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M
H )H
= 0 r H = H
1 / 18
d
d
=
dt
dt
(1)
L=
=
i
i
(2)
(3)
2 / 18
Z
vi dt =
d
N
.i dt =
dt
Ni d
(4)
but,
Ni = F = Hl and d = A dB
(5)
(6)
therefore,
3 / 18
H dB
(7)
B
B2
dB =
(8)
Z
Wv =
Z
H dB =
or
Z
Z
H dB =
Wv =
0
HdH =
0
H 2
2
(9)
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Hysteresis
5 / 18
Eddy currents
Example
example 1
An iron core is designed to operate at 120 V at 60 Hz. estimate the
effect of hysteresis and eddy currents losses at 150 V at 50 Hz
Neglecting IR drop induced voltage equal to applied voltage
The flux density will be Bm = k Vf
The ratio of new B to old is
Assuming n = 1.6 we have
Similarly
Pe
Pe
Bm
Bm
Ph
Ph
=
=
V f
V .f
3
2
f Bm 1.6
f .( Bm )
= 1.59
Bm
= ( ff )2 .( Bm )2 = 1.56
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Transformers
8 / 18
Voltage relations
E2
E1
N2
N1
9 / 18
Exciting current
Current relations
V2
Z2
load current produces mmf that tends to oppose the magnetic flux
Flux cant change without change in primary voltage hence
I1 is induced
To Maintain core flux net mmf N1 IM N2 I2 + N1 I1 = N1 IM
This requires N2 I2 = N1 I1 or
I1
I2
N2
N1
11 / 18
Example
example 2
The laminated silicon steel core of a transformer has a mean length of
0.06 m and a cross section of 0.005 meter square. there are 150 turns on
primary winding and 450 turns on the secondary. the input is 200 V rms
at 50 Hz. estimate the primary current (a) with secondary open (b) with
a load of 120 ohm connected across the secondary
(a) The necessary
maximum
flux is,
2200
3
1
=
m = N2E
150260 = 5 10 Wb
1
Im = F
= Hl
= 2000.6
= 0.6A
2N1
2N1
2150
assuming low eddy current loss IE = IM = 0.6A
(b) Assuming voltage ratio equal to turn ratio
450
2
V2 = N
N1 V1 = 150 200 = 600V
with resistance load connected I2 = VR22 = 600
120 = 5A
2
component of primary current due to load is I1 = N
N1 I2 = 15A
12 / 18
N2
N1
=a
B = Y 2 G 2 a = VV2O
1O
Short circuit test:
at rated current, secondary shorted, WM indicates copper loss
a2 PSC
2
I1S
Z=
aV1S
I2S
aV1S
= a IV1S1S
q
2
the reactance given by X = Z 2 R 2 = ( a IV1S1S )2 R 2
R=
I1S
a
14 / 18
Example I
example 3
Primary of a transformer is rated at 10 A and 1000 V. On open circuit
the readings are V1 = 1000V V2 = 500V I1 = 0.42A POC = 100W . On
short circuit the reading are I1 = 10A V1 = 126V PSC = 400W .
Determine the hybrid parameters predict the output voltage across a load
impedance of ZL = 19 + j12
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Example II
From open circuit test data:
G=
POC
2
V1O
Y =
I1O
V1O
= 420S
100
(1000)2
= 100S
B = Y 2 G2
= 400S
V2O
1
a = V1O = 2
From short circuit test data:
R=
Z=
X =
a2 PSC
2
I1S
2
a V1S
I1S
400
4102
= 1
= 3.15
Z 2 R2
= 3
1
2 V1
Z +ZL
= 20 37 A
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Other models
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nameplate ratings:
A typical nameplate : Transformer 4400:220 V, 60 Hz, 10 kVA
Thus the turn ratio is 1:20 either side can be primary
Its optimum operation is at 60 Hz and 10 kVA apparent power
efficiency:
efficiency =
output
output
losses
=
=1
input
output + losses
input
(10)
(11)
voltage regulation:
voltage regulation =
18 / 18