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Devanagari
Devanagari

DAYvNAH gree

devangar

Devanagari

Nagari Ngar

SiddhaMatrika
primusinterpares

Type
Languages

Contents

Time
period
Parent
systems

Child
systems
Sister
systems
ISO15924 Deva,315
Direction
Unicode
alias
Unicode
range

DevanagariCharacters
Vowel(

Origins

Consonants(

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Ngar

Ngar
lipi

Ngara
ngarlipi
devangar

ngar

devangar

Principle

ka,

a
kana,

kanaya,

n,y)
knaya, kanya,

knya.

virma
knaya

halant

knay.

halant

(sayuktkara

(k,

rtsny
a
ke, ku, k, k,

k,

ku

ka

matras

kanaya

akara

ka

ka.
akshara,

knya

Letters
varaml

Vowels

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As
Independent
Romanised diacritic
form
with

Asdiacritic
Independent
Romanised
form
with
kahya
(Guttural)

tlavya
(Palatal)

ohya
(Labial)

mrdhanya
(Retroflex)

dantya
(Dental)

kahatlavya
(Palato
Guttural)

kahohya
(Labio
Guttural)

anusvra

visarga

a).

anusvra
visarga

s,

r,

visarga

a
candrabindu anunsika

anusvra,
candrabindu

candra

anusvr

akshara

candrabindu,

avagraha
avagraha:

ayam

eko'yam
sadtm
sad tm
!
avagraha

baiha

a
,,

ekas

non

baih

varaml

ru

Consonants

spara
(Plosive)
Voicing
Aspiration

anunsika
(Nasal)

aghoa
alpapra

antastha
(Approximant)

ghoa

mahpra

alpapra

mahpra

ma/saghahr
(Fricative)
aghoa

alpapra

ghoa

mahpra

kahya
(Guttural)

tlavya
(Palatal)

mrdhanya
(Retroflex)

dantya
(Dental)

ohya
(Labial)

other

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nuqt

zha

qa

fa

ha

xa

za

ha

ha mha nha ha vha lha ha

rha

Schwasyncopeinconsonants
Mainarticle:SchwadeletioninIndoAryanlanguages

schwasyncoperule

schwadeletionrule

>|VC_CV

Rm
Rma
devangar

Racn

movement
theheart

sarak.n

activity

Racan
Vd

Vda

Namkn

devngr

Namakna

har.kat

theheartstartedbeating
beatsof
dhaak.n
dha.kan
"soundveryunnatural"

toslide

"extremelydifficultforthelistener"
Allophonyof'v'and'w'inHindi

woman

vrat fast
wrat

conditionalallophones
pakvn fooddish
vrat

wrat

aurat

fast

Conjuncts
YouwillbeabletoseetheligaturesonlyifyoursystemhasaUnicodefontinstalledthatincludestherequiredligatureglyphs(suchasoneoftheTDIL
"externallinks"below).

fonts,see

conjunct

va na ca la

(a)

ra

va na ca la

ra
r(a)

rva
rv
rspa
rsp

ta
k(a) ch(a)

all

tra
d(a)

h(a)

ph(a)
k

Sanskrit

Biconsonantalconjuncts

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Accentmarks
Mainarticle:Vedicaccent

anudtta

svarita

udtta

Punctuation
pravirm

danda

alpavirm

Oldforms

Lettervariants
Standardform Variantform

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Numerals
Seealso:Indiannumerals,BrahminumeralsandHinduArabicnumeralsystem
Devanagaridigits

Fonts

Transliteration
Mainarticle:Devanagaritransliteration

Hunteriansystem
Mainarticle:Hunteriantransliteration
nationalsystemofromanisationinIndia

ISO15919
Mainarticle:ISO15919

IAST
CongressofOrientalists

HarvardKyoto

ITRANS
devangar

ALALCRomanisation

WX
Mainarticle:WXnotation

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Encodings
ISCII

Unicode
Mainarticles:Devanagari(Unicodeblock),DevanagariExtended(Unicodeblock)andVedicExtensions(Unicodeblock)

Devanagari

Notes
^

DevanagariExtended

Notes
^
^

VedicExtensions

Notes
^
^

Devanagarikeyboardlayouts
ForalistofDevanagariinputtoolsandfonts,pleaseseeHelp:Multilingualsupport(Indic).

InScriptlayout

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Typewriter

Phonetic

Seealso

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cc

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References
Footnotes
HistoryoftheAlphabet:AryanAlphabets,Part2
...IntheKutilathisdevelopsintoashort
horizontalbar,which,intheDevanagari,becomesacontinuoushorizontalline...threecardinalinscriptionsofthisepoch,namely,theKutilaorBareliinscriptionof992,theChalukya
orKistnainscriptionof945,andaKawiinscriptionof919...theKutilainscriptionisofgreatimportanceinIndianepigraphy,notonlyfromitsprecisedate,butfromitsofferinga
definiteearlyformofthestandardIndianalphabet,theDevanagari...
GazetteeroftheBombayPresidency(https://books.google.com/books?id=0bkMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA30)

omniglot.com

Ahistoryofwriting
...anearlybranchofthis,asofthefourthcenturyCE,wastheGuptascript,Brahmi's
firstmaindaughter...theGuptaalphabetbecametheancestorofmostIndicscripts(usuallythroughlaterDevanagari)...Nagari,ofIndia'snorthwest,firstappearedaround633CE
...intheeleventhcentury,NagarihadbecomeDevanagari,or'heavenlyNagari',sinceitwasnowthemainvehicle,outofseveral,forSanskritliterature...
AnnualReportoftheBoardofRegentsoftheSmithsonianInstitution(https://books.google.com/books?id=avFDAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA671)

Language,speech,andmind,Part2
...Theimplicit/a/isnotreadwhenthe
symbolappearsinwordfinalpositionorincertainothercontextswhereitisobligatorilydeletedviathesocalledschwadeletionrulewhichplaysacrucialroleinHindiword
phonology...
AhistoryoftheHindigrammaticaltradition:HindiHindustanigrammar,grammarians,historyandproblems
...Hindiliterature
failsasareliableindicatoroftheactualpronunciationbecauseitiswrittenintheDevanagariscript...theschwasyncoperulewhichoperatesinHindi...
ProceedingsoftheWorkshopofthe
ACLSpecialInterestGrouponComputationalPhonology(SIGPHON)
...schwadeletionisanimportantissueforgraphemetophoneme
conversionofIAL,whichinturnisrequiredforagoodTexttoSpeechsynthesiser...
InternationalJournalofSpeechTechnology ...Withouttheappropriate
deletionofschwas,anyspeechoutputwouldsoundunnatural.SincetheorthographicalrepresentationofDevanagarigiveslittleindicationofdeletionsites,modernTTSsystemsfor
Hindiimplementedschwadeletionrulesbasedonthesegmentalcontextwhereschwaappears...
ThergsofNorthIndianmusic:theirstructureandevolution
...TheDevnagri(Devanagari)scriptis
syllabicandallconsonantscarrytheinherentvowelaunlessotherwiseindicated.TheprincipaldifferencebetweenmodernHindiandtheclassicalSanskritformsistheomissionin
Hindi...
ProceedingsoftheInternationalConferenceOnKnowledgeBased
ComputerSystems ...Withoutanyschwadeletion,notonlythetwowordswillsoundveryunnatural,butitwillalsobeextremelydifficultforthelistenertodistinguishbetweenthe
two,theonlydifferencebeingnasalisationoftheeattheendoftheformer.However,anativespeakerwouldpronouncetheformerasdha.DkaneMandthelaterasdha.Dakne,which
areclearlydistinguishable...
ImplicationsofHindiProsodicStructure(CurrentTrendsinPhonology:ModelsandMethods)
...showedextremelyregularpatterns.Asisnotuncommoninastudyofsubphonemicdetail,the
objectivedatapatternedmuchmorecleanlythanintuitivejudgments...[w]occurswhen//isinonglideposition...[v]occursotherwise...

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TheIndicScripts:PaleographicandLinguisticPerspecticves
TheUnicodeStandard,v.6.0

APrimerofModernStandardHindi

TransliterationintoRomanandDevanagariofthelanguagesoftheIndiangroup
...Withthepassageoftimetherehasemergeda
practicallyuniformsystemoftransliterationofDevanagariandalliedalphabets.Nevertheless,nosinglesystemofRomanisationhasyetdeveloped...
Technicalreferencemanualforthestandardisationof
geographicalnames
...ISO15919...ThereisnoevidenceoftheuseofthesystemeitherinIndiaorininternational
cartographicproducts...TheHunteriansystemistheactuallyusednationalsystemofromanisationinIndia...
UnitedNationsRegionalCartographicConferenceforAsiaandtheFarEast,Volume2
...InIndia
theHunteriansystemisused,wherebyeverysoundinthelocallanguageisuniformlyrepresentedbyacertainletterintheRomanalphabet...
Indianscientific&technicalpublications,exhibition1960:abibliography
...The
Hunteriansystemoftransliteration,whichhasinternationalacceptance,hasbeenused...

Generalreferences
TheIndoAryanLanguages
TeachYourselfBeginner'sHindiScript
TheIndoAryanLanguages
TheIndoAryanLanguages
APracticalSanskritIntroductory

CensusandcataloguesofmanuscriptsinDevanagari

ACatalogueofSanskritManuscriptsinPrivateLibraries(https://books.google.com/books?id=JjxFAAAAYAAJ)
ADescriptiveCatalogueoftheSanskritManuscripts(https://books.google.com/books?id=QDQmb2XIr8C)
De.

CatalogueoftheSanskritManuscripts(https://books.google.com/books?id=6nooAAAAYAAJ)

Externallinks
Devanagari

GazetteeroftheBombayPresidency(https://books.google.com/books?id=0bkMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA30)
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