Cover page

Table content
Introduction
CHAPTER 1: Causes of greenhouse gases
CHAPTER 2: Important of greenhouse effects
CHAPTER 3: Disadvantages of greenhouse effect
CHAPTER 4: The changing of environment
CHAPTER 5: How to reduce greenhouse effect

Conclusion
Bibliography
Glossary

Introduction
Greenhouse gases are those gases that contributes to the warming of the earths atmosphere by
reflecting radiation from the earths surface. Greenhouse gases greatly affect the temperature of
the earth without them, Earths surface would be about 33C (59C) colder than at present.
Greenhouse gases are those that can absorb and emit infrared radiation. In order, the most
abundant greenhouse gases in earths atmosphere are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and
ozone.

Chapter
greenhouse

1:

Causes
effect

of

Source: http://climatechange.procon.org/

Greenhouse Effect, the capacity of certain gases in the atmosphere to trap heat emitted from
earths surface,thereby insulating and warming the planet. The greenhouse effect has warmed
earth for over 4 billion years. Now scientist are growing increasingly concerned that human
activities may be modifying this natural process, with potentially dangerous consequences.

Earth is surrounded by a layer of gases called atmosphere. This atmosphere includes many types
of gases among which greenhouse gases are one. These greenhouse gases play an important
role in greenhouse effect. They surround the earth like gases in green house and do not allow the
heat to escape into space and hence keep the earth warm.

Another causes of greenhouse causes is ozone layer depletion. Ozone depletion describe two
distinct but related phenomena observed since the late 1970s a steady decline of about 4% per
decade in the total volume of ozone in earths stratosphere (the ozone layer), and much larger
springtime decrease in stratospheric ozone over earths polar regions. The latter phenomenon is
referred to as the ozone hole.

Source: http://prezi.com/vstq6sdf9b9_/ozone-layer-deplation

Chapter 2: Important of greenhouse effect

Sources: http://astronomyonline.org/SolarSystem/EarthWeather.asp

The greenhouse effect refers to the ability of the atmosphere to trap the suns heat, increasing the
temperature of the planet. When the suns energy reaches Earth, the atmosphere absorbs some of
it on the way down, and then absorbs more when that energy reflects back off the surface during
the day. This trapped energy heats up the atmosphere, increasing the temperature of the planet
and distributing warmth to its night side, when solar heating is unavailable. The denser the
atmosphere, and the higher the concentration of energy-holding molecules like water vapour and
carbon dioxide, the more energy the atmosphere can trap.
The greenhouse effect is important, because it contributes to the survival of life on Earth. Without
the greenhouse effect, the temperature of the planet would be similar to conditions experienced on
the moon. On the lunar surface, with no atmosphere to mediate temperature swings, the surface
can reach 134 degrees Celsius (273 degrees Fahrenheit) during the day and -153 degrees Celsius
(-244 degrees Fahrenheit) at night. This dramatic temperature change required NASA to develop

specialised gear to protect astronauts from both extremes for the moon landings. A similar
temperature swing on Earth would have produced an environment hostile to most living things.
Unfortunately, while a moderate greenhouse effect is vital to life, an elevated greenhouse effect
can be dangerous. Since the Industrial Revolution, the widespread adoption of fossil fuels has
increased the amount of carbon dioxide, water vapour, and other greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere. According to a study by the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Centre of the United
States Department of Energy, carbon dioxide levels have increased 39.5 percent since 1750, while
levels of methane in the atmosphere have jumped by 150 percent. Climate scientists point to this
increase in heat-trapping gases as one of the reasons global temperatures have risen during this
period.
One of the chief concerns about an increase in the greenhouse effect is that the changes can
become self-sustaining. As more greenhouse gases enter the atmosphere, its ability to trap heat
increases.

As the warmth of the atmosphere increases, the amount of water vapour it can hold increases as
well, further boosting the effect. In addition, increased global temperatures threaten to release
large amounts of carbon that is currently frozen into permafrost zones, also exacerbating the
problem. Excessive heat retention could lead to massive changes in natural water distribution and
available land mass on a global scale. The effect of mitigating factors, such as increased cloud
cover reflecting sunlight back into space, is not well understood.

Chapter 3: Disadvantages of greenhouse effect

As sunlight reaches the Earth, some of it reflects off the surface back towards space as infrared
radiation, or heat. Greenhouse gases--carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and ozone--absorb
this infrared radiation and trap heat in the atmosphere. However, large concentrations of
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere lead to a phenomenon called the greenhouse effect, which
results in climate change, a condition characterised by rising temperatures, rising sea levels and
changing weather patterns. These environmental results of the greenhouse effect can have a
detrimental effect in many areas of your life.
Health
Rising temperatures have a direct impact on human health. When exposed to high levels of heat,
people can suffer from elevated body temperature, heat exhaustion, heat cramps and heat stroke.
Trees, grasses, weeds and moulds that cause allergic reactions in people thrive in a warmer
climate, according to the Environmental Protection Agency, or EPA. In addition, the EPA reports
that diseases such as salmonella and cholera, which are transmitted through contaminated food
and water, may become more widespread due to flooding. Increased activity among ticks and
mosquitoes due to changing temperatures and rain patterns may transmit other illnesses, such as
the West Nile virus, malaria and Lyme disease, across a wider area.
Water Resources
The EPA states that changing weather patterns and higher temperatures affect the amount and
quality of water resources available for human consumption. Droughts can dry up scarce water
resources, a dangerous condition in desert-like regions, such as the Southwestern United States,
that have limited water resources. On the other hand, severe storms and flooding can wash
chemicals and other contaminants into rivers, streams and lakes, which lowers the quality of the
water.
Agriculture
Higher temperatures have negative effects on crops and livestock. Increasing temperatures in
warmer areas of the globe might result in temperatures that are too high for certain crops to grow,
according to the EPA. Changing rainfall patterns and more severe storms can also decrease crop
yield. These conditions also place stress on livestock, causing animals, such as cattle, to sicken or

die. As farmers and ranchers lose crops and livestock, food production will decrease, which can
result in famines
in some areas of
the world.
Energy
Production
Rising
temperatures
require
more
energy for air
conditioning
during
the
summer.
According to the
EPA, increased
use
of
air
conditioning puts
a strain on the
power
plants,
transmission
grids
and
distribution
systems
of
power
companies
as
they
try
to
produce enough
energy to meet
the
rising
demands. This
stress to the
energy
infrastructure
could lead to
brownouts or power outages during heat waves. Furthermore, consumers will likely see a rise in
their electricity costs during these periods.
Ecosystems
The EPA defines an ecosystem as an interdependent system of plants, animals and
microorganisms that interact with their physical environment and with each other. The greenhouse
effect can significantly alter fragile land and water ecosystems and disrupt life in these regions. As
the climate changes in certain regions, some plants and animals may be unable to adapt to these
rapid changes and will either die or migrate to more hospitable regions. Thus, some ecosystems
could lose entire species.

Source:
http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/science/topics/globalwarming/index.html

Chapter 4: The changing of environment

Source: http://radiantgreenenergy.com/?attachment_id=562

Almost 100% of the observed temperature increase over the last 50 years has been due to the
increase in the atmosphere of greenhouse gas concentrations like water vapour, carbon dioxide
(CO2), methane and ozone. Greenhouse gases are those gases that contribute to the greenhouse
effect (see below). The largest contributing source of greenhouse gas is the burning of fossil fuels
leading to the emission of carbon dioxide. When sunlight reaches Earth's surface some is
absorbed and warms the earth and most of the rest is radiated back to the atmosphere at a longer
wavelength than the sun light. Some of these longer wavelengths are absorbed by greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere before they are lost to space. The absorption of this long wave radiant
energy warms the atmosphere. These greenhouse gases act like a mirror and reflect back to the
Earth some of the heat energy which would otherwise be lost to space. The reflecting back of heat
energy by the atmosphere is called the "greenhouse effect".

The major natural greenhouse gases are water vapour, which causes about 36-70% of the
greenhouse effect on Earth (not including clouds); carbon dioxide CO2, which causes 9-26%;
methane, which causes 4-9%, and ozone, which causes 3-7%. It is not possible to state that a
certain gas causes a certain percentage of the greenhouse effect, because the influences of the
various gases are not additive. Other greenhouse gases include, but are not limited to, nitrous
oxide, sulphur hexafluoride, hydrofluorocarbons, per-fluorocarbons and chlorofluorocarbons.
Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere act like a mirror and reflect back to the Earth a part of the
heat radiation, which would otherwise be lost to space. The higher the concentration of green
house gases like carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the more heat energy is being reflected back
to the Earth. The emission of carbon dioxide into the environment mainly from burning of fossil
fuels (oil, gas, petrol, kerosene, etc.) has been increased dramatically over the past 50 years, see
graph below.

Source: http://skepticalscience.com/graphics.php?g=12

Chapter 5: How to reduce greenhouse effect

Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

Buying products with minimal packaging will help to reduce waste. By recycling half of your
household waste, you can save 2,400 pounds of carbon dioxide annually.
Use Less Heat and Air Conditioning
Adding insulation to your walls and installing weather stripping or caulking around doors and
windows can lower your heating costs more than 25 percent, by reducing the amount of energy
you need to heat and cool your home. Turn down the heat while youre sleeping at night or away
during the day, and keep temperatures moderate at all times. Install a programmable thermostat
because setting it just 2 degrees lower in winter and higher in summer could save about 2,000
pounds of carbon dioxide each year.
Replace Your Light Bulbs
Wherever practical, replace regular light bulbs with compact florescent light (CFL) bulbs. Replacing
just one 60-watt incandescent light bulb with a CFL will save you $30 over the life of the bulb. CFLs
also last 10 times longer than incandescent bulbs, use two-thirds less energy, and give off 70

percent less heat. If every Canadian family replaced one regular light bulb with a CFL, it would
eliminate 90 billion pounds of greenhouse gases, the same as taking 7.5 million cars off the road.
Drive Less and Drive Smart
Less driving means fewer emissions. Besides saving gasoline, walking and biking are great forms
of exercise. Explore the York Region Transit system and check out options for carpooling to work
or school.
When you do drive, make sure your car is running efficiently. For example, keeping your tires
properly inflated can improve your gas mileage by more than 3 percent. Every gallon of gas you
save not only helps your budget, it also keeps 20 pounds of carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere.
Buy Energy-Efficient Products
Home appliances now come in a range of energy-efficient models, and compact florescent bulbs
are designed to provide more natural-looking light while using far less energy than standard light
bulbs.
Use Less Hot Water
Set your water heater at 120 degrees to save energy, and wrap it in an insulating blanket if it is
more than 15 years old. Buy low-flow shower heads to save hot water and about 350 pounds of
carbon dioxide yearly. Wash your clothes in warm or cold water to reduce your use of hot water
and the energy required to produce it. That change alone can save at least 500 pounds of carbon
dioxide annually in most households.
Plant a Tree
If you have the means to plant a tree, start digging. Trees absorb carbon dioxide and give off
oxygen. A single tree will absorb approximately one ton of carbon dioxide during its lifetime.
Encourage Others to Conserve
Share information about recycling and energy conservation with your friends, neighbors and coworkers, and take opportunities to encourage public officials to establish programs and policies
that are good for the environment.
These 10 steps will take you a long way toward reducing your energy use and saving you money.
Less energy use means less dependence on the fossil fuels that create greenhouse gases and
contribute to global warming.

Source:
http://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photo-recycle-reduce-carbon-emissionscollection-image12979990

Conclusion:
Based on the research done for this paper work, we have to start doing something if everyone put
some effort there will be no heat everywhere. We have no much forest even not much tree due to
causes by greenhouse effect. We need to start recycling and stop polluting the earth.

Bibliography
http://www.eastgwillimbury.ca/Services/Environment/Ten_Ways_to_Reduce_Greenhouse
_Gases.htm?PageMode=Print
http://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photo-recycle-reduce-carbon-emissions-collectionimage12979990
http://www.environment.gov.sk.ca/ReduceGasEmissions
http://www.ciesin.org/docs/003-074/003-074.html
http://science.opposingviews.com/importance-greenhouse-effect-3535.html
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/greenhouse_effect.aspx
http://www.ibguides.com/biology/notes/the-greenhouse-effect

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/greenhouse+effect
http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/activities/50193.html

Glossary
Global warming- The overall rise in the average temperature of the atmosphere
EPA- Environmental Protection Agency
CFL- Compact Fluorescent Light