KONSEP OPERASI DAN

PRODUKTIVITAS
v
v
v
v
v

Sistem usaha
Manajemen operasi
Faktor produktivitas
Lingkungan operasi
Keputusan sistem operasi

SISTEM USAHA :
Suatu sistem yang mengusahakan mengubah masukan
menjadi luaran melalui suatu proses hingga diperoleh
nilai tambah

masukan

proses

Bahan Ajar Manajemen Operasi - Revisi 0 - Update 02 Februari 2010

luaran

Management is the process of developing decisions

and taking actions to direct the activities of people
within organization toward common objectives

Operations Management is the process

whereby resources, flowing within a defined
system, are combined and transformed in a
control manner to add value in accordance
with policies communicated by management

Schematic Model of Production System

Operation management direct responsibility
Personnel

Engineering
Equipment
Material

Finance

Non economic
impact

HU
MA
N

I
N
P
U
T

MATERIAL

PI
CA

TRANSFORMATION
ACTIVITIES

L
TA

GOOD &
SERVICES

O
U
T
P
U
T

Marketing &
Public Relation

Economic impact

CONTROL

Bahan Ajar Manajemen Operasi - Revisi 0 - Update 02 Februari 2010

The System Model of

Operation Management
Input

Resources:
Resources
People
Things
Money

Transformation
Process

Feedback
Control

Output

Products:
Goods
Services

FACTORS AFFECTING PRODUCTIVITY

n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n

Capital / labor ratio

Scarcity of some resources
Work-force changes
Innovation and Technology
Regulatory effects
Bargaining power
Managerial factor
Quality of work life

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THE ENVIRONMENT OF OPERATIONS

n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n

Demands
Employment practices
Existing technology
Consumer protection laws
Environmental laws
Economic condition
Financial markets
Interest Rates
Inventory Tax
Health and Safety Regulations
Income Taxs
State and Local Laws

Management Science
Mid-1900s
n

Developed new quantitative techniques

for common OM problems:
Major contributions include: inventory
modeling, linear programming, project
management, forecasting, statistical
sampling, & quality control techniques
Played a large role in supporting
American military operations during World
War II

Bahan Ajar Manajemen Operasi - Revisi 0 - Update 02 Februari 2010

Computer Age
1970s
n

Provided the tool necessary to support the

widespread use of Management Sciences
quantitative techniques the ability to
process huge amounts of data quickly &
relatively cheaply
Major contributions include the development
of Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
systems for production control

Developments: 1980s
Japanese Influence
n

Just-In-Time (JIT):

Total Quality Management (TQM):

Techniques designed to achieve high-volume

production using coordinated material flows,
continuous improvement, & elimination of waste
Techniques designed to achieve high levels of
product quality through shared responsibility & by
eliminating the root causes of product defects

Business Process Reengineering:

Clean sheet redesign of work processes to

increase efficiency, improve quality & reduce costs

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Developments: 1990s
n

Flexibility:

Time-based competition:

Offer a greater variety of product choices on a

mass scale (mass customization)
Developing new product designs & delivering
customer orders more quickly than competitors

Supply Chain Management

Cooperating with suppliers & customers to reduce

overall costs of the supply chain & increase
responsiveness to customers

Developments: 1990s
n

Global competition:

International trade agreements open new markets for

expansion & lower barriers to the entry of foreign
competitors (e.g.: NAFTA & GATT)
Creates the need for decision-making tools for facility
location, compliance with with local regulations,
tailoring product offerings to local tastes, managing
distribution networks,

Environmental issues:

Pressure from consumers & regulators to reduce, reuse

& recycle solid wastes & discharges to air & water

Bahan Ajar Manajemen Operasi - Revisi 0 - Update 02 Februari 2010

Electronic Commerce
n

Internet & related technologies enable new

methods of business transactions:

E-tailing creates a new outlet for retail goods &

services with global access and 24-7 availability
Internet provides a cheap network for
coordinating supply chain management
information

Developing influence of broadband &

wireless

Bahan Ajar Manajemen Operasi - Revisi 0 - Update 02 Februari 2010