Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
ABSTRACT
In this project our main aim was to study the complete working of
Circuit Maker and then how to design a PCB (Printed Circuit
Board).Here we have designed a PCB for Electronic candles. For this first
we understood the various integral parts of the circuit i.e. 555 Timer IC,
SCR1(c106),serial in/parallel out shift register and power supply. After
studying all these parts our objective was to obtain a circuit which will
produce a randomly flickering light effect in an electric bulb. During this
we also studied the various characteristics of SCR1(c106) and 555 timer.
Contents
S.No.
Page no.
1.
Introduction
2.
Hardware Description
1-3
2.1)
4-5
2.2)
555-Timer IC
5-10
2.3)
11-12
2.4)
Logic Gates
13-14
2.5)
14-17
2.6)
Electric Bulb
17
3.
18-20
4.
Component Requirements
21
5.
Conclusion
22
6.
Future Scope
23
7.
Bibliography
24
List of Figure
S no.
Page no.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
11
8.
11
9.
13
10.
14
11.
Figures of SCR
14
12.
15
13.
16
14.
INTRODUCTION
18
This project work is an attempt to design electronic candle that can produce the
effect of candle light in a normal electric bulb. A candle light as we all know , resembles
a randomly flickering light. These aren't the only electric candles, but they are easily
among the best - behaving incredibly like a real candle. The LED bulbs flicker more
realistically than most other flameless candles, just like a real flame. One of the biggest
advantages of these lights is the quality of the flicker. Generally, flickering LED candles
have a randomized flickering program me "cycle", that repeats itself. Lengthen this cycle
(which requires more memory in the electronics), and the candle can be made to be more
realistic. So the objective of this project activity is to produce a randomly flickering light
effect in an electric bulb.
To achieve this, the entire circuit can be divided into three parts. The first part
comprises IC1 (555), IC2 (74LS164), IC3 (74LS86), IC4 (74LS00) and the associated
components. These generate a randomly changing pulse.
The second part of the circuit consists of SCR1 (C106), an electric bulb
connected between anode of SCR1 and mains live wire and gate trigger circuit
components.
The third part is power supply to generate regulated 5V DC from 230V AC for
random signal generator. It comprises a step down transformer(X1), full-wave rectifier
(diodes D3 and D4), filter capacitor (C9), followed by a regulator (IC5).
CLOCK
GENERATOR
SERIAL TO
PARALLEL
CONVERTER
PATTERN
GENERATOR
OUTPUT
DEVICE
INTERFACE
Output: Output can refer to output can refer to or an observable output such as
amplification of an analog signal.
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
To design electronic candle the following components have been used:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Rectifier: There are several ways of connecting diodes to make a rectifier to convert AC
to DC. The bridge rectifier is the most important and it produces full-wave varying DC.
A full-wave rectifier can also be made from just two diodes if a centre-tap transformer is
used, but this method is rarely used now that diodes are cheaper.
Smoothing : Smoothing is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected
across the DC supply to act as a reservoir, supplying current to the output when the
varying DC voltage from the rectifier is falling.
Regulator: Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or
variable output voltages. They are also rated by the maximum current they can pass.
Negative voltage regulators are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most
regulators include some automatic protection from excessive current
Component 2: 555-Timer IC
The 555 Timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) implementing a variety of timer and
multivibrator applications. Depending on the manufacturer, the standard 555 package
includes over 20 transistors, 2 diodes and 15 resistors on a silicon chip installed in an 8pin mini dual-in-line package (DIP-8).
Name
Purpose
GND
TRIG
OUT
RESET
CTRL
THR
The threshold at which the interval ends (it ends if the voltage at
THR is at least 2/3 VCC)
DIS
V+,VCC
In the astable mode, the frequency of the pulse stream depends on the values of R 1,
R2 and C:
where R1 and R2 are the values of the resistors in ohms and C is the value of the
capacitor in farads.
Applications include LED and lamp flashers, pulse generation, logic clocks, tone
generation, security alarms, pulse position modulation ,etc.
Bistable mode or Schmitt trigger: The Bistable Circuit toggles between the states.
Triggering one input sets the output to the low state, while triggering another input sets
the output to the high state. The name "bistable" means "two stable states".It can operate
as a flip-flop, if the DIS pin is not connected and no capacitor is used. Uses include
bounce free latched switches, etc.
In designing of electronic candle, the clock signal is generated by using the 555
timer in Astable mode. The detailed description of it is given below:
This is the free running mode and the trigger is tied to the threshold pin. It is a
timing circuit whose 'low' and 'high' states are both unstable. As such, the output of an
Astable multivibrator toggles between 'low' and 'high' continuously, in effect generating
a train of pulses. This circuit is therefore also known as a 'pulse generator' circuit.
The HIGH and LOW times of each pulse can be calculated from:
HIGH Time = 0.69 (R1 + R2) C
LOW Time = 0.69 (R2 C)
The duty cycle of the waveform, usually expressed as a percentage, is given by:
OUTPUTS
CLK
X
L
Up
Up
Up
A
X
X
H
L
X
B
X
X
H
X
L
QA
L
QAD
H
L
L
Table 2
QA0, QB0, QH0 = the level of QA, QB, or QH, respectively,
before the indicated steady-state input conditions were
QB
L
QB0
QAn
QAn
QAn
QH
L
QH0
QGn
QGn
QGn
established.
H = high level (steady state), L = low level (steady state)
X = irrelevant (any input, including transitions)
Up = transition from low to high level
QAn, QGn= the level of QA or QG before the most recent
transition of the clock; indicates a 1-bit shift.
FEATURES
Truth Table
A LOW output results only if both the inputs to the gate are HIGH. If one or both inputs
are LOW, a HIGH output results. The NAND gate is a universal gate in the sense that
any Boolean function can be implemented by NAND gates.
Exclusive-NOR GATE : The XNOR gate is a digital logic gate whose function is the
inverse of the exclusive OR (XOR) gate. The two-input version implements logical
equality,behaving according to the truth table to next page
INPUT OUTPUT
A B
A XNOR B
Truth Table
A HIGH output (1) results if both of the inputs to the gate are the same. If one but not
both inputs are HIGH (1), a LOW output (0) results.
Component 5: SILICON CONTROLLED RECTIFIER (C106)
Shockley diodes are curious devices, but rather limited in application. Their usefulness
may be expanded, however, by equipping them with another means of latching. In doing
so, each becomes true amplifying devices (if only in an on/off mode), and we refer to
these as silicon-controlled rectifiers, or SCRs.
The progression from Shockley diode to SCR is achieved with one small addition,
actually nothing more than a third wire connection to the existing PNPN structure:
(Figure below)
Figure 11
The SCR has become the workhorse of the industrial control industry. Its evolution over
the years has yielded a device that is less expensive, more reliable, and smaller in size
than ever before. Typical applications include : DC motor control, generator field
regulation,Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) DC Bus voltage control, Solid State
Relaysand lighting system control.
controlled - or more correctly - one that can be triggered to the ON state by applying a
small positive voltage ( VTM ) to the gate lead. Once gated ON, the trigger signal may
be removed and the SCR will remain conducting as long as current flows through the
device.
If an SCR's gate is left floating (disconnected), it behaves exactly as a Shockley
diode. It may be latched by break over voltage or by exceeding the critical
rate of voltage rise between anode and cathode, just as with the Shockley diode. Dropout
is accomplished by reducing current until one or both internal transistors fall into cutoff
mode, also like the Shockley diode. However, because the gate terminal connects
directly to the base of the lower transistor, it may be used as an alternative means to
latch the SCR. By applying a small voltage between gate and cathode, the lower
transistor will be forced on by the resulting base current, which will cause the upper
transistor to conduct, which then supplies the lower transistor's base with current so that
it no longer needs to be activated by a gate voltage. The necessary gate current to initiate
latch-up, of course, will be much lower than the current through the SCR from cathode
to anode, so the SCR does achieve a measure of amplification.
This method of securing SCR conduction is called triggering, and it is by far the
most common way that SCRs are latched in actual practice. In fact, SCRs are usually
chosen so that their breakover voltage is far beyond the greatest voltage expected to be
experienced from the power source, so that it can be turned on only by an intentional
voltage pulse applied to the gate.
It should be mentioned that SCRs may sometimes be turned off by directly
shorting their gate and cathode terminals together, or by "reverse-triggering" the gate
with a negative voltage (in reference to the cathode), so that the lower transistor is
forced into cutoff. I say this is "sometimes" possible because it involves shunting
all of the upper transistor's collector current past the lower transistor's base. This current
may be substantial, making triggered shut-off of an SCR difficult at best. A
variation of the SCR, called a Gate-Turn-Off thyristor, or GTO, makes this task easier.
But even with a GTO, the gate current required to turn it off may be as much as
20% of the anode (load) current!
Volt-Ampere Characteristics
Figure One below illustrates the volt-ampere characteristics curve of an SCR.
Circuit
diagram of
electronic
candle
Figure 14
The
above
given circuit
diagram is a
simple circuit
that
can
produce
the
effect
of
candle
light
in a normal
electric
bulb
.To
achieve this ,
the
entire
circuit
diagram
is
The third part of the circuit consists of SCR1 (C106), an electric bulb connected
between anode of SCR1 and mains live wire and gate trigger circuit components. It is
basically half-wave AC power being supplied to the bulb
The functioning of the system is as follows:
The first part of the circuit will provide a regulated voltage to the external circuit
which may also I am required in any part of the external circuit or the whole external
circuit .The best part is that you can also use it to convert AC voltage to DC and then
regulate it ,simply You need a transformer to make the AC main drop down to a safe
value i.e. 12-15 volts and then us a rectifier to convert AC into DC.
This circuit can give +5V output at about 150mA current, but it can be increased
to 1 A when good cooling is added to 7805 regulator chip. The circuit has over overload
and terminal protection. The capacitors must have enough high voltage rating to safely
handle the input voltage feed to circuit.
If you need other voltages than +5V, you can modify the circuit by replacing the
7805 chips with another regulator with different output voltage from regulator 78xx chip
family. The last numbers in the chip code tells the output voltage.
In the second part ,The random signal generator of the circuit is built around an
8-Bit serial in/parallel out shift register (IC2). Different outputs of the shift register IC
pass through a set of logic gates(N1 through N5) and final output appearing at pin 6 of
gate N5 is fed back to the inputs of pins 1and 2 of IC2. The clock signal appears at pin 8
of IC2, which is clocked by an astable multivibrator configured around timer(IC1). The
clock frequency can be set using preset VR1 and VR2. it can be set around 100Hz to
provide better flickering effect in the bulb.
The random signal generated from the above triggers the gate of SCR1. The
electric bulb gets AC power only for the period which SCR1 is fired.
SCR1 is fired only during the positive half cycles. Conduction of SCR1 depends
upon the gate triggering pin3 of IC2, which is random. Thus, we see a flickering effect
in the light output.
Assemble the circuit on a general purpose PCB and enclose it in a suitable case.
Fix bulb and neon bulb on the front side of the cabinet. Also, connect a power cable for
giving AC mains supply to the circuit for operation. The circuit is ready to use. Since the
circuit uses 230V AC, care must be taken to avoid electric shock.
Components Requirements
555 timer IC
Serial in /parallel out shift register IC- 74LS164
NAND Gate IC- 74LS00
XNOR Gate IC- 74LS86
Variable Resistors (100K)
Capacitors(100F,10F,1000F,0.1F)
Resistors ( 10k,100k,180)
Step down transformer(230v AC primary to7.5v-0-7.5v, 250mA secondary
transformer)
Regulator IC-7805
SCR1(C106) thyristor
Diodes(1N4148,1N4001,1N4007)
Bulb(60W,230v)
Neon Bulb
Connecting Wires
Power Supply
CONCLUSION
The system has been designed on PCB that uses various components in its designation.
It has been designed and studied in detail by implementing it. The hardware of this
project is designed to the stage of random signal generation successfully and rest of the
portion can not design due to unavailability of components. We have also studied the
CIRCUIT MAKER software during this project. Circuit maker is a schematic design,
simulation and PCB design tool and the major portion of the project has been simulated
on it. In future the same will be ported onto a small size PCB.
FUTURE SCOPE
Standard wax candles used for decoration and mood lighting produce an open flame and
high temperatures. This is unsuitable for many applications where accidents are likely,
especially around children and pets.In many situations use of candles and other open
flames may be prohibited by local fire and building regulations. It is possible to
realistically simulate these lighting effects electrically. In these situations Electronic
candles can be very useful.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
4.www.ieee.org
5.www.electronicsforu.com