Lambert Conformal Conic

Used by USGS for many 7.5 and 15-minute
topographic maps and for the State Base Map
series. Also used to show a country or region that
is mainly east-west in extent.
Presented by Lambert in 1772.
One of the most widely used map projections in
the United States today. Looks like the Albers
Equal Area Conic, but graticule spacings differ.

38

Lambert Conformal Conic

Retains conformality. Distances true only along
standard parallels; reasonably accurate elsewhere
in limited regions.
Directions reasonably accurate.
Distortion of shapes and areas minimal at, but
increases away from standard parallels.
Shapes on large-scale maps of small areas
essentially true.

Lambert Conformal Conic

Map is conformal but not perspective, equal area,
or equidistant. For USGS Base Map series for the
48 conterminous States, standard parallels are
33'N and 45'N (maximum scale error formap of 48
States is 21/2%). For USGS Topographic Map
series (7.5- and 15-minute), standard parallels
vary. For aeronautical charts of Alaska, they are
55'N and 65'N; for the National Atlas of Canada,
they are 49'N and 77'N.
Conic-Mathematically projected on a cone
conceptually secant at two standard parallels.

39

Geographic

Gnomonic

40

Stereographic

Mercator

41

Transverse Mercator (TM)

Robinson

42

Albert Equal Area Conic

Lambert Conformal Conic

43

The Universal Transverse

Mercator (UTM) Projection

The Universal Transverse

Mercator (UTM) Projection

44

Characteristics of NAD'83
Redefinition - Define a new datum that:
Has a worldwide fit (not localized to best fit North
America)
The center of the ellipsoid is defined at the mass
center of the earth. (moved from Meades Ranch KS to
be consistent with satellite systems)
The size (a) and the shape (1/f) are defined by
GRS'80.
a = 6,378,137. 0 meters
1/f = 298.257222

Characteristics of NAD'83
Readjustment - Compute a new Least Square solution
for old and new observations.
Simultaneous adjustment of 1,785,772 observations
for 266,436 stations.
Combine classical terrestrial and satellite (space)
data
Mathematical modelling to remove unpredictable
distortions in the network.

45

Characteristics of NAD'83
Plane Coordinates - For various states (or zones) are
derived from a conformal mapping projections that:
Maximum scale distortion is less than 1:10,000
Cover an entire state with as few zones of a projection
as possible

46

Characteristics of NAD'83
Define boundaries of projection zones as an
aggregation of counties
TM - Transverse Mercator (N-S zones) or
LCC - Lambert Conformal Conic (E-W zones)
OTM - Oblique Transverse Mercator (Alaska)

Coordinate values are

different from NAD'27 due to:
Change in datum
Changes as a result of a new adjustment
New mapping (projection) equations (derived
mathematically not empirically) to support 1mm
accuracy

47

Coordinate values are

different from NAD'27 due to:
Changes in numerical grid value of the origin of
each zone
Changes in mapping constants in some zones
(new standard parallel or meridian)
Azimuth orientation is due North
The use of Metric units rather then Feet

Plane coordinates

North-South
Direction

Plane

Ellipsoid

Straight up or
parallel to the
direction of the
North Arrow

Slanted (not
uniformly)
towards the North
Pole. All lines
pointing to North,
converge at the
North Pole.

48

Plane coordinates

Plane

Ellipsoid

Distances Straight lines Curved lines

(line C-D)
(curve C-S-D)
C

Plane coordinates
Plane
Sum of angles in 360
a quadrilateral

Ellipsoid
360 + spherical
excess

Even coordinate Even

Uneven distances, i.e.
differences
(same length) the length of an arc of
correspond to:
2 of longitude near
distances
the pole is much
shorter than 2 of arc
near the equator.

49

Most Common Projection for SPCS

Projecting part of an ellipsoid

onto a plane
Scale <1
Scale >1

Projection Plane

Scale=1

Ellipsoid

50

R cos

Scale >1

P
ess
or l
les
Mi
158

Scale =1

R sin

Standard Lines

XP

Scale <1

Sca
le >
1

Central Meridian

Sca
le >
1

Scale =1

Scale =1

Standard Lines

Sc
ale
=1
Sca
le <
1

Sta
Pa ndar
ral d
lels

Scale >1

LCC Projection

Rb

YP
X

Eo

TM Grid

51

Computations with SPCS

1.
2.
3.
4.

Direct Problem ( , ) (N , E )
Inverse Problem (N , E ) ( , )
Meridian convergence
Scale factor

Manual computation
Software

NAD83 SPCS Zone Constants

for New Jersey
Zone
Code
Projection
Central Meridian
Scale Factor
Grid Origin:

E
N

2900
TM
74 30
1:10,000
38 50
74 30
150,000
0

52

NAD83 SPCS Zone Constants

for Pennsylvania
Zone
Code

N
3701

S
3702

Projection
Standard Parallels

LCC

LCC

40 53

39 56

41 57

40 58

40 10
77 45
600,000
0

39 20
77 45
600,000
0

Grid Origin:

E
N

INTERPOLATION OF LCC NAD 83

(Pennsylvania North)
Input
= 41 25' 23.85"
= 78 15' 12.12"

Zone Constants
b = 40 10
cm = 77 45'
Rb = 7379348.3668
Eo = 600000.
No = 0.
sin o = 0.66153973381

53

SPC from LCC NAD 83 (Tables)

(Pennsylvania North)
Interpolation.
R41 26' 7238680.103
R41 25' 7240531.059
R= -1850.956
R = R 41 25 ' +

Computation.
= ( cm - ) sino
E = R sin + Eo
N = Rb - R cos + No

R
23.85" = 7239795.304
60"

= -0 -19' -58.789382"
= 557923.307
= 139675.336

SPC from LCC NAD 83 (Tables)

(Pennsylvania North)
Input:

E = 557923.307
N =139675.336
Computation.
E E0
tan = R ( N N )
b
0
Rb ( N N 0 )
cos

= cm -

sin 0

= -0.00581196
= 7239795.304
= 78 15' 12.12"

To compute perform a backward interpolation using R.

54

Direct Problem ( , ) (N , E )
L = d - 0
N = S' + A2 L2 + A4 L4 - *2nd order correction
E = E0 + A1 L + A3 L3 - *2nd order correction
Where:
d Geodetic Longitude in D.ddddd (Decimal Degrees)
0 74.5 (NJs Geodetic Longitude of C. Meridian)
E0 150,000m (NJs Grid Easting Origin Shift)
S',A 2 ,A 4 ,A 1 ,A3 ,-Tabulated coefficients as a function of
Geodetic Latitude in D M' S
N,EGrid Northing and Easting (m)
* 2nd

order corrections for accuracies better than 0.001m.

55

56

Inverse Problem (N , E ) ( , )
Q=

E 150,000.
1,000,000.

= ' + B2 Q2 + B4 Q4 - *2nd order correction

= 0 + B1 Q + B3 Q3 + B5 Q5 - *2nd order correction
Where:
-

Geodetic Longitude in D.ddddd (Decimal Degrees)

Geodetic Latitude in D.ddddd (Decimal Degrees)

0 74.5 (NJs Geodetic Longitude of C. Meridian)
'Footpoint Latitude. Tabulated as a function of N.
E0 150,000m (NJs Grid Easting Origin Shift)
EGrid Easting (m)
B2 ,B4 ,B1 ,B3 ,B5 -Tabulated coefficients as a function of N (Northing)
* 2nd

order corrections accuracies better than 0.0001".

57

Data Sheet

National Geodetic Survey,

***********************************************************************
KV2920 DESIGNATION - E 78
KV2920 PID
- KV2920
KV2920 STATE/COUNTY- NJ/SOMERSET
KV2920 USGS QUAD - RARITAN (1981)
KV2920
KV2920
*CURRENT SURVEY CONTROL KV2920
___________________________________________________________________
KV2920* NAD 83(1996)- 40 35 16.39834(N) 074 39 05.85416(W) ADJUSTED
KV2920* NAVD 88 48.230 (meters) 158.23 (feet) ADJUSTED
KV2920
___________________________________________________________________
KV2920 X
- 1,283,866.440 (meters)
COMP
KV2920 Y
- -4,677,505.732 (meters)
COMP
KV2920 Z
- 4,127,785.929 (meters)
COMP
KV2920 LAPLACE CORR3.83 (seconds)
DEFLEC99
KV2920 ELLIP HEIGHT14.85 (meters)
GPS OBS
KV2920 GEOID HEIGHT-33.40 (meters)
GEOID99
KV2920 DYNAMIC HT 48.208 (meters)
158.16 (feet)
COMP

58

Data Sheet
KV2920

HORZ ORDER

SECOND

KV2920
KV2920

VERT ORDER
ELLP ORDER

FIRST
FOURTH

CLASS II
CLASS I

KV2920

KV2920. The horizontal coordinates were established by GPS obser vations

KV2920. and adjusted by the National Geodetic Survey in May 1999 . KV2920
KV2920. The orthometric height was determined by differential leveling
KV2920. and adjusted by the National Geodetic Survey in June 199 1.
KV2920

KV2920. The X, Y, and Z were computed from the position and the ellipsoidal ht.
KV2920

KV2920. The Laplace correction was computed from DEFLEC99 derived deflections.
KV2920

KV2920. The ellipsoidal height was determined by GPS observation s

KV2920. and is referenced to NAD 83.
KV2920

KV2920. The geoid height was determined by GEOID99.

KV2920

KV2920. The dynamic height is computed by dividing the NAVD 88

KV2920. geopotential number by the normal gravity value computed on the
KV2920. Geodetic Reference System of 1980 (GRS 80) ellipsoid at 45
KV2920. degrees latitude (g = 980.6199 gals.).
KV2920

KV2920. The modeled gravity was interpolated from observed gravi ty values.

KV2920;
KV2920;SPC NJ
KV2920;UTM 18
36.0
KV2920

Data Sheet

North
East
Units
Scale
Converg.
- 194,798.230 137,165.060 MT 0.99990203 -0 05 55.1
- 4,493,068.719 529,480.530 MT 0.99961070 +0 13

KV2920
STATION DESCRIPTION
KV2920
KV2920'DESCRIBED BY NATIONAL GEODETIC SURVEY 1978
KV2920'2.6 MI NW FROM SOMERVILLE.
KV2920'2.6 MILES NORTHWEST ALONG STATE ROUTE 28 FROM THE COUNTY COURT HOUSE
KV2920'AT SOMERVILLE, SET 40.0 FEET NORTHWEST OF THE ENTRANCE TO THE VILLA,
KV2920'48.5 FEET SOUTHWEST OF THE CENTER LINE OF STATE ROUTE 28, 50.1 FEET
KV2920'SOUTHEAST OF A FIRE HYDRANT AND 4.7 FEET EAST OF THE SOUTHWEST CORNER
KV2920'OF THE BRICK FOUNDATION OF THE SIGN WITH THE VILLA ON IT.

59

USEFUL FORMULAS
FOR
COMPUTATION
OF
DISTANCES AND DIRECTIONS
ON SPCS

The Grid Scale Factor correction for

projecting a curved line onto a plane
Measured Distance

raphy
Topog

oid
ips
l
l
E
Geoid

h
Ellipsoid Dis
tance

60

Grid Scale Factor K 12

for a Line from Point 1 to Point 2
Purpose: To correct for scale distortion due to
the projection of the ellipsoid onto a plane.
Formula:
K12 =

K1 + 4 K m + K 2
6

Where:
K12-Grid Scale factor of a line between points 1 and 2.
K1-Grid scale factor at point 1
K2-Grid scale factor at point 2
Km-Grid scale factor at the line's mid- point.

Grid Scale Factor K 12

for a Line from Point 1 to Point 2
Usage: A reasonable approximation for the
above formula is to compute a simple
average of K1 and K2 . A further
approximation is to compute a single K
value for the entire line or for the entire
survey area. This will be demonstrated later
in our traverse example.

61

Scale Factor for LCC (Aproximate)

k = k0 +

( N N 0 )2

Where:
kN-

2r02

( N N 0 )3 tan 0
6r03

The Scale Factor

Northing of the point

N0 , r0 , k0 , 0 - Zone Constants

PA North
N0 = 138 899.5967
r0 = 6 375 155.
k0 = 0.9999 5684
0 = 41.417 407 624

N0 =
r0 =
k0 =
0 =

PA South
124 063.7931
6 374 457.
0.9999 5950
40 .450 672 360

Scale Factor for TM (Aproximate)

k = k0 + ( E E0 ) 2
Where:
k - The Scale Factor
E - Easting of the point
E0 , r0 , k0 - Zone Constants

For New Jersey

E0 = 150 000 k0 = 0.9999

1
2 r02

1
2r02

= 1.23078 x10-14

or
K = 0.9999 + (E - Eo)2 . 1.23.10-14

62

Reducing Measured Horizontal

Distance to Grid Distance
Purpose: To reduce a measured horizontal distance
to the projection plane. As mentioned earlier, field
measurements are carried out on the physical
surface of the earth, while office computation are
performed on the projection of the earth onto a
plane. This reduction is in essence the bridge
between field measurements and the computations
on the state plane coordinate system.

Reducing Measured Horizontal

Distance to Ellispoid
D
h

H
N

S'
D
=
R R+h

Topo
graph
y
Sea L
evel
Ellips
- Geo
oid
id

S' = D (

R
)
R+h

S' = D (

R
)
R + H+ N

63

Reducing Measured Horizontal

Distance to Grid Distance
Formula:

S= D (

R
) K12
R+H+N

Where:
S- Grid Distance
D- Horizontal (Measured) Distance
H- Mean Elevation (Above Mean Sea Level)
N- Mean Geoid Height (About -32m in NJ)
R- Mean Radius of the Earth (About 6,372,000m)
K12-Grid Scale factor of the Line.

Reducing Measured Horizontal

Distance to Grid Distance
Usage: Obtain the elevations of the terminal points
of the line, the Geoid height of the region and
compute.

64

Relationship Between Geodetic

and Grid Azimuths
Purpose: To account for the convergence of the
north direction towards the pole vs. parallel north
direction on a plane
Formula: AZGrid = AZGeodetic - + (t-T)
Where:
AZGridGrid Azimuth
AZGeodetic - Geodetic Azimuth
Meridian Convergence
(t-T)Arc-to-chord correction

Relationship Between Geodetic

and Grid Azimuths
Grid North
Geodetic North

t
T

Projected meridian

Projected Geodetic line

ht
f sig
o
e
Lin

65

Relationship Between Geodetic

and Grid Azimuths
Usage: This above formula (except for the t-T correction)
has to be used only if we are given with Geodetic
Azimuth and want to perform our computations on plane
coordinates.
Grid Azimuth is computed from an inverse
Geodetic Azimuth from NGS, GPS or Astronomical Az plus
Laplace Correcetion

Arc-to-Chord Correction (t-T)

for line 1-2
Purpose: The (t-T) correction is due to the fact that the
measured direction between two points is actually a
curved line, on the surface on a body such as an
ellipsoid, that passes through these points. When
projected onto a plane, the geodetic direction looks like
an arc not a straight line. The angle that we compute
from field notes is defined by the difference between
two measured directions. Thus, the computed angle
differs from the plane angle that we have to use when
working with the State Plane Coordinate System. This
difference is expressed by (t-T).

66

Arc-to-Chord Correction (t-T)

for line 1-2
Formula: (t-T)" = 25.4 N E 10-10
Where:
N = N2 - N1
E E1
E0
E = 2
2
(t-T)" -Arc-to-chord correction in seconds of arc.
N1-Northing of point 1
N2-Northing of point 2
E1-Easting of point 1
E2-Easting of point 2

Arc-to-Chord Correction (t-T)

for line 1-2
Usage: The size of the correction is rather small and can
be neglected for most ordinary work (not high
accuracy). The sign of the correction is dependent on
the direction of the line with respect to the north
(Azimuth dependent). Table 3.1 presents the size
(magnitude) of the (t-T) correction and figure 6,
describes the sign convention for (t-T), as it applied for
the NJ State Plane Coordinate System. One should note
that the following example does not apply to States with
Lambert Conformal Conic projection (e. g. PA) or states
that their central meridian is not 150,000.

67

Table 3.1 Size of the correction in

seconds of arc (): (for NJ, Eo= 150,000)
Average Easting of the line
100,000
200,000

50,000
250,000

0.3"

0.5"

0
300,000
0.8"

N
2 km

150,000
0"

5 km

0"

0.6"

1.3"

1.9"

10 km

0"

1.3"

2.5"

3.8"

20 km

0"

2.5"

5.1"

7.6"

Sign of the correction

for States using Transverse Mercator projection
EAST E >Eo

270

90

180

Central Meridian

WEST E <Eo

270

90

+
180

68

Sign of the correction

for States using Transverse Mercator projection
EAST E >Eo

270

90

Central Meridian

WEST E <Eo

270

90

180

180

Observed Direction
Plane Direction

Table 3.1 Size of the correction in

seconds of arc (): (for LCC)
N-No
E 50,000

100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000

2 km

0.3"

0.5"

0.8"

1.0"

1.3"

5 km

0.6"

1.3"

1.9"

2.5"

3.2"

10 km

1.3"

2.5"

3.8"

5.1"

6.4"

20 km

2.5"

5.1"

7.6"

10.2"

12.7"

69

Sign of the correction

for States using LCC projection
0
270
NORTH N >No

- +
- +

90

180
Central Parallel
0
270

+ + -

SOUTH N <No

90

Observed Direction
Plane Direction

180

Sign of the correction

for States using LCC projection
0
270
NORTH N >No

90

180
Central Parallel
0
270

SOUTH N <No

90

Observed Direction
Plane Direction

180

70

10 steps for computing a

traverse on NAD 83 SPCS
Computing a traverse on NAD 83 State Plane Coordinate
System may include the following steps:
1.
2.
3.

Obtain starting and ending coordinates and grid

azimuth.
Compute preliminary Azimuth for each line.
Compute preliminary coordinates for each traverse
point.

These three steps are essentially computing an open traverse without

applying corrections for closure errors.

10 steps for computing a

traverse on NAD 83 SPCS
4. Obtain or compute approximate elevations (mean or for

each point) of the traverse.

Step 4 is necessary in order to reduce the distances from the
topography to mean sea level. Unless high precision results are sought
or there are substantial elevation differences between the various
traverse points, a mean elevation of the area will be sufficient.

5. Compute grid scale factor (mean or individual for

each line).
Again, the choice between computing a mean value or individual
scale factors for each line depends on the accuracy objectives of the
project and the magnitude of elevation differences between the
traverse points.

71

10 steps for computing a

traverse on NAD 83 SPCS
6. Reduce horizontal distances to grid distances.
7. Compute (t-T) correction for each line (if necessary).
For most traverses, (t-T) correction is practically negligible. If the
Northing component (usually called the Latitude) of a side of the
traverse is less than 1 mile long, the maximum (t-T) correction will
not exceed 1 (second of arc). Thus, the correction is equal or smaller
than the accuracy with which we are able to carry out our
measurements. (t-T) becomes significant only for long Latitudes
(larger than 10 km) and at the east/west most parts of the State. One
can assume that the type of work for which (t-T) is significant will be
done with GPS.

10 steps for computing a

traverse on NAD 83 SPCS
8. Apply (t-T) correction to each Azimuth (if
necessary).
9. Balance (or adjust) the traverse.
10. Compute final State Plane Coordinates for the
traverse points.
Steps 9 and 10 are the standard procedures for balancing the
traverse with the Compass Rule or adjusting it with Least
Squares.

72

Traversing on SPCS
B

C
2

Step 1: Obtain starting and ending coordinates and

grid azimuth and place the information in a table to
facilitate the computations.

Traversing on SPCS
Point

Angle

Distance

AZIMUTH

(m)

(m)

(m)

199694.411

130266.014

202121.962

124818.850

341 22' 35.0"

B

60 50' 37"
3581.556

295 51' 32"

3092.569

161 26' 40"

185 58' 52"

2906.883
325 30' 18.6"
D

Also given: Average Elevation of the traverse is: 200m above MSL

73

Traversing on SPCS
Steps 2 and 3: Compute preliminary Azimuth for each line and
compute preliminary coordinates for each traverse points.
Point
A

Angle

Distance

AZIMUTH

N
LAT

E
DEP

199694.411
-2652.393
197042.018
2868.973
199910.991
2211.180
202122.171

130266.014
-2406.731
127859.283
-1154.547
126704.736
-1886.969
124817.767

202121.962
-0.209

124818.850
1.083

341 22 35.0
B

60 50 37

295 51 32

161 26 40

185 58 52

3581.556

222 13 12.0

3092.569

338 4 44.0

2906.883

319 31 24.0

Comp.
Given
Closure

325 30 16.0
325 30 18.6
0 0 2.6

Traversing on SPCS
Step 4: Obtain or compute approximate elevations
(mean or for each point) of the traverse.
The average elevation is given as 200m above MSL. It
is assumed that there are no substantial height
differences among the traverse points. Thus, the
average value will be used.

74

Traversing on SPCS
Step 5: Compute Grid and Elevation scale factors
(mean or individual for each line)

The Grid scale factor (GSF) is

computed based on the
approximate Easting of the
points. The results of the
interpolation are:

Point
B
C
1
2

GSF
0.9999048
0.9999078
0.9999060
0.9999067

Mean

0.9999063

Traversing on SPCS
One should note that the largest error committed by
using the mean GSF instead of GSF for individual
points will occur on side B-1 (the longest). The
magnitude of this error is about 3mm (0.01 ft).
This error is smaller than our ability to measure
the distance B-1 with a total station. Thus, it is
justifiable to use a mean GSF for our example
traverse.

75

Traversing on SPCS
The Elevation scale factor (ESF) is required in order to
reduce the traverse from the topography to the
ellipsoid. The computation is based on the elevation of
traverse points above MSL (actually the Geoid) and
the height of the ellipsoid above the Geoid (N).
Data:
R = 6372160
H = 200
N = -32

Using the ratio:

R
R+H+N

Mean ESF is = 0.99997364

Finally, the combined scale factor = GSFESF = 0.99987994

Traversing on SPCS
Step 6: Reduce horizontal distances to grid
distances. The reduction of the distances is
performed by multiplying each measured distance
with the combined scale factor from step 5.
Line
B-1

Dist
3581.56

Grid Dist
3581.126

1-2
2-C

3092.57
2906.88

3092.198
2906.534

76

Traversing on SPCS
Step 7: Compute (t-T) correction for each line.
Line

B-1

-2652.393

-20937.352

0.14

1-2

2868.973

-22717.991

-0.17

2-C

2211.180

-24238.749

-0.14

(t-T)"

Traversing on SPCS
Step 8: Apply (t-T) correction to each Azimuth (if
necessary).
It can be seen from step 7 that the magnitude of this
correction is negligible for most projects. Only
very precise traverses performed with first order
theodolites may be subject to such a small
correction. Nevertheless, lets see how to apply
the correction for reference purposes only.

77

Traversing on SPCS
Sincethe central meridian in NJ is 150,000 and our
traverse points have smaller Eastings (between
124,000. and 131,000.), we have to use the west
(left) side of the sign diagram
0
NW

NE
+ +
- -

270
SW

90
SE

180

Traversing on SPCS
From the preliminary traverse computation (steps 2-3)
we have the following information:
Point

Backsight AZ

Quad./Sign

Foresight AZ

Quad./Sign

161 22 35.0

SE / -

222 13 12.0

SW / -

42 13 12.0

NE / +

338 4 44.0

NW / +

158 4 44.0

SE / -

319 31 24.0

NW / +

139 31 24.0

SE / -

325 30 16.0

NW / +

78

Traversing on SPCS
Combining the sign information with the computed values
for (t-T) the corrections for each observed angle are:
Point
B
1
2
C

Observed
Angle
60 50 37
295 51 32
161 26 40
185 58 52

BS
Corr
0.0
0.14
-0.17
-0.14

FS
Corr
-0.14
0.17
0.14
0.0

FS-BS
Total
-0.14
0.03
0.31
0.14

Corrected
Angle
60 50 36.9
295 51 32.0
161 26 40.3
185 58 52.1

Note that the Backsight at point B and the foresight at

point C are control points with State Plane coordinates.
Thus, the Azimuths to these points are Grid Azimuths and
thus already corrected for (t-T).

Traversing on SPCS
Step 9: Balance (or adjust) the traverse. In this
example we use the Compass Rule.
Point
A
B

Angle

Distance

60 50 36.9
3581.126

295 51 32.0

161 26 40.3

185 58 52.1
Closure 2.3

3092.198
2906.534

Comput.
Given
Closure

Balanced
Azimuth
341 22 35.0
+0.6
222 13 12.5
+0.5
338 4 45.0
+0.6
319 31 25.9
+0.6
325 30 18.6
325 30 18.6
0 0
0

N
LAT

E
DEP

199694.411
-2652.069
197042.342
2868.634
199910.975
2210.932
202121.907

130266.014
-2406.448
127859.566
-1154.394
126705.172
-1886.722
124818.449

202121.962
0.055

124818.850
0.401

Relative precision = 1: 23,698

79

Traversing on SPCS
Step 10: Compute final State Plane Coordinates for
the traverse points.
Point

199694.411

130266.014

197042.362

127859.716

199911.014

126705.451

202121.962

124818.850

GPSing on SPCS
A large tract of land has to be surveyed and delivered with
State Plane Coordinates. The monuments of the two west
corners of the tract were recovered and documents revealed
that the Azimuth of the line is 29 53 (determined from
sun shots). In order to tie the traverse to SPC, four GPS
points were ordered from a GPS service firm.
TR2

GPS4

TR3

GPS2

TR1

TR6
TR5

GPS3

GPS1
TR4

80

GPSing on SPCS
The following data was obtained from the GPS
observations:
Point

Elev

GPS 1 106245.2422 131565.4149

89.45

GPS 2 106801.2074 132412.7078

67.91

GPS 3 101045.0197 133988.5688 101.43

GPS 4 101672.8785 135065.1054 117.18

GPSing on SPCS
You decided to check if the GPS data is correct by
performing the following computations:
1. Compute the Bearing of the line from GPS3 to
GPS4 and compare it with the given Azimuth.
You discover that the computed Bearing is: 30
15 06 while the given Azimuth is 29 53.
What is wrong?
(Answer: compute meridian convergence)

81

GPSing on SPCS
2. Now that you found a problem you decided to
measure the distance between GPS3 and GPS4
with your EDM. The measured distance was
4088.356. The computed distance from GPS data
is 1246.250. problem ?
You remember that NAD83 coordinates are in
Meters, so you convert the measured distance to
Meters. Now the computed distance is 1246.146.
Why is there a 0.1m (0.3) difference?

GPSing on SPCS
You realize that the discrepancy could be because
of the Grid Scale Factor. Computing the corrected
distance for GSF yields 1246.161. This improves
the situation somewhat, but still the distances are
about 1/4 ft off. How can you account for this
difference?

(Answer: compute sea level SF)

82

Compute ground level distances

from State Plane Coordinates.
In some cases it is necessary to compute actual
ground level distances between points that have
coordinates in SPCS. The actual distance is
computed from:
Distanceactual =

Distance grid
Comb. S . F .

Compute ground level distances

from State Plane Coordinates.
Thus, in order to compute the actual distance from a
computed distance from coordinates we need to
reverse the computation procedure we discussed
earlier.
The reversed procedure is to compute GSF (Grid
scale factor), ESF (elevation scale factor) and the
combined scale factor as described in step 5.
Subsequently, apply the correction by dividing the
grid distance by the combined scale factor.

83

Compute ground level distances

from State Plane Coordinates.
For example, the actual ground distance between
point 1 and 2 in our example is computed as
follows:
Grid Distance =

3092.166 m (computed from coordinates)

Combined scale factor =

0.99987994

Actual ground distance =

3092.538 m

Computing Stakeout Distances

from SPCS

84

Example
E
N
1 106245.242 131565.414
2 106801.207 132412.707

135500
135000

134500
134000

133500
133000

3 101045.019 133988.568
4 101672.878 135065.105

132500

132000
131500
131000
100000

1
102000

104000

106000

108000

Ground Distance Computation

Point
E
N
Distance
Elevation

1
106245.242
131565.414

2
106801.207
132412.707
1013.411

251.22

288.34

85

Ground Distance Computation

Point
E
N
Distance
Elevation
Ground SF

1
106245.242
131565.414

2
106801.207
132412.707
1013.411

251.22
0.9999235

288.34
0.9999230

Ground Distance Computation

Point
1
2
E
106245.242
106801.207
N
131565.414
132412.707
Distance
1013.411
Elevation
251.22
288.34
Ground SF
0.9999235
0.9999230
Elevation SF 0.9999656
0.9999598

86

Ground Distance Computation

Point
1
2
E
106245.242
106801.207
N
131565.414
132412.707
Distance
1013.411
Elevation
251.22
288.34
Ground SF
0.9999235
0.9999230
Elevation SF 0.9999656
0.9999598
Comb SF
0.99988915
0.99988273

Ground Distance Computation

Point
1
2
E
106245.242
106801.207
N
131565.414
132412.707
Distance
1013.411
Elevation
251.22
288.34
Ground SF
0.9999235
0.9999230
Elevation SF 0.9999656
0.9999598
Comb SF
0.99988915
0.99988273
SF Correction
-0.116
SP Distance
1013.527
Distance ft
3325.1791

87

Ground Distance Computation

Pt.

Distance

Elevation SP Distance

106245.242

131565.414 1013.411

251.22

1013.527

106801.207

132412.707

288.34

-0.116

101045.019

133988.568 1246.250

301.57

1246.373

101672.878

135065.105

117.18

-0.123

Ground Coordinates
Comp Dist

106257.021
106813.733
101056.420
101681.484

131580.000
132428.237
134003.687
135076.538

1014.611
1241.658

Actual Dist

1013.527
1.084
1246.373
-4.715

88

Shifted Ground Coordinates

Shift to Lower Left Corner

5200.800
5756.863
0.000
627.912

0.000
847.392
2423.427
3499.987

Comp Dist

Actual Dist

1013.548

1013.527
0.022
1246.373
-0.077

1246.296

Relative Ground Coordinates

Shift to Project Center

2293.332
2849.376
-2907.474
-2279.480

-1706.891
-859.509
716.533
1793.141

Comp Dist

Actual Dist

1013.529

1013.527
0.002
1246.373
0.006

1246.379

89

Shifted+Relative Ground Coordinates

(Project Center +50,000, 80,000)
Comp Dist

52293.332
52849.376
47092.526
47720.520

78293.109
79140.491
80716.533
81793.141

1013.529
1246.379

Actual Dist

1013.527
0.002
1246.373
0.006

The End

90