Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
& SALTS
A guide for GCSE students
KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING
2010
SPECIFICATIONS
www.knockhardy.org.uk
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INDICATORS
show by a colour change if a solution is acidic, alkaline or neutral
some can even show how acidic or how alkaline a solution is
INDICATORS
show by a colour change if a solution is acidic, alkaline or neutral
some can even show how acidic or how alkaline a solution is
well known indicators include
INDICATORS
show by a colour change if a solution is acidic, alkaline or neutral
some can even show how acidic or how alkaline a solution is
well known indicators include
LITMUS
acidic RED
alkaline BLUE
neutral PURPLE
INDICATORS
show by a colour change if a solution is acidic, alkaline or neutral
some can even show how acidic or how alkaline a solution is
well known indicators include
LITMUS
acidic RED
alkaline BLUE
neutral PURPLE
INDICATORS
show by a colour change if a solution is acidic, alkaline or neutral
some can even show how acidic or how alkaline a solution is
well known indicators include
LITMUS
acidic RED
alkaline BLUE
neutral PURPLE
alkaline VIOLET
neutral GREEN
UNIVERSAL
acidic RED
INDICATORS
show by a colour change if a solution is acidic, alkaline or neutral
some can even show how acidic or how alkaline a solution is
well known indicators include
LITMUS
acidic RED
alkaline BLUE
neutral PURPLE
alkaline VIOLET
neutral GREEN
UNIVERSAL
acidic RED
pH SCALE
pH SCALE
Used to compare the relative acidity (and alkalinity) of solutions.
The value is related to the concentration of H+ions, in solution.
pH SCALE
Used to compare the relative acidity (and alkalinity) of solutions.
The value is related to the concentration of H+ions, in solution.
pH SCALE
Used to compare the relative acidity (and alkalinity) of solutions.
The value is related to the concentration of H+ions, in solution.
weakly
acidic
7
neutral
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 >
weakly
alkaline
strongly
alkaline
pH SCALE
Used to compare the relative acidity (and alkalinity) of solutions.
The value is related to the concentration of H+ions, in solution.
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 >
strongly
acidic
weakly
acidic
neutral
weakly
alkaline
strongly
alkaline
HCl
CH3COOH
H2O
NH3
NaOH
AMMONIA
SODIUM
HYDROXIDE
HYDROCHLORIC
ACID
ETHANOIC
ACID
pH SCALE
Used to compare the relative acidity (and alkalinity) of solutions.
The value is related to the concentration of H+ions, in solution.
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 >
strongly
acidic
weakly
acidic
neutral
weakly
alkaline
strongly
alkaline
HCl
CH3COOH
H2O
NH3
NaOH
AMMONIA
SODIUM
HYDROXIDE
HYDROCHLORIC
ACID
ETHANOIC
ACID
Acidic solutions
Alkaline solutions
Neutral solutions
pH < 7
pH > 7
pH = 7
pH SCALE
Despite what some people think, the pH scale is not restricted to
between 0 and 14. It extends beyond those values, but is not as
relevant; e.g. the pH of the dilute HCl and H2SO4 found on the
laboratory shelves is -0.3 and -0.6 respectively.
pH SCALE
Despite what some people think, the pH scale is not restricted to
between 0 and 14. It extends beyond those values, but is not as
relevant; e.g. the pH of the dilute HCl and H2SO4 found on the
laboratory shelves is -0.3 and -0.6 respectively.
Weak acids have higher pH values than stronger ones of the same
concentration.
Ethanoic acid CH3COOH has a larger pH than
hydrochloric acid HCl of the same concentration.
MEASURING pH
Indicator
MEASURING pH
Indicator
pH meters
ACIDS
ACIDS
Definition
Categories
ACIDS
Definition
Categories
ACID
SALTS
ION
hydrochloric
nitric
HCl
HNO3
chloride
nitrate
Cl
NO3
ethanoic
CH3COOH
ethanoate
CH3COO
EXAMPLE
NaCl
NaNO3
CH3COONa
ACIDS
Definition
Categories
ACID
SALTS
ION
hydrochloric
nitric
HCl
HNO3
chloride
nitrate
Cl
NO3
ethanoic
CH3COOH
ethanoate
CH3COO
EXAMPLE
NaCl
NaNO3
CH3COONa
sulphuric
H2SO4
hydrogensulphate
sulphate
carbonic
H2CO3
HSO4
NaHSO4
SO42-
Na2SO4
hydrogencarbonate HCO3
carbonate
CO32-
NaHCO3
Na2CO3
ACIDS
Definition
Categories
ACIDS
Definition
Categories
STRONG ACIDS
ACIDS
Definition
Categories
STRONG ACIDS
WEAK ACIDS
ACIDS
Definition
Categories
STRONG ACIDS
WEAK ACIDS
ACIDS
Reactions
ACIDS
Reactions
SODIUM
CHLORIDE
ZINC
AMMONIA
COPPER OXIDE
AMMONIUM
CHLORIDE
MAGNESIUM
CARBONATE
ZINC
CHLORIDE
MAGNESIUM
CHLORIDE
COPPER
CHLORIDE
ACIDS
Reactions
SODIUM
SULPHATE
ZINC
AMMONIA
COPPER OXIDE
AMMONIUM
SULPHATE
MAGNESIUM
CARBONATE
ZINC
SULPHATE
MAGNESIUM
SULPHATE
COPPER
SULPHATE
MIX SOLUTIONS OF
TWO SUITABLE SALTS
TO PRECIPITATE THE
INSOLUBLE SALT
INSOLUBLE
FILTER OFF
THE SALT
SOLUBLE
NO
YES
IS IT
SAFE?
NO
NO
YES
YES
CRYSTALLISE
THE SALT
FROM THE
FILTRATE
OXIDES
SALT + WATER
HYDROXIDES
SALT + WATER
CARBONATES
METALS
SALT + HYDROGEN
(not all metals are suitable; some are too reactive; others are not reactive enough)
MIX SOLUTIONS OF
TWO SUITABLE SALTS
TO PRECIPITATE THE
INSOLUBLE SALT
INSOLUBLE
FILTER OFF
THE SALT
SOLUBLE
NO
YES
IS IT
SAFE?
NO
NO
YES
YES
CRYSTALLISE
THE SALT
FROM THE
FILTRATE
2.
2.
3.
2.
3.
4.
6.
6.
7.
6.
7.
8.
When sufficient crystals have appeared, filter them off, wash with a little
cold water and transfer them to a filter paper. Place another filter paper
over the top and press gently to help remove some of the water.
6.
7.
8.
When sufficient crystals have appeared, filter them off, wash with a little
cold water and transfer them to a filter paper. Place another filter paper
over the top and press gently to help remove some of the water.
9.
Allow the crystals to dry naturally in air. (heat can cause the crystals to
decompose and lose their water of crystallisation)
2.
2.
3.
5.
5.
6.
5.
6.
7.
When sufficient crystals have appeared, filter them off, wash with a little
cold water and transfer them to a filter paper. Place another filter paper
over the top and press gently to help remove some of the water.
5.
6.
7.
When sufficient crystals have appeared, filter them off, wash with a little
cold water and transfer them to a filter paper. Place another filter paper
over the top and press gently to help remove some of the water.
8.
Allow the crystals to dry naturally in air. (heat can cause the crystals to
decompose and lose their water of crystallisation)
MIX SOLUTIONS OF
TWO SUITABLE SALTS
TO PRECIPITATE THE
INSOLUBLE SALT
INSOLUBLE
FILTER OFF
THE SALT
SOLUBLE
NO
YES
IS IT
SAFE?
NO
NO
YES
YES
CRYSTALLISE
THE SALT
FROM THE
FILTRATE
K, Na, Ca
Cu
K, Na, Ca
Cu
2.
K, Na, Ca
Cu
2.
3.
K, Na, Ca
Cu
5.
5.
6.
5.
6.
7.
When sufficient crystals have appeared, filter them off, wash with a little
cold water and transfer them to a filter paper. Place another filter paper
over the top and press gently to help remove some of the water.
5.
6.
7.
When sufficient crystals have appeared, filter them off, wash with a little
cold water and transfer them to a filter paper. Place another filter paper
over the top and press gently to help remove some of the water.
8.
Allow the crystals to dry naturally in air. (heat can cause the crystals to
decompose and lose their water of crystallisation)
MIX SOLUTIONS OF
TWO SUITABLE SALTS
TO PRECIPITATE THE
INSOLUBLE SALT
INSOLUBLE
FILTER OFF
THE SALT
SOLUBLE
NO
YES
IS IT
SAFE?
NO
NO
YES
YES
CRYSTALLISE
THE SALT
FROM THE
FILTRATE
ALKALIS
ALKALIS
Definition
ALKALIS
Definition
STRONG ALKALIS
WEAK ALKALIS
ALKALIS
Definition
STRONG ALKALIS
WEAK ALKALIS
Making salts using alkalis cannot be done by the methods used for
insoluble bases because you cannot tell when all the acid has been
neutralised the excess alkali is soluble.
ALKALIS
Definition
STRONG ALKALIS
WEAK ALKALIS
Making salts using alkalis cannot be done by the methods used for
insoluble bases because you cannot tell when all the acid has been
neutralised the excess alkali is soluble.
The salts are made by titration using an indicator
ACID + ALKALINE HYDROXIDE > NEUTRAL SALT + WATER
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
ALKALIS
Definition
STRONG ALKALIS
WEAK ALKALIS
Making salts using alkalis cannot be done by the methods used for
insoluble bases because you cannot tell when all the acid has been
neutralised the excess alkali is soluble.
The salts are made by titration using an indicator
ACID + ALKALINE HYDROXIDE > NEUTRAL SALT + WATER
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
The indicator tells you when the acid has been neutralised
AMMONIUM SALTS
Ammonia is very soluble in water giving an alkaline solution which
can be neutralised by acids to produce AMMONIUM SALTS
e.g.
AMMONIUM SALTS
Ammonia is very soluble in water giving an alkaline solution which
can be neutralised by acids to produce AMMONIUM SALTS
e.g.
>
>
sodium sulphate
potassium hydroxide
nitric acid
>
ammonium hydroxide
nitric acid
>
+ water
>
>
sodium sulphate
potassium hydroxide
nitric acid
>
ammonium hydroxide
nitric acid
>
+ water
>
>
sodium sulphate
potassium hydroxide
nitric acid
>
ammonium hydroxide
nitric acid
>
+ water
Now complete these:potassium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid > potassium chloride + water
>
>
sodium sulphate
potassium hydroxide
nitric acid
>
ammonium hydroxide
nitric acid
>
+ water
Now complete these:potassium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid > potassium chloride + water
sodium hydroxide
nitric acid
>
>
sodium sulphate
potassium hydroxide
nitric acid
>
ammonium hydroxide
nitric acid
>
+ water
Now complete these:potassium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid > potassium chloride + water
sodium hydroxide
nitric acid
>
>
sodium sulphate
potassium hydroxide
nitric acid
>
ammonium hydroxide
nitric acid
>
+ water
Now complete these:potassium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid > potassium chloride + water
sodium hydroxide
nitric acid
>
>
>
>
>
>
cancel ions
H+(aq) +
from
acid
OH(aq) >
from
alkali
H2O(l)
MIX SOLUTIONS OF
TWO SUITABLE SALTS
TO PRECIPITATE THE
INSOLUBLE SALT
INSOLUBLE
FILTER OFF
THE SALT
SOLUBLE
NO
YES
IS IT
SAFE?
NO
NO
YES
YES
CRYSTALLISE
THE SALT
FROM THE
FILTRATE
EXAMPLES
silver chloride
barium sulphate
lead iodide
silver nitrate
sodium chloride.
plus
silver nitrate
sodium chloride.
plus
silver nitrate
sodium chloride.
plus
silver nitrate
sodium chloride.
plus
silver nitrate
sodium chloride.
plus
silver nitrate
sodium chloride.
plus
silver nitrate
sodium chloride.
plus
silver nitrate
sodium chloride.
The silver ions and chloride ions come together and the
insoluble silver chloride forms a white precipitate.
plus
silver nitrate
sodium chloride.
plus
silver nitrate
sodium chloride.
plus
SALTS - QUESTIONS
SALTS - QUESTIONS
1. Work out what you get if the following chemicals are mixed.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
SALTS - QUESTIONS
1. Work out what you get if the following chemicals are mixed.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
SALTS - QUESTIONS
1. Work out what you get if the following chemicals are mixed.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
SALTS - QUESTIONS
1. Work out what you get if the following chemicals are mixed.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
WATER
NEUTRALISATION
When making salts from metals, oxides and carbonates, how do you know
when all the acid is used up?
WHEN THE SOLID NO LONGER DISSOLVES
When making salts from soluble Group I hydroxides, what do
you use to check when all the acid is used up?
AN INDICATOR
ACIDS, BASES
& SALTS
THE END