1.

INTRODUCTION
In India there are so many industries in different fields. For example steel sector, Oil
sector, Irrigation etc. All industries have many drives and equipments like conveyor
belts, pumps, Mills etc. All the drives of industries use electrical motors. Most of the
electrical motors are designed for three phase, 50Hz (in India) supply. The starting of
three phase motors are less expensive than starting of DC motors. Three phase induction
motors are very sensitive and get damaged, when they are subjected to Single-phasing.
For three phase induction motor, it is necessary that all the three phases of supply are
present. While it is on load if any one of the fuse goes out, or goes missing, the motor
will continue to run with two phases only, but it will start drawing a huge current for the
same load. This high current may run the motor unless switched off immediately.
Failure of any of the phases makes the appliance prone to erratic functioning and
may even lead to failure. Hence it is of paramount importance to monitor the availability
of the three-phase supply and switch off the appliance in the event of failure of one or
two phases. The power to the appliance should resume with the availability of all phases
of the supply with certain time delay in order to avoid surges and momentary
fluctuations. A single phasing preventer avoids such a mishap with this circuit, the motor
will not run unless all the three phases are present. In this context we need to design a
preventer which prevents these mishaps and protects the costly motor under such
conditions. The single phase preventer is very less expensive and protects reliably the
motor which is very costly.

2. WHAT IS SINGLE-PHASING?

Loads using three-phase power sources are subject to loss of one of the three
phases from the power distribution system. This condition is known as "single-phasing."
The loss of a single phase on a three-phase line may be due to a downed line or a blown
pole top fuse on the utility system. Loss of a single phase may also result from a singlephase overload condition causing one fuse to blow, or an equipment failure within the
end-user's facility. About 14% of the motor failures are due to single phasing.
The loss of one phase, of a three-phase line causes serious problems for induction
motors. The motor windings overheat due primarily to the flow of negative-sequence
current, a condition that exists anytime there is a phase voltage imbalance. The loss of a
phase also inhibits the motor's ability to operate at its rated horsepower. If single-phasing
occurs when a motor is rotating, the torque produced by the remaining two positively
rotating fields continues to rotate the motor and develop the torque demanded by the
load. The negatively rotating field, the field associated with the lost phase, produces
currents in inductive loads resulting in voltages in the faulted leg of the three-phase
supply. These voltages may be nearly equal to the phase voltage that was lost. Therefore,
detecting a single-phasing condition by measuring the voltages at the motor terminals is
usually unproductive.

2.1 Diagram of a WYE/DELTA transformation with one primary phase

open
The motor is protected by two overload devices. Note that one phase to the motor is
carrying two times that of the other two phases. Without an overload device in the phase
that is carrying two times the current in the other two phases, the motor will burn out.

Two motor overload protective

devices cannot assure protection
against the effects of primary single
phasing. The middle line current
increase to 230% is not sensed.

Fig.2.1 Diagram of a WYE/DELTA transformation with one primary phase open

3.HAZARDS OF SINGLE PHASING FOR A THREE-PHASE MOTOR

When one phase of a secondary opens, the current to a motor in the two remaining phases
theoretically increase to 1.73 (173%) times the normal current draw of the motor. The
increase can be as much as 2 times (200%) because of power factor changes
The increase in current is in only phase of the motor in case of delta connected load and
in star connected load the increase in current occurs in two phases.
3.1 EFFECT OF SINGLE PHASING ON PHASE CURRENT

Fig.3.1Effect of Single Phasing on Phase Current

3.2 EFFECT OF SINGLE PHASING ON STAR CONNECTED LOAD

Fig.3.2Effect of Single Phasing on Star connected Load

4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF SINGLE PHASING PREVENTER

Fig.4.1circuit diagram of single phasing preventer

For 3 phase induction motor, lit is necessary that all the 3 phases of supply are
present while it is on load. When any of the fuses goes out or a phase is missing,
the motor will continue to run with two phases only , but it will start drawing a
huge current for the same load. This high current may ruin the motor, unless
switched off immediately. A single phase preventer circuit avoids such a mishap.
With the circuit motor will not run,unless all 3 phases are present. In a 3 phase
supply, the voltages are 1200 apart from each other. Thus the addition of 3 phases
gives zero voltages. If any one of the phase goes the, voltage present at the
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summing point equals half the line voltage. In the circuit 3 phases(R, Y, B),
connected to line neutral with in turn connected to the ground of the circuit. When
all 3 phases are present, voltage at point d is zero. So, potential at pin 3 of IC 741
is also zero, but voltage at pin 2 is nearly 4V. Hence IC 741 is used as comparator
and the voltage at pin 6 is zero. Hence the relay cannot operate. When a phase
goes out, voltages at point D goes up to about half the line voltage .This voltages
divide by 150 k and 50k resistors. The voltage at pin 3 is about 8V when 50k
potentiometer is properly adjusted. The voltage at pin 6 is about 12V .So, the
relay would operate when any of the phases goes out. This relay used in control
circuit if 3 phase motor, or with a circuit breaker, would switch the power
OFF/ON operation.

4.1 COMPONENTS
The following are the components required to develop the single phasing preventer
circuit:Resistor

150 k ,0.5W
10K
3.8 K
1K

Transistor(NPN)
Relay
IC 741
Diode
Preset button
1N4148
Capacitor

SL 100
1
12 V ,200 ohm
8 pin
BY 127
50 K (variable resistor)
1,looks like Zener diode near relay
32uF ,25V

4.2CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
4.2.1 IC 741:

4
1
1
2

The LM741 series are general purpose operational amplifiers which feature improved
performance over industry standards like the LM709. They are direct, plug-in
replacements for the 709C, LM201, MC1439 and 748 in most applications. The
amplifiers offer many features which make their application nearly foolproof: overload
protection on the input and output, no latch-up when the common mode range is
exceeded, as well as freedom from oscillations

Absolute Maximum Ratings:

The maximum ratings of the IC are specified for parameters like supply voltage, input
and differential input voltages, storage and operating temperature ranges, soldering pin
temperatures, and output short circuit duration. The manufacturers advise not to exceed
these maximum ratings even under the worst operating conditions which is given in table
4.1
Sr.no.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Operating ratings
LM 741
Supply Voltage
22V
Power Dissipation
500 mW
Differential Input Voltage
30V
Input Voltage
15V
Output Short Circuit Duration
Continuous
Operating Temperature Range
55C to +125C
Storage Temperature Range
65C to +150C
Junction Temperature
150C
Table no.4.1 absolute maximum ratings

Pin Diagram:

The 741 IC is developed using the planar epitaxial process. The IC is made ideal for
use as integrator, summing amplifier, voltage follower and other basic applications.
The 741 IC is available in the market as 8-pin metal can, 10-pin flat pack, 8 or 14 pin
DIP. The pin configuration for these packages are shown below:

Fig.4.2 pin diagram of LM 741

Features of 741 IC:

1. Short circuit and overload protection provided.

2. In theory, the dc output voltage will be zero if both the inputs of the 741 IC are
connected to the ground. But in practice, a small dc output may appear due to minor
internal unbalances. It is usually unnoticed in normal applications. But for critical
conditions, the output voltage can be set precisely to zero by connecting a 10K
potentiometer between terminals marked offset-null.
3. Low power consumption.
4. Large common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) and differential voltage ranges.
5. No external frequency compensation is required. It also does not need any external
compensation for phase component. This simplifies the circuit design and minimizes the
number of components used.
6. No latch-up problem.

4.2.2 Transistor SL 100 (NPN):

SL100 is a general purpose, medium power NPN transistor. It is mostly used as switch in
common emitter configuration. The transistor terminals require a fixed DC voltage to
operate in the desired region of its characteristic curves. This is known as the biasing. For
switching applications, SL100 is biased in such a way that it remains fully on if there is a
signal at its base. In the absence of base signal, it gets turned off completely.
The emitter leg of SL100 is indicated by a protruding edge in the transistor case. The base
is nearest to the emitter while collector lies at other extreme of the casing.

Fig 4.3 Transistor SL 100 (NPN)

4.2.3Diode BY 127:

10

Fig.4.4 Diode BY 127

1.
2.
3.
4.

Features of BY 127:
Low forward voltage drop
High current capability
High reliability
High surge current capability

4.2.4 1N4148 zener diode :

Full switching diode chip selection from several manufacturers including 1n4148
switching diodes,. Simply choose from the switching diode technical attributes and

11

results will quickly be narrowed in order to match your specific switching diode
application needs.

Applications for Switching Diodes:

The switching diode is the most basic function of almost every electronic application.
Switching diodes are also used in high-speed rectifying applications, such as in
radiofrequency receivers. Applications also include high-speed switching, generalpurpose switching and reverse polarity protection in the consumer, automotive, and
telecommunication industry.

Ratings:

Maximum Reverse Recovery Time (1 ns, 4 ns, 50 ns..), Maximum Peak Current (4 mA, 2
A, 4 A, ) and Power Dissipation (from 80 mW to 1 kW) for 1n4148 switching diode or
any other type of switching diode.

4.2.5 Relay:

12

Fig.4.5 SUN HOLD RAS -1210 relay

The relay (SUN HOLD RAS 1210) would operate when any of the phases goes out. This
relay used in control circuit if 3 phase motor, or with a circuit breaker, would switch the
power OFF/ON operation.

13

5. ADVANTAGE
The main advantage of this protector circuit is that it protects three-phase appliances from
failure of any of the phases by disconnecting the power supply through the contactor and
automatically restores the three-phase supply to the appliance (with reasonable time
delay) when all the phases are available.

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6. CONCLUSION
Three phase induction motors are very sensitive and get damaged, when

they are

subjected to Single-phasing. For three phase induction motor, it is necessary that all the
three phases of supply are present. While it is on load if any one of the fuse goes out, or
goes missing, the motor will continue to run with two phases only, but it will start
drawing a huge current for the same load. This high current may run the motor unless
switched off immediately. Failure of any of the phases makes the appliance prone to
erratic functioning and may even lead to failure. A single phasing preventer avoids such a
mishap with this circuit, the motor will not run unless all the three phases are present. The
single phase preventer is very less expensive and protects reliably the motor which is
very costly.

15