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Drives, PCVD320B
DC MOTORS:
STARTING
StartingofDCMotors
At starting conditions, the motor is not turning ( = 0),
therefore the internal generated voltage EA = K = 0V.
The only component to limit starting current is the
armature resistance, which, in most DC motors is a very
low value (approximately one ohm or less),
Therefore, a very high current flows in the armature
circuit during starting condition.
I a , Starting
ADEL ELGAMMAL
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
ADEL ELGAMMAL
THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UTT
ADEL ELGAMMAL
THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UTT
Vt Ea Vt
Ra
Ra
Starting of DC motor
At stand-still, ( = 0), EA = K = 0 Volt
Ia
Vt
Ra
I a , Starting
ADEL ELGAMMAL
THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UTT
DC motor problems on
starting
For instance, for a 50 hp, 250 V DC motor with armature
resistance RA of 0.06 and a full-load current about 200
A, the starting current is
IA
VT E A 250 0
4167
A
RA
0.06
ADEL ELGAMMAL
THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UTT
Vt
Ra
ADEL ELGAMMAL
THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UTT
Starting of DC motor
Therefore, it is necessary to limit the
current to a safe value during starting.
For normally designed machines, twice the
rated current can be allowed to flow and
for specially designed machines it can be
3.5 times.
ADEL ELGAMMAL
THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UTT
Starter in DC Motor
StartingofDCmotor
Ia
Speed
At Starting, = 0, then Ea = 0
Vt Ea
Ra
I st
o
V Ea
Td K t
Ra
Motor
Operating
Point
V
I st t
Ra
V K
Td K t
Ra
Ia
ADEL ELGAMMAL
THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UTT
Vt
Ra
Current
V
Tst K t
Ra
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THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UTT
StartingofDCmotor(voltagereduction)
Starter in DC Motor
We can limit Ia at start-up by:
2) Adding external resistor known as starter
V
I st t
Ra
Ia
Ist1
Vt2
Ist2
Ia
When Ea = 0
Starting DC Motor
ADEL ELGAMMAL
THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UTT
Vt
R a R st
Rst
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THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UTT
Ia
+
Ea
Vt
Vt1
Ra
StartingofDCmotor(startingresistance)
Ra
Ra + R
Vt
R I
a a
K
K
Ist1
Ist2
I st
Vt
Ra Rst
V
Rst t Ra
I st
ADEL ELGAMMAL
THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UTT
Ia
Example
Solution
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THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UTT
K
600.0 * 3.0 / 2.0 900.0 NM
Ra
V
Starting current = I st t 300.0 A
Ra
starting torque is 60 times the rated torque
starting current is also 60 times the rated current
ADEL ELGAMMAL
THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UTT
Example
Solution
ADEL ELGAMMAL
THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UTT
V
R Ra t
I st
V
600.0
R t - Ra
- 2.0 18
I st
30.0
ADEL ELGAMMAL
THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UTT
No-load saturation
curve for a 240-V,
1100-r/min
dc
generator.
ADEL ELGAMMAL
THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UTT
I a (t 2 ) I min
I a (t1 ) I max
I a (t 2 ) I max
t1 t1
t 2 t 2
t3 t3
E (t3 ) E (t3 )
E (t 2 ) E (t 2 )
E (t1 ) E (t1 )
ADEL ELGAMMAL
THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UTT
1. At t = 0; Ia = Imax , Ea = 0 V
Calculate Armature Current at Standstill
At the first contact on the manual starter, 240 V
dc is applied to the shunt field; the field rheostat
has been set to allow I=5.2 A.
Thus, the armature current Ia=IL-I= 40 A-5.2
A=34.8 A.
The 40 A is the maximum permissible load
current.
ADEL ELGAMMAL
THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UTT
ADEL ELGAMMAL
THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UTT
ADEL ELGAMMAL
THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UTT
ADEL ELGAMMAL
THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UTT
ADEL ELGAMMAL
THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UTT
DC motor problems on
starting
In practice, a starting resistor is made up of a series of resistors that can be successively
removed from the circuit as the motor speeds up.
A shunt motor with an extra starting
resistor that can be cut out of the
circuit in segments by closing the 1A,
2A, and 3A contacts.
Therefore, two considerations are
needed to be taken into account:
Select the values and the number of
resistor segments needed to limit the
starting current to desired
ranges; Design a control circuit shutting the resistor bypass contacts at the proper time to
remove particular parts of the resistor from the circuit.
ADEL ELGAMMAL
THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UTT
ADEL ELGAMMAL
THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UTT
DC motor problems on
starting: Ex
Example 5.6: A 100 hp, 250 V 350 A shunt DC motor with an armature resistance of 0.05
needs a starter circuit that will limit the max starting current to twice its rated value and
which will switch out sections of resistor once the armature current decreases to its rated
value.
a. How many stages of starting
resistance will be required to limit
the current to the specified range?
b. What must the value of each segment
of the resistor to be? At what voltage
should each stage of the starting
resistance be cut out?
ADEL ELGAMMAL
THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UTT
I a (t 2 ) I min
I a (t1 ) I max
I a (t 2 ) I max
t1 t1
t 2 t 2
DC motor problems on
starting: Ex
t3 t3
The starting resistor must be selected such that the current flow at the start equals twice the
rated current. As the motor speeds up, an internal voltage EA (which opposes the terminal
voltage of the motor and, therefore, limits the current) is generated. When the current falls
to the rated value, a section of the starting resistor needs to be taken out to increase the
current twice. This process (of taking out sections of the starting resistor) repeats until the
entire starting resistance is removed. At this point, the motors armature resistance will
limit the current to safe values by itself.
The original resistance in the starting circuit is
E (t ) E (t )
Rtot R1 R2 ... RA
VT
I max
E (t 2 ) E (t 2 )
After the stages 1 through i are shorted out, the total resistance left in the starting circuit is
E (t1 ) E (t1 )
Rtot ,i Ri 1 ... RA
ADEL ELGAMMAL
THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UTT
DC motor starting: Ex
I A,min
VT E A,1
Rtot
I
RA Rtot , n min Rtot
I max
I min 350 A
VT E A,2
I A,max
Rtot ,1
Solving for n:
I max 700 A
Rtot
I
I min
Rtot Rtot ,n min Rtot
I max
ADEL
max
IELGAMMAL
THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UTT
DC motor problems on
starting: Ex
b. The armature circuit will contain the armature resistance RA and three starting resistors.
At first, EA = 0, IA = 700 A, and the total resistance is 0.357 . The total resistance will be
in the circuit until the current drops to 350 A. This occurs when
Rtot ,1 RA R2 R3
VT E A,1
I max
250 125
0.1786
700
This (new) total resistance will be in the circuit until the current drops again to 350 A. This
occurs when
Rtot ,2 RA R3
VT E A,2
I
250 187.5
0.0893
700
max
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THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UTT
log RA Rtot
log I min I max
Rtot ,1
DC motor starting: Ex
The starting process is completed when Rtot,n is not greater than the internal armature
resistance RA. At the boundary:
VT
250
0.357
I max 700
n
2.84 3
log I min I max
log 350 700
ADEL ELGAMMAL
THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UTT
DC motor problems on
starting: Ex
This total resistance will be in the circuit until the current drops again to 350 A. This occurs
when
I A,3
VT E A,3
RA
250 218.75
625 A
0.05
which is less than the allowed value. Therefore, the resistances are
3-POINT STARTER
3-POINT STARTER
3-POINT STARTER
3-POINT STARTER
ADEL ELGAMMAL
THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UTT
ADEL ELGAMMAL
THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UTT
3-POINT STARTER
3-POINT STARTER
Now let us trace the circuit from terminal L (supply + ve). The
wire from L passes through a small electro magnet called
OLRC, and enters through the handle shown by dashed lines.
Near the end of the handle two copper strips are firmly
connected with the wire. The furthest strip is shown circular
shaped and the other strip is shown to be rectangular.
When the handle is moved to the right, the circular strip of the
handle will make contacts with resistance terminals 1, 2 etc.
progressively.
ADEL ELGAMMAL
THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UTT
ADEL ELGAMMAL
THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UTT
ADEL ELGAMMAL
THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UTT
ADEL ELGAMMAL
THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UTT
Time delay
relay similar to
ordinary relay
except for
having
adjustable time
delay.
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THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UTT
Overload: a
heater coil
and
normally
closed
contacts
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THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UTT
ADEL ELGAMMAL
THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UTT
Relay: a
main coil
and a
number of
contacts
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THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UTT
Problem # 1
Chapter's
Assignment
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THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UTT
Problem # 2
Problem # 3
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THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UTT
ADEL ELGAMMAL
THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UTT
Problem # 4
A 25-kW, 230-V shunt motor has an armature resistance of 0.064 and a field-circuit
resistance of 95 . The motor delivers rated output power at rated voltage when its
armature current is 122 A. When the motor is operating at rated voltage, the speed is
observed to be 1150 r/min when the machine is loaded such that the armature current is
69.5 A.
a) Calculate the rated-load speed of this motor. In order to protect both the motor and the
dc supply under starting conditions, an external resistance will be connected in series
with the armature winding (with the field winding remaining directly across the 230-V
supply). The resistance will then be automatically adjusted in steps so that the armature
current does not exceed 200 percent of rated current. The step size will be determined
such that, until all the external resistance is switched out, the armature current will not
be permitted to drop below rated value. In other words, the machine is to start with 200
percent of rated armature current and as soon as the current falls to rated value,
sufficient series resistance is to be cut out to restore the current to 200 percent. This
process will be repeated until all of the series resistance has been eliminated.
b) Find the maximum value of the series resistance.
c) How much resistance should be cut out at each step in the starting operation and at
what speed should each step change occur?
Problem # 5
ADEL ELGAMMAL
THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UTT
10