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INDETERMINACY
Contents
5
Indeterminacy.......................................................................................................1
5.1
Background....................................................................................................1
5.2
Kinematic indeterminacy...............................................................................1
5.2.1
Degrees of freedom................................................................................1
5.2.2
Restraints................................................................................................2
5.2.3
Degree of kinematic indeterminacy.......................................................2
5.3
Statical indeterminacy....................................................................................3
5.3.1
Definitions..............................................................................................3
5.3.2
General...................................................................................................4
5.3.3
Degree of Statical Indeterminacy - Reductive Approach......................5
5.3.4
Degree of Statical Indeterminacy - Deductive Approach.....................8
5.3.5
Compensation for negative internal redundancy..................................10
5.1
Background
For a statically determinate structure, the internal forces can be calculated using only
the principle of equilibrium. For a statically indeterminate structure the stiffness of the
parts affect the distribution of internal forces. In the past the flexibility method was a
common approach to achieving solutions for such systems. This involves establishing
the degree of statical indeterminacy - dsi - (Section 5.3.4) and solving a set of
simultaneous equations of order dsi. This method has been adapted for computer
analysis) but the stiffness method is much easier to formalise and is the standard
approach for finite element solutions.
5.2
Kinematic indeterminacy
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Node
x
Position
Direction
x
z
Another view is that a force and a displacement are vectors which share the properties
of position and direction at a node. These shared properties are represented by the
degree of freedom. Typical sets of freedoms are shown in Figure 5 -1
5.2.2 Restraints
A restraint is where the movement relative to a degree of freedom is inhibited at a
support. For example the plane frame of Figure 5-2 has two supports (i.e. nodes which
are restrained by foundations). The left hand support node is a fixed support having 3
restraints i.e. the three freedoms shown in Figure 5.2(b) are all restrained. The right
hand support is a pinned support having two restraints(i.e. of the translational freedoms
in the x and in the y directions) -Figure 5.2(b). At a roller support there is one restraint.
2
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The degree of kinematic indeterminacy for the portal frame of Figure 5 -2 with nodes
indicated as shown, is therefore:
s = 1x3 + 1x2 = 5, n = 4
dki = 3n -s = 3x4 -5 = 7
For a system in 3 dimensions the normal degree of kinematic indeterminacy would be:
dki = 6n - s
( 2)
It is not normally necessary for users of software to calculate dki.
5.3
Statical indeterminacy
5.3.1
Definitions
Constraint A constraint (in this context) is where the relative movement between
adjacent parts of a structure are prevented. For example, in Figure 5 -3(a) the ends of
the two members which meet at the pinned connection are constrained to move together
horizontally and vertically (but not rotationally). In Figure 5 -3(b) the gusset plate
and extra bolts additionally constrain the ends of the members to rotate by the same
amount making the connection rigid.
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single bolt
Bolt 1
Bolt 2
Bolt 3
Gusset plate
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On the negative side, redundant structures can have lack of fit problems. Consider
the pin-jointed frame of Figure Figure 5 -4(a) which is statically
determinate(internally - see Section 5.3.4). The shape of the frame is defined by the
5 members. An additional diagonal - Figure 5 -4(b) - makes the system singly
redundant. The five members of Figure 5.4(a) can be fitted together without difficulty
but to add the extra member of Figure 5 -4(b), the holes for the bolts must line up
accurately. Special care is needed in the fabrication of the parts of statically
indeterminate structures to avoid difficulties in erecting them..
(a) Statically
determinate frame
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Applying releases
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(6)
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External Redundancy
In order to be fixed in space, a plane a structure needs a minimum of 3 restraints (i.e. 3
reaction components) which must be non-collinear (i.e. not all in one line) and nonconcurrent (i.e. they must not all meet at one point). A body in three dimensions needs
a minimum of 6 restraints.
The external redundancy - e - of a plane frame is therefore:
e =s-3
where s is the number of restraints i.e constraints at supports (s for supports).
(7)
For a structure in three dimensions the degree of external redundancy is given by:
e = s - 6
(8)
Overall Redundancy
Overall redundancy is the degree of statical indeterminacy of the overall system - dsi
which is calculated using:
dsi = e + i
(9)
Examples
1. Figure 5 -5(a): m = 5, n = 6 using Equation(4) gives:
i = 3(m-n+1) - r = 3*(5-6+1) - 0 = 0
s = 3x 3 = 9
e = s - 3 = 9 -3 = 6
hence dsi = i + e = 0 + 6 = 6
2. Figure 5 -5(c): m = 5, n = 6 using (4) gives:
i = 3(m-n+1) - r = 3*(5-6+1) - 0 = 0
s = 2x3 + 1x2 +1x1 = 9
e = s - 3 = 9 -3 = 6
hence dsi = i + e = 0 + 6 = 6
3. Figure 5 -5(e): m = 10, n = 9 using (4) gives:
i = 3(m -n + 1) - r = 3*(10 - 9 + 1) - 0 = 6
s = 3x3 = 9
e = s - 3 = 9 -3 = 6
hence dsi = i + e = 6 + 6 = 12
4. Figure 5 -5(h): m = 10, n = 6 using (3) gives:
i = m - 2n + 3 = 10 -2*6+3 = 1
s = 1x2 + 1x1 = 3
e = s - 3 = 3 -3 = 0
hence dsi = i + e = 1 +0 = 1
5. Figure 5 -5(j):
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12
These values of dsi are the same a obtained by the reductive method.
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