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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 56, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2009
AbstractThis paper presents a photovoltaic (PV) system parallel connected to an electric power grid with a power factor corrector (PFC) for supplying the dc loads. The operation principles
and design considerations for the presented PV system are analyzed and discussed. The balanced distribution of the power flows
between the utility and the PV panels is achieved automatically by
regulating the output dc voltage of the PFC. Experimental results
are shown to verify the feasibility of the proposed topology, which
can effectively transfer the tracked maximum power from the PV
system to the dc load, while the unity power factor is obtained at
the utility side.
Index TermsGrid connection, maximum power point tracking
(MPPT), power factor correction.
I. I NTRODUCTION
Fig. 2.
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inserted between the PV module and its load to achieve optimum power matching [12][15]. Commonly used nonisolated
dc/dc converter topologies [16][18] include the buck, boost,
and buckboost converters. The presented PV system in this
paper is parallel connected with the PFC. The output voltage
of the PFC is set higher than that of the solar cell. Therefore,
the boost converter is adopted as the MPPT in the proposed
system. In Fig. 2, Microchips PIC16F877 microcontroller is
programmed to achieve the MPPT function [19], [20].
Maximum power transfer and power factor correction can
be simultaneously achieved by using the proposed control
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 56, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2009
Fig. 5. Proposed PV system parallel connected with a PFC fed by the utility.
Ri =
Vpv
Ipv
Vo (1 D)
Io
1D
(1)
= Ro (1 D)2 .
(2)
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TABLE II
S PECIFICATIONS OF THE PV PANEL AT 25 C
TABLE III
C IRCUIT PARAMETERS AND C OMPONENT VALUES
Fig. 6.
Fig. 7.
Fig. 8.
panels can send out its maximum power to the load. That
is, at that duty cycle, the MPPT function of the PV array is
fulfilled.
Fig. 5 shows the presented PV system parallel connected
with a PFC fed by the utility. The equivalent output resistance
Fig. 9.
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 56, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2009
Fig. 10. Measured waveforms of (a) MPPT and (b) PFC converters in mode I
(Po = 100 W).
Vo
Vpfc
=
.
Ip
Io Ipfc
(3)
Vpfc (1 D)2
.
Io Ipfc
(4)
Fig. 11. Measured waveforms of (a) MPPT and (b) PFC converters in mode I
(Po = 1000 W).
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Fig. 13. Measured waveforms of (a) MPPT and (b) PFC converters in
mode II (Pmpp = 450 W).
Fig. 12. Measured waveforms of (a) MPPT and (b) PFC converters in
mode II (Pmpp = 180 W).
the sway at the maximum output power point [22, 23]. In order
to improve the defect in the P&O method, the I&C method
is used to achieve MPPT in the proposed system. The I&C
method is based on the zero-slope feature at the maximum
output power revealed on the solar cells P V curve. It is also
observed that positive slopes appear on the left of the MPP and
negative slopes on the right. Fig. 7 shows the change in the sign
of the slope on the P V curve [24], [25]. The partial derivative
of the cell power P with respect to the cell voltage V can be
expressed as
d(I V )
dI
dP
=
=V
+ I.
dV
dV
dV
(5)
(6)
From (5) and (6), the MPP can be tracked by determining the
immediate conductance I/V and the I&C dI/dV .
The boost PFC converter is popularly used in achieving a
high input power factor due to the following advantages [26]:
1) It is easily controlled; 2) the electromagnetic interference
is reduced because the input current of a boost converter is
continuous; 3) the current spike will be suppressed by the input
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 56, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2009
Fig. 14. Measured waveforms of (a) MPPT and (b) PFC converters in
mode III.
Fig. 15. Measured transient waveforms for (a) mode I mode II,
(b) mode II mode III, and (c) mode III mode I.
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