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MECHANICS OF
SOLIDS
Stress and Strain
Axial Loading
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Contents
Stress & Strain: Axial Loading
Normal Strain
Stress-Strain Test
Stress-Strain Diagram: Ductile Materials
Stress-Strain Diagram: Brittle Materials
Hookes Law: Modulus of Elasticity
Elastic vs. Plastic Behavior
Fatigue
Deformations Under Axial Loading
Example 2.01
Sample Problem 2.1
Static Indeterminacy
Example 2.04
Thermal Stresses
Poissons Ratio
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2-2
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Suggested Problems:
2.1, 2.6, 2.13, 2.14, 2.15, 2.18, 2.21, 2.24,
2.28, 2.33, 2.39, 2.40, 2.41, 2.44, 2.51, 2.58,
2.59, 2.61, 2.67, 2.74, 2.75, 2.78, 2.93, 2.96,
2.97, 2.105, 2.107 2.113, 2.125, 2.128,
2.130, 2.131, 2.132, 2.133, 2.134
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Stress & Strain: Axial Loading
Suitability of a structure or machine may depend on the deformations in
the structure as well as the stresses induced under loading. Statics
analyses alone are not sufficient.
Considering structures as deformable allows determination of member
forces and reactions which are statically indeterminate.
Determination of the stress distribution within a member also requires
consideration of deformations in the member.
2-4
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Normal Strain
P
stress
A
2P P
2A A
normal strain
A
2
2L L
2-5
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Stress-Strain Test
2-6
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Stress-Strain Diagram: Ductile Materials
2-7
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Stress-Strain Diagram: Brittle Materials
2-8
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Hookes Law: Modulus of Elasticity
2-9
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Elastic vs. Plastic Behavior
If the strain disappears when the
stress is removed, the material is
said to behave elastically.
The largest stress for which this
occurs is called the elastic limit.
When the strain does not return
to zero after the stress is
removed, the material is said to
behave plastically.
2 - 10
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Fatigue
Fatigue properties are shown on
S-N diagrams.
A member may fail due to fatigue
at stress levels significantly below
the ultimate strength if subjected
to many loading cycles.
When the stress is reduced below
the endurance limit, fatigue
failures do not occur for any
number of cycles.
2 - 11
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Deformations Under Axial Loading
From Hookes Law:
P
AE
AE
With variations in loading, cross-section or
material properties,
PL
i i
i Ai Ei
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2 - 12
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Example 2.01
SOLUTION:
Divide the rod into components at
the load application points.
6
E 29 10
psi
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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
SOLUTION:
Divide the rod into three
components:
A
E
E
A
A
A
i i i
1
2
3
6
0.9
0.9
0.3
29 10
L3 16 in.
A1 A2 0.9 in 2
A3 0.3 in 2
2 - 14
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Sample Problem 2.1
SOLUTION:
2 - 15
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Sample Problem 2.1
SOLUTION:
Free body: Bar BDE
Displacement of B:
B
PL
AE
60 103 N 0.3 m
50010-6 m2 70 109 Pa
514 10 6 m
MB 0
0 30 kN 0.6 m FCD 0.2 m
FCD 90 kN tension
B 0.514 mm
Displacement of D:
D
PL
AE
90 103 N 0.4 m
60010-6 m2 200109 Pa
FAB 60 kN compression
300 10 6 m
MD 0
D 0.300 mm
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2 - 16
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Sample Problem 2.1
Displacement of D:
BB BH
DD HD
0.514 mm 200 mm x
0.300 mm
x
x 73.7 mm
EE HE
DD HD
E
0.300 mm
400 73.7 mm
73.7 mm
E 1.928 mm
E 1.928 mm
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2 - 17
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Static Indeterminacy
Structures for which internal forces and reactions
cannot be determined from statics alone are said
to be statically indeterminate.
A structure will be statically indeterminate
whenever it is held by more supports than are
required to maintain its equilibrium.
Redundant reactions are replaced with
unknown loads which along with the other
loads must produce compatible deformations.
Deformations due to actual loads and redundant
reactions are determined separately and then added
or superposed.
L R 0
2 - 18
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Example 2.04
Determine the reactions at A and B for the steel
bar and loading shown, assuming a close fit at
both supports before the loads are applied.
SOLUTION:
Consider the reaction at B as redundant, release
the bar from that support, and solve for the
displacement at B due to the applied loads.
2 - 19
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Example 2.04
SOLUTION:
Solve for the displacement at B due to the applied
loads with the redundant constraint released,
P1 0 P2 P3 600 103 N
A1 A2 400 10 6 m 2
P4 900 103 N
A3 A4 250 10 6 m 2
L1 L2 L3 L4 0.150 m
Pi Li 1.125109
L
E
i Ai Ei
A2 250 10 6 m 2
Pi Li
1.95 103 RB
R
A
E
E
i i i
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2 - 20
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Example 2.04
Require that the displacements due to the loads and due to
the redundant reaction be compatible,
L R 0
0
E
E
RB 577 103 N 577 kN
R A 323kN
RB 577 kN
2 - 21
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Thermal Stresses
A temperature change results in a change in length or
thermal strain. There is no stress associated with the
thermal strain unless the elongation is restrained by
the supports.
Treat the additional support as redundant and apply
the principle of superposition.
PL
T T L
P
AE
thermal expansion coef.
The thermal deformation and the deformation from
the redundant support must be compatible.
T P 0
T L
PL
0
AE
T P 0
P AE T
P
E T
A
2 - 22
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Poissons Ratio
For a slender bar subjected to axial loading:
x
E
y z 0
y z 0
Poissons ratio is defined as
y
lateral strain
n
z
axial strain
x
x
2 - 23
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Generalized Hookes Law
For an element subjected to multi-axial loading,
the normal strain components resulting from the
stress components may be determined from the
principle of superposition. This requires:
1) strain is linearly related to stress
2) deformations are small
x n y n z
y
z
n x
E
y n z
E
n x n y
E
z
E
2 - 24
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Shearing Strain
A cubic element subjected to a shear stress will
deform into a rhomboid. The corresponding shear
strain is quantified in terms of the change in angle
between the sides,
xy f xy
xy G xy yz G yz zx G zx
where G is the modulus of rigidity or shear modulus.
2 - 25
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Example 2.10
SOLUTION:
Determine the average angular
deformation or shearing strain of
the block.
2 - 26
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Determine the average angular deformation
or shearing strain of the block.
xy tan xy
0.04 in.
2 in.
xy 0.020 rad
P 36.0 kips
2 - 27
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Relation Among E, n, and G
2 - 28
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Sample Problem 2.5
A circle of diameter d = 9 in. is scribed on an
unstressed aluminum plate of thickness t = 3/4
in. Forces acting in the plane of the plate later
cause normal stresses x = 12 ksi and z = 20
ksi.
For E = 10x106 psi and n = 1/3, determine the
change in:
a) the length of diameter AB,
b) the length of diameter CD,
c) the thickness of the plate, and
2 - 29
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
SOLUTION:
Apply the generalized Hookes Law to Evaluate the deformation components.
find the three components of normal
B A x d 0.533103 in./in. 9 in.
strain.
x n y n z
E
12
ksi
20
ksi
3
10 106 psi
1
n x y n z
E
n x n y
E
z
E
E
t 0.800103 in.
V 0.187in3
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2 - 30
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Saint-Venants Principle
Loads transmitted through rigid
plates result in uniform distribution
of stress and strain.
Concentrated loads result in large
stresses in the vicinity of the load
application point.
Stress and strain distributions
become uniform at a relatively short
distance from the load application
points.
Saint-Venants Principle:
Stress distribution may be assumed
independent of the mode of load
application except in the immediate
vicinity of load application points.
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2 - 31
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Stress Concentration: Hole
K max
ave
2 - 32
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Stress Concentration: Fillet
2 - 33
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Example 2.12
SOLUTION:
Determine the geometric ratios and
find the stress concentration factor
from Fig. 2.64b.
Determine the largest axial load P
that can be safely supported by a
flat steel bar consisting of two
portions, both 10 mm thick, and
respectively 40 and 60 mm wide,
connected by fillets of radius r = 8
mm. Assume an allowable normal
stress of 165 MPa.
2 - 34
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Determine the geometric ratios and
find the stress concentration factor
from Fig. 2.64b.
D 60 mm
1.50
d 40 mm
r
8 mm
0.20
d 40 mm
K 1.82
max
K
165 MPa
90.7 MPa
1.82
P 36.3 kN
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2 - 35
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Elastoplastic Materials
Previous analyses based on assumption of
linear stress-strain relationship, i.e.,
stresses below the yield stress
Assumption is good for brittle material
which rupture without yielding
If the yield stress of ductile materials is
exceeded, then plastic deformations occur
Analysis of plastic deformations is
simplified by assuming an idealized
elastoplastic material
Deformations of an elastoplastic material
are divided into elastic and plastic ranges
Permanent deformations result from
loading beyond the yield stress
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2 - 36
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Plastic Deformations
PY
Y A
K
2 - 37
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Residual Stresses
When a single structural element is loaded uniformly
beyond its yield stress and then unloaded, it is permanently
deformed but all stresses disappear. This is not the general
result.
Residual stresses will remain in a structure after
loading and unloading if
- only part of the structure undergoes plastic
deformation
- different parts of the structure undergo different
plastic deformations
Residual stresses also result from the uneven heating or
cooling of structures or structural elements
2 - 38
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS