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FREQUENCY HOPPING
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2. Interference Averaging
Interference Averaging means spreading raw bit errors (BER caused by the interference)
in order to have random distribution of errors instead of having burst of errors, and
therefore, enhance the effectiveness of decoding and de-interleaving process to cope with
the BER and lead to better value of FER.
With hopping, the set of interfering calls will be continually changing and the effect is
that all the calls experience average quality rather than extreme situations of either good
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or bad quality. All the calls suffer from controlled interference but only for short and
distant periods of time, not for all the duration of the call.
For the same capacity, Frequency Hopping improves quality and for a given average
quality Frequency Hopping makes possible increase in capacity.
When more than 3 % of the reports have rxqual of 6 or 7 then voice quality
disturbances start to appear.
Gains (reduction in the C/I value needed to satisfy the quality requirements involved
in the criterion) from hopping relative to fixed frequency operation can be achieved.
1/3 interference: 1 dB gain
i.e. if 1 out of 3 frequencies are experiencing a continuous interference a gain of 1 dB
in C/I requirement is obtained.
Similarly,
1/4 interference: 4 dB gain
1/5 interference: 6 dB gain
2/4 interference: 0 dB gain
2/5 interference: 4 dB gain
The effective gain obtained with Frequency Hopping is due to the fact that the
interference effect is minimized and it is easier to keep it under control.
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If a network running with fixed frequency plan is switched over to BBH (BCCH included
in MA list) without any frequency changes, significant quality improvement can be
observed in the network. As a result drop call rate reduces in the network. Alternatively,
for the existing network quality additional capacity can be provided. FHI can be used
effectively in BBH. Further details regarding FHI planning are discussed later in the
document.
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GSM algorithm
GSM has defined an algorithm for deciding hopping sequence. The algorithm is used to
generate Mobile Allocation Index (MAI) for a given set of parameters.
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4. Planning of FHI:
This parameter is not specified in GSM. FHI is the Motorola defined hopping system. It
actually means an independent hopping system consisting of MA and HSN. Total of 4
such hopping systems can be set in a cell.
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Separate FHI can be defined even for each carrier with separate MA list.
For a fully utilized cell, FHI can be used to control increase in hitrate during peak
hours. This can be done by defining different MA list associated with a FHI for one
of the carriers.
Main benefits of FHI can be obtained in BBH. Consider a cell with 2 carriers using
BBH with BCCH included in the hopping sequence. Timeslot 0 of BCCH will not
hop. A separate FHI (with MA list without BCCH frequency) has to be defined for
timeslot 0 of NBCCH.
Different FHIs in the same cell is not used extensively in Motorola networks with
SFH, where BCCH frequency is not included in hopping sequence.
One drawback of using FHI on timeslot basis is that it adds more complexity to the
database.
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However quality of hopping carriers improves than before. Also, quality threshold for
handovers on hopping carrier should be increased as compared to fixed frequency plan.
In the present version (GSR2), same quality threshold settings are set for both BCCH and
NBCCH. This may result on more drop calls on BCCH carriers. However GSR 3
provides separate settings for BCCH and NBCCH carriers. By setting lower quality
thresholds for BCCH as compared to NBCCH, number of dropped calls can be
controlled.
Call setup: In call setup, SDCCH hopping is also possible. There are no separate
settings required for SDCCH hopping. b Since GSR3 allows control over SDCCH
configuration (location of SDCCH on timeslot basis), SDCCH hopping depends on the
location of SDCCH. In case of SFH (with BCCH not included in MA list), if SDCCHs
are on BCCH carrier they will not hop whereas SDCCHs on NBCCH carriers may hop.
Generally it is preferred to keep SDCCHs on hopping carriers as they have better C/I
compared to BCCH carriers. Call success rate will depend on the cleanliness of BCCH
carriers.
Frame Erasure Rate (FER): FER indicates the number of TDMA frames that could not
be decoded by the mobile due to interference. This parameter gives the indication of
hitrate. FER improves (gain of 6 to 8 dB) after implementation of frequency hopping.
7. Tools for simulation and drive test: Motorola uses a tool Handsem which can
simulate SFH plan (different reuse patters and HSN plan). Latest versions of plaNET and
Golf are supposed to support Frequency Hopping simulation. Drive test tools that display
decoded layer 3 information are used for monitoring frequency hopping networks.
TEMS is one of the drive test tools that can be used for the purpose.
References:
- Motorola document on Frequency Hopping for Capacity Improvement (Review 0.3)
- Motorola BSS Command Reference
- GSM Recommendations 5.02
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