Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Lecture Note 6
Moment-Curvature (M-) Relation - I
M-characteristics considering IS: 456:
The actual moment-curvature relationship of R.C. prismatic section is obtained from
stress-strain diagram of concrete and steel. Starting from the basic equations, expressions
for the axial force and moment carrying capacity of the section are calculated in nondimensional form.
The equation of the stress strain diagram of the parabolic part for concrete is
2
= 2 (1)
cu
0 0
subject to the following limiting conditions: ( Figs. 1 and 2)
1. at = 0 , = 0,
2. at = 0 , = cu,
d
= 0.
3. at = 0,
d
The permissible compressive stress in concrete are considered as: cu = 0.446fck
Under any loading condition, the section undergoes strains and consequent stresses. A
linear strain distribution over the depth of cross-section is assumed for stress distribution
in concrete and steel(Figs.1 and 2), giving rise to two possible cases:
1. 0 4 0 and
2. 0 4 u
2
= 0.446 f ck 2
28
Fe250
Fig. 1 Stress strain diagram for steel (Fe 250)
29
y =
0.87 f y
For Fe415
For Fe500
(MPa)
(MPa)
0.00000
0.00144
0.00163
0.00192
0.00241
0.00276
0.0038
0.0
288.7
306.7
324.8
342.8
351.8
360.9
0.00000
0.00174
0.00195
0.00226
0.00277
0.00312
0.00417
0.0
347.8
369.6
391.3
413.0
423.9
434.8
Es
+ 0.002
30
Case I
Case - II
Xc
Xt D
Xc D
Xt D
Xc D
3 4
1
0 3 4
1 2
0 4 0
(ii) Strain diagram
f3
f 2 f sy
0 4 u
cu
f4
f 2 f sy
kD
(iii) Stress diagram
k 'D
kD
(iii) Stress diagram
C1 C2
T
(iv) Force diagram
f3
C1 C3
T
(iv) Force diagram
C2
f4
31
Lecture Note 7
Moment-Curvature (M-) Relation - II
Case I ( 0 4 0 )
According to Fig. 3,
k=
2 + 4
x
d
Where k is the ratio of the neutral axis depth to the effective depth.
1 and 4 are the extreme fiber strains in cross section.
For the given section, tensile force for the tensile reinforcement,
T = Pt bDf2 = Pt bDEs2
Where Es 2 0.87 f y
Pt = Percentage of tensile steel
b = Width of the section
D = Overall depth of the section
Es = Modulus of elasticity of steel
f2 = Stress in tensile steel
2 = strain in tensile steel
f y = Characteristic strength of steel
Compressive force due to parabolic part of the stress-strain diagram of concrete :
250 2
C1 = cu kbD 10 3 4
4
2 3
Where cu = Ultimate 28 days cube strength of concrete in compression.
Compressive force due to presence of compression steel is,
= Pc bD Es 3
C2 = Pc bD f3
Where Es 3 0.87f y
Pc = Percentage of compressive steel
f3 = Stress in compressive steel
3 = Strain in compressive steel
32
Pf
N C1 + C 2 T
' 1 P f
=
= k 4 ' 24 + c 3 t 2 .(2)
N0
cu bD
cu
2 12 cu
Es 3 0.87 f y
Es 2 0.87 f y
Axial thrust
Ultimate axial thrust ( = cu bD)
=
Where f3
f2
N
N0
=
=
=
=
k2
2
2
1 2
1 1
(1 X t X c ) Pc f 3
...(3)
3 '4 8 '4 + {2(1 X t ) '1 '4 } 2 12 '4 +
cu
Where ' 4 =
4 x 10 3
'1 = 1 x 10 3
M = Bending moment
M0 = Ultimate bending moment ( cu bD2 )
Case II ( 0 4 u )
According to Fig. 3, k ' =
2 + 4
0
k
4
For the given section compressive force due to parabolic part of the stress-strain diagram
2
k cubD
of concrete is: C1 =
3
Compressive force due to compression steel, if present, is: C2 = Pc bD f3
Compressive force due to straight part of the stress-strain diagram: C3 = cu(k-k)bD
Tensile force due to tensile steel: T = Pt bDf2
From the above values of C1, C2 , C3 and T, one may get
P f
Pf
1
N
= k k '+ c 3 t 2 .(4)
=
cu
cu
3
N0
and,
M 5 '2 2
1
= k + k ' ( (1 X t ) k ) + ( K K ')( 2 (1 X t ) + K ' K ) +
M 0 12
3
2
(1 X t X c ) pC f 3
cu
.(5)
To satisfy the equations (2), (3), (4) and (5) following conditions are to be fulfilled.
1. Es 3 0.87 f y
33
2. Es 2
0.87 f y
Putting different values of in the equations (2) and (4) and assigning some specific
values of 4 (4 0.0035), corresponding values are calculated. The strain of concrete
being known or assumed, the rotation capacity of the structure is calculated.
Corresponding to this rotation capacity, moment carrying capacity of the structure is
calculated from the equations (3) and (5). For specific values of compression and tensile
steel, the value of (1+4) and ( = M / M0 ) are calculated.
E
1+
0
Where, E =
2 u
2 u
0 .......................................... (6)
1 +
0
Stress(N/mm2)
Strain( 103 )
Fig 4 Stress strain diagram for concrete (ACI Code)
The values of stresses and strains are taken as per ACI code.
34
Strain distribution over the depth of section is considered as linear. According to Fig. 4,
4
k=
2 + 4
Where
=
= k ln 1 + +
.(7)
=
4 0 u
u
u bd
No
Where f3 = Es 3 0.87 f y
f2 = Es 2 0.87 f y
N = Axial thrust
N0 = Ultimate axial thrust ( = cu bD)
Similarly, nondimensional moment parameter,
35
=
=
M
M
=
M 0 cu bD 2
(1 X t ) k ln 1 + 4
4
2 k 2 2
(1 X c X t ) Pc Es
2
1 4
0
4 0 tan
+
2
4
u
0
0
(8)
2
Where,
M = Bending moment
M0 = Ultimate bending moment ( cu bD2 )
To satisfy the equations (7) and (8) following conditions are to be fulfilled.
1. Es 3 0.87 f y
2. Es 2 0.87 f y
36
Lecture Note 8
Behavior of RC Member: Flexure
Equivalent Compression Block
xu
(0.57 xu ) 2
0.45 f ck
b
2
12
k 2 = 0.416 0.42
To find depth of NA
xu =
f st Ast
0.36 f ck b
0.57
xu b
3
37
Limiting value of Xu /d
fy
su =
+ 0.002 ;
1.15 Es
Again,
Thus,
Where s = 2 10 5 Mpa
xu
cu
0.0035
=
=
d cu + su 0.0035 + su
xu
can be obtained as given below:
d
Type of steel
su
Fe250
Fe415
Fe500
0.0031
0.0038
0.0042
xu
d
0.53
0.48
0.46
xu
d
Type of steel
Fe250
F
0.192
Fe415
0.175
Fe500
0.167
Moment capacity
M u = 0.87 f y Ast ( L. A.)
= 0.87 f y Ast ( d 0.416 xu )
xu
)
d
0.87 f y Ast
0.36 f ck bd
f y Ast
f ck bd
xu
bd = Ff ck bd
d
38
= 0.87 f y pbd 2 [1
pf y
f ck
pf y
Mu
f
p
=
0.87
1
y
bd 2
f ck
Mu in terms of concrete
M u = 0.36 f ck xu b(d 0.416 xu )
= 0.36 f ck
xu
d
1 0.416 u
d
2
bd
xu
d
xu
1 0.416 d
K
0.15
0.14
0.13
d =
Mu
Kf ck b
6.66M u
f ck b
7.1M u
f ck b
Ast 0.36 f ck xu
f
=
= k / ck
bd 0.87 f y d
fy
39
Now, assuming p =
Ast
f
p
100 ;
= k / ck
bd
100
fy
fy
x
0.36 100 xu
= 41.3 u
0.87
d
d
Thus, p
f ck
= 100k / =
Thus the percentage of balanced reinforcement pB will be as shown in the table below:
Steel
x/d
Fe250
Fe415
Fe500
0.53
0.48
0.46
p y
f
ck
21.97
19.82
18.87
pB (for M20)
1.758
0.955
0.755
x
x 2
1 0.42 bd
d
d
x
x 6.68M u
2.4 +
=0
2
d
d f ck bd
6.68M u
x
2
= 1.2 (1.2)
d
f ck bd 2
Thus,
x
can be found out from M u , f ck , b & d
d
40
41
Lecture Note 9
Behavior of RC Member: Flexure
Steel Beam Theory
Mu1 =Maximum moment of the concrete beam can carry.
Mu2 =Moment capacity of the steel Beam
Singly reinforced
beam reaches
ultimate strain in
t
Step2:
Determine the balanced p
21.97 f ck
pt =
fy
for Fe250
42
19.82 f ck
=
fy
for Fe415
18.87 f ck
for Fe500
=
f
y
p bd
Ast1 = t
100
Step3: Determine f sc , Then C s = f sc Asc
M u2
0.87 f y d d /
d/
Otherwise sc = 0.0035 1 . The value of fsc then can be
xu
found from the stress-strain diagram of steel.
43
Ast 2 (0.87 f y )
f sc
We know,
M u = M u (lim) +
Or,
pt 2
bd (0.87 f y )(d d / )
100
/
M u M u (lim) pt 2
=
+
(0.87 f y )(1 d )
2
2
d
100
bd
bd
Now,
p t = p t1(lim) + p t 2
and
0.87 f y
p c = pt 2
f sc
M u = 0.87 f y
fy p 2
p
1
bd
f ck 100
100
44
x
From T = C we can have: 0.36 f ck b d = f st Ast
d
f st
x
p
=
d 0.36 f ck 100
x
= 0.58 p
d
Ductility can be measured by curvature.
c
x
Thus,
1
d c 0.0035 0.006
= =
=
=
=
R
dx
x 0.58 pd
pd
Thus, Ductility
1
p
Hence, though M u increases with the increase of p but ductility (i.e., curvature)
decreases.
Hence, IS code (Clause 26.5.1) has put the upper limit of tension & compression steel as
4%.
Minimum Steel
Minimum steel is required to take care ductility & shrinkage of concrete.
As per clause 26.5.1
45
As 0.85
=
bd
fy
AS
= 902 v
b
for Fe415
AS
= 544 v
b
for Fe250
Maximum spacing
Sv 0.75d for vertical stirrups
46
Lecture Note 10
Behavior of RC Beam: Shear
Types of shear Failure
47
vcz Shear in compression zone
vay Aggregate interlock forces
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
v s increases as cracks widen until yielding of stirrups & then stirrups provide
constant resistant.
Flexural Cracking:
48
Vu factored shear force at section
Vn Normal shear strength
Simple formula:
3.5 f c bw d
More detailed:
Vc
V d
= 1.9 f c + 2500 pw u bw d
Mu
N u
Vc = 2 1 +
f b d Eqn [11.4]
2000 A c w
g
3.5 f c bw d 1 +
Nu
500 Ag
Nu
Eqn [11.8]
Ag
are in psi.
More detailed
4h d
M m = M u Nu
Use M m in Eqn [11.6] with no limits
8
Vc 3.5 f c bw d 1 +
Nu
Eqn [11.8]
500 Ag
Ag
are in psi.
V d
Note u 1
Mu
49
Nu
f b d
= 2 1 +
500Ag c w
Vc
Lightweight Concrete:
Shear Strength Provided by Shear Reinforcement
10"
50
Typical Shear Reinforcement
Av f y d (sin + cos )
s
= 45o Vs =
1.41Av f y d
s
ACI 11-5.6
51
Design Procedure for Shear
1. Calculate Vu
4. If
Av (min ) = 50
bw s
fy
A f
Also done
d
smax 24" (11.5.4)
2
5. If Vu Vc , calculate Vs (required)
Vu Vn = Vc + Vs
Vs = Vu Vc Vs =
Vu
Vc
Av f ys
50bw
(Illegal)
52