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p
f
Territory and Form Combined
i n any architecture.
fined
settlement
inside/outside gate?
not
distinguished.'
Seven Gates
Seven Gates
ing
doors between
hotel rooms, p e r m i t t i n g
out).
10.2
Matrix of gates.
in/
out
horizontal territorial
out/
out
1
vertical territorial
not territorial
in/
in
Inside/Outside, Type 2
rip-off:
the boundary, are not easily f o u n d . As discussed i n chapter 9.1, the territorial boundary
seldom coincides exactly w i t h the physical gate.
Inside/Inside, Type 3
Territorial Gates
Paris o f Turgot
(see
sually penetrate.
Unambiguous
inside/inside
member's
vertical
space.
10.3
American
zagudn.
O u t s i d e / O u t s i d e , Type 4
to the r o o m where the master o f the house entertains guests and conducts
courtyard.
pounds,
particuUers.
or
French
hotels
judgment.
business. Fre-
or connecting pas^
between
directiy i n t o a yard.
sage provides
unobstructed
views
etched
w i t h the zagudn,
The zagudn
o f the gates o f
Pompeii.
just
as
the
estate
extends
10.4
courtyard.
rimeter
10.6
10.5
10.7
Gates
Inside/Outside, Type 5
Doors opening onto a balcony are clearly inside/outside nonterritorial gates. A m i n i m a l i n terpretation o f this variant is f o u n d i n the
"French window," a narrow double door that
opens i n w a r d and leads out to a balcony reduced i n depth to no more than a foot.
Patio and garden doors are f a m i l i a r renditions o f the inside/outside nonterritorial gate.
They mediate inside and outside hving space
and invite various methods o f softening contrast. Awnings, vines, or trees may shade the
opening. Flagstone, tile, or wooden p l a n k i n g
may separate grass f r o m carpet. Glazed doors,
folding
or
shding,
may
open
entire
wall
sections.
Lack o f territorial m e a n i n g may dissolve
the gate f o r m i n t o a transition zone. I n other
10.3
Gates w i t h o u t
Territorial M e a n i n g
function.
This transition zone can become more
and more immaterial. I n Malaysia, woven bam-
sition f r o m one
unmistakable.
place to another
remains
used by
Inside/Inside, Type 6
t a i n i n g guests, the doors are thrust apart to display an a r t f u l and elaborate dinner service.
Outside/Outside, Type 7
The f i n a l type is, as m u c h as the previous one,
an invitation f o r architectural play and pomp.
The Arc de Triomphe, adapted f r o m the Roman
ceremonial gate, clearly belongs to this type. So
do many o f the arbors, pergolas, and additional
gate f o r m s f o u n d i n gardens solely f o r reasons
o f spatial delight.
The ancient Chinese, w h o mastered the
subtleties o f t h e gate f o r m , invented the "moon
gate" by m a k i n g a circular opening i n a garden
wall. T h i s pure and d e l i g h t f u l expression o f
the nonterritorial external gate type cannot be
closed, w h i c h is appropriate f o r a gate w i t h o u t
territorial meaning. I n m a k i n g the wall continue by our feet as well as above our head, the
designer lets us k n o w that the opening enters
i n t o another world.
ig o
In and O u t of T e r r i t o r y
II.I
Supply Forms
sumably
horizontal
f o r m at higher levels.
greater
territorial
crossings
space.
between
|ust
as
neighboring
simi-
Crossing T e r r i t o r i a l Boundaries
seldom does).
access and supply lines. As new settlements develop, hues extend to feed f r o m existing infra-
inevitable. I n branching d i s t r i b u t i o n f r o m a
and kitchen.
11.1
Large-scale
solidated
under
the
power
authority, they
m u s t reside.
The power d i s t r i b u t i o n line that runs to
inevitably
interrupt
human-size
territorial
boundaries.
In a n d O u t o f T e r r i t o r y
High-Rise A p a r t m e n t D w e l l i n g
within
the
territory
they
serve,
current systems.
number
lines
Territorial
considerations
sometimes
performance
systems.
tating
of
appliances
and
territorial
encroachment.
Moreover,
Row House D w e l l i n g
public
apartment
distribution.
property
under
m u n i c i p a l control,
territory
(preferring backyards
vate territory.
to f r o n t yards,
where
sewage
lines
frequently do
traverse
In a n d O u t o f T e r r i t o r y
dealerships,
foreign
dements
environmental organization.
Limitations O
Territorial A u t o n o m y
franchises,
I I .
general practice.
:>
^^^^^^^^^^^
Elsewhere,
rior articulation.
11.2
venerable phenomenon.
management.
consumption, or trade.
move
up
In a n d O u t o f Ter ri t o r y
dencing
commercial
ritorial control.
instance,
c o m m o n setdement.
institutional
networks
of
organization.
dimensional
expansion
of the
urban
field
encountered i n repeated
overland boundary
distribution
seeking to
o f consumer
goods,
f a m i f i a r networks. V i s i t i n g
distant
only potential
A S h i f t i n g Balance
global
barriers.
and
in
maximize
grovi^h
11.3
3,
crossings.
204
2.
I.
s h i f t i n g Boundaries
Horizontal
shifts
necessitate
Increasing Density
negotiation
individual
horizontal
shifts
fre-
narrower lots.
flexibility
is
H o r i z o n t a l Shifts in
Territorial Division
Incidental
Sometimes
209
12.2
12.3
fabric.
while
picture was taken several days after the land was first
courtesy of SAR.
o f changing
higher-level f o r m
in
an
and eighteenth-century
es-
12.2
Vertical Shifts in
Territorial Division
211
12.4
with
street was laid out across the anginal Lee estate, thereby
cluded territories.
12.5
tern o f partially covered streets is characterisI n the Western urban tradition, the division be-
environment.
Such small-scale
interventions f o r m e d
S h i f t s in T e r r i t o r i a I S t r u c t u r e
concrete
Western-style buildings.^
Sidewalks under O c c u p a t i o n
The M i d d l e Eastern example is the result o f a
bottom-up process. D o m i n a n t top-down control inevitably impUes increased proportion o f
public space. Preoccupation w i t h public space
was already noted w h e n we discussed Amsterd a m School architecture (see chapter 4.3). Cooperatives i m b u e d w i t h the ideals o f a socialist
society were design clients as well as end users
o f these celebrated neighborhoods. Their vision
o f a new w o r l d was shared by their architects
and by the enhghtened technical bureaucracy o f
down cars.
Enterprising
inhabitants
of
adjacent
12.6
I n a clear and deliberate invasion o f public space, sidewalks were converted into gar-
r o u n d i n g wasteland.
f r o m the
sur-
12.7
their apartments to the back of the building, which overlooks a street servicing the front of the next building.
columns.
r
Top-Down Action
Increasing density i n an u r b a n environment
leads not just to the intensification o f available
private space, as witnessed i n previous chapters; i t may also lead to an increase i n territorial
depth. Two processes may be distinguished
here. I n the first, a territorial power, i n a "topdown" action, w i l l subdivide its o w n space to
create increased depth, usually to enable more
12.8
diagrams.
schematic
12.9
Increase in Territorial
Depth
i n central
Mexico City. Courtyards of large nineteenthcentury urban houses provide access to backyards, now converted into a narrow afiey w i t h
houses one r o o m wide on either side.
Here the forces that created the infamous
"back-to-back" houses o f nineteenth-century i n dustrial cities like B i r m i n g h a m and Glasgow
StiU r e m a i n at work. There, too, the type was
born i n the gardens o f larger houses. Later, i t
was utilized i n new construction, because o f the
extremely high densities i t yields.
215
I n discussing
territory as interpreting
nicipalities to discourage
municipalities
through traffic on
use.
obligingly
reland-
change.
i t . Nor
was there a shift i n responsibility. Rather, a benevolent accommodation was agreed u p o n , and
control remained i n the hands o f the m u n i c i -
Bottom-Up Action
In
amples
are
uncommon.
Though
neighbors
Shifts in T e r r i t o r i a l S t r u c t u r e
B o t t o m - U p Change: A Dearth
of Examples
t o m of it.
Decrease in Territorial
J_2i . A
logically d i f f i c u l t i n practice.
afieys branched
For
instance,
were
also
gated,
marking
,.
. ,,
. .,
'-^^P''-'^
vert a gated
private yards.
Yet another
dawn.
I n 1798 the occupying French army set
about establishing a single u n i f i e d public space
by demolishing aU intermediate gates. Their i n -
single
variant
involves a
residential f r o n t d o o r
Subsequently, there is only one included territory. C o m m o n space consequently loses its purpose and is easily incorporated as well, Again,
it is difficult to find clear peacetime examples.
A l t h o u g h the
act is
Top-Down D e m o l i t i o n of Gates
12.10
diagrams.
schematic
Napoleon's Perspective
and
dynamic territorial
structures
brought
in
those
commercial
buddings
tional d e t e r m i n i s m made
ernments,
within
societies
aspiring to
the
Building
tional b u d d i n g types.''
220
Only
f o r inhabitation.
Bentham,
of
revealing simUar
conceptions
f r o m such perversion."
numerous
The
corridor
connecting
practice
has
not
been
uniformly