Chemical properties of silicon - Health effects of silicon - Environmental effects

of silicon
Atomic number

14

Atomic mass

28.0855 g.mol -1

Electronegativity according to Pauling

1.8

Density

2.33 g.cm -3 at 20 C

Melting point

1410 C

Boiling point

3265 C

Vanderwaals radius

0.132 nm

Ionic radius

0.271 (-4) nm ; 0.041(+4)

Isotopes

Electronic shell

[Ne] 3s23p2

Energy of first ionisation

786.3 kJ.mol -1

Energy of second ionisation

1576.5 kJ.mol -1

Energy of third ionisation

3228.3 kJ.mol -1

Energy of fourth ionisation

4354.4 kJ.mol -1

Discovered by

Jons Berzelius in 1823

Silicon
Silicon is the most abundant electropositive element in The Earths crust. Its a metalloid with a marked metallic luster
and very brittle. It is usually tetravalent in its compounds, although sometimes its bivalent, and its purely
electropositive in its chemical behaviour. Moreover, pentacoordinated and hexacoordinated silicon compounds are also
known.
Natural silicon contains 92.2% of the isotope 28, 4.7% of silicon 29 and 3.1% of silicon 30. Apart from those stable
natural isotopes, various radiactive artificial isotopes are known. Elemental silicon has the physical properties of
metalloids, similar to the ones or germanium, situated under it in the group IV of the periodic table. Silicon is an
intrinsic semiconductor in its purest form, although the intensity of its semiconduction is highly increased by
introducing small quantities of impurities. Silicon is similar to metals in its chemical behaviour.
Its almost as electropositive as tin and much more positive than germanium or lead. According to this metallic
character, it forms tetrapositive ions and various covalent compounds; it appears as a negative ion only in a few

silicides and as a positive constituent of oxyacids or complex anions.

It forms various series of hydrides, various halides (many of which contain silicon-silicon bounds) and many series of
compounds which contain oxygen, which can have ionic or covalent properties.
Applications
Silicon is the principal component of glass, cement, ceramics, most semiconductor devices, and silicones, the latter a
plastic substance often confused with silicon. Silicon is also an important constituent of some steels and a major
ingredient in bricks. It is a refractory material used in making enamels and pottery.
Elemental raw silicon and its intermetallic compounds are used as alloy integrals to provide more resistance to
the aluminium, magnesium, copper and other metals. Metallurgic silicon with 98-99% purity is used as raw material
in the manufacture of organosilicic and silicon resins, seals and oils. Silicon chips are used in integrated circuits.
Photovoltaic cells for direct conversion of solar energy use thin cut slices of simple silicon crystals of electronic grade.
Silicon dioxide is used as raw material to produce elemental silicon and silicon carbide. Big silicon crystals are used for
piezoelectric glasses. Melted quartz sands are transformed in silicon glasses which are used in laboratories and
chemical plants, as well as in electric insulators. A colloidal dispersion of silicon in water is used as a coating agent
and as ingredient for certain enamels.
It is known that silicon forms compounds with 64 out of the 96 stable elements and possibly form silicides with other
18 elements. Appart from metallic silicides, which are used in big quantities in metallurgy, it forms important
commonly used compounds with hydrogen, carbon, halogens, nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur. Moreover, many useful
organosilicic by-products.
Silicon in the environment
Silicon is found in many dioxide forms and in uncountable variations from the natural silicates.
The silicon is much more abundant than any other element, apart from the oxygen. It constitutes 27,72% of the solid
Earths crust, while the oxygen constitutes 46,6%, and the next element after silicon, aluminium, is found in a 8,13%.
Sand is used as source of the silicon produced commercially. A few siliate minerals are mined, e.g. talc and mica.
Other mined silicates are feldspars, nephenile, olivine, vermiculite, perlite, kaolinite, etc. At the other extreme there
are forms of silica so rare that they are desirable for this reason alone: gemstone opal, agate and rhinestone.

Health effects of silicon

Silicon concentrates in no particular organ of the body but is found mainly in in connective tissues and skin. Silicon is
non-toxic as the element and in all its natural forms, nameli silica and silicates, which are the most abundant.
Elemental silicon is an inert material, which appears to lack the property of causing fibrosis in lung tissue. However,
slight pulmonary lesions have been reported in laboratory animals from intratracheal injections of silicon dust. Silicon
dust has little adverse affect on lungs and does not appear to produce significant organic disease or toxic effects when
exposures are kept beneath exposure limits. Silicon may cause chronic respiratory effects. Crystalline silica (silicon
dioxide) is a potent respiratory hazard. However, the likelihood of crystalline silica generation during normal
processing is very remote. LD50 (oral)- 3160 mg/kg. (LD50: Lethal dose 50. Single dose of a substance that causes
the death of 50% of an animal population from exposure to the substance by any route other than inhalation. Usually
expressed as milligrams or grams of material per kilogram of animal weight.)
Silicon crystalline irritates the skin and eyes on contact. Inhalation will cause irritation to the lungs and mucus
membrane. Irritation to the eyes will cause watering and redness. Reddening, scaling, and itching are characteristics
of skin inflammation.

Lung cancer is associated with occupational exposures to crystalline silica specifically quartz and cristobalite. An
exposure-response relationship has been reported in studies of miners, diatomaceous earth workers, granite workers,
pottery workers, refractory brick workers, and other workers
Several epidemiological studies have reported statistically significant numbers of excess deaths or cases of
immunologic disorders and autoimmune diseases in silica-exposed workers. These diseases and disorders
include scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and sarcoidosis.
Recent epidemiological studies have reported statistically significant associations of occupational exposure
tocrystalline silica with renal diseases and subclinical renal changes
Crystalline silica may affect the immune system, leading to mycobacterial infections (tuberculous and nontuberculous)
or fungal, especially in workers with silicosis
Occupational exposure to breathable crystalline silica is associated with bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD) and emphysema. Some epidemiologic studies suggest that these health effects may be less frequent
or absent in nonsmokers.

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