Cloud Computing

Aanchal Garg , Archana Sharma , Abhijeet Daga

CS Department , RTU University
Email : aanchal.garg89@gmail.com , sarchana026@gmail.com , dagaabhijeet@gmail.com

deployments with existing complex management

systems

Abstract . The demand of

skyrocketing for a new generation of
cloud based consumer is driving need
for next generation of data centres
which are efficient. A key component
Virtual Resource Mediation Layer
(VRML ) that must be necessarily
developed to enable the ability to
exchange and use information of various
clouds is discussed in this paper. This
paper asserts that the next generation
technologies allow us to dynamically access
CPU memory , bandwidth etc.

I.

INTRODUCTION

The appetite for a new generation of networkbased applications both for consumers e.g.
Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, Hulu, Animoto and for
businesses e.g. Web Mail, Google Docs, Zoho, is
driving the need to reorganize current datacenter
infrastructure for massive scale.
After
analyzing
the
evolution
of
telecommunications networks and comparing it to
the current state-of-the-art with respect to IT
datacenters, this paper identifies a key component
called Virtual Resource Mediation Layer (VRML)
that must be developed to support scalability.

x Mediate between networked applications

and virtualized computing, network and

storage
resources
with
dynamic
provisioning;
Enable development of end-to-end or
application-to-spindle Fault, Configuration,
Accounting, Performance and Security
(FCAPS) management based on business
priorities using dynamic monitoring of
workloads on computing, network and
storage resources and;
Allow the development of next generation
converged service creation, delivery and
assurance infrastructure that is massively
scalable and globally interoperable along
with a new degree of agility.

Additionally, deploying it does not require

abandoning any current IT investments as it can
accommodate a gradual migration from todays IT

1. Virtualization technology to dynamically

to a more integrated and simplified virtualized
computing, network and storage services platform
that is massively scalable and interoperable.

II. THE CLOUD FORMATION

Animoto a small startup with limited resources,
created an online service that generates a unique
custom video from photos and music uploaded by
users. When they put the application on Facebook and
it went viral and demand shot up through the roof.
Astoundingly, they managed to scale from 50 servers
to 3500 servers in three days all without having to
buy a single piece of hardware or having to create their
own compute, network and storage infrastructure. This
was all accomplished by renting compute
infrastructure from cloud service provider

The above example demonstrates how existing

cloud infrastructure can be used to enable massive
scale and agility at a very reasonable cost using:

2.
3.

provision virtualized software applications,

load balancers and web application servers
on-demand,
Innovative
distributed
computing
technology
that
allows
database
distribution,
A managed Service Oriented Architecture
for Web Service deployment and

Impressive as it is, this current state-of-the-art in

cloud computing still is just a baby step when
compared to what is expected in a fully functional
cloud based service creation, delivery and assurance
platform. Consider the following:

1. While the infrastructure services used by

2.

service developers are dynamically

provisioned, and billed on usage, the system
administration and management costs
continue to increase with the number of
servers used.
While service delivery is able to scale in the
current cloud model to support spikes in
demand,
application
availability,
performance optimization and security
management have to be implemented

separately. Today, a host of other companies

are actively trying to fill this need [2,3,4,5,6]
with additional services using customized
point solutions.
It is apparent that the datacenter infrastructure
required to manage virtualized computing, network and
storage resources in an integrated fashion has not yet
evolved to take cloud computing to the next level. One
of the reasons is that datacenters today are managed
using a number of legacy management systems that
invariably started with a server-centric management
paradigm and have since evolved incrementally over
the past couple of decades to accommodate the shift
towards client-server and network-based computing
paradigms. As a result, there is no single system today
that
provides
truly integrated
cross-domain
management capabilities required for a serviceoriented cloud infrastructure. Further, the best practices
promoted by each vendor may conflict when
attempting end-to-end optimization across the
datacenter.
Figure 1 shows a typical datacenter with all its
support systems demonstrating the incremental nature
of its evolution and the resulting complexity and cost.
Clearly the inefficiencies incurred in terms of
management complexity, sub-optimal performance and
costs are untenable. Dynamic reconfiguration of all
infrastructure i.e. compute, network and storage
resources, based on an applications needs is a
necessary condition for automating datacenter
management.

Figure 1. Datacenter complexity today with duplication

of management functions

III. THE CLOUD EVOLUTION: FAULT,

CONFIGURATION, ACCOUNTING,
PERFORMANCE AND SECURITY (FCAPS)
MANAGEMENT AND THE INTELLIGENT
SERVICE COLLABORATION NETWORK
.
The current definitions of cloud computing are just
beginning to incorporate end-to-end management as a
basic foundation for cloud IT. For example, Forrester
Research The Network Element Layer (NEL)

implements logical entities within a device

1. The Element Management Layer (EML),
implements device level FCAPS management
functions
2. The Network Management Layer (NML),
implements path management, topology
management and fault isolation

In this manner, the above TMN FCAPS framework

enables:

1.
2.
3.

Fault management, by detecting and

correlating faults in network devices, isolating
faults and initiating recovery actions
Configuration management, by providing
change tracking, configuration, installation and
distribution of software to all network devices
Accounting management capability through
comprehensive
network
usage
reports
generated by collecting and parsing accounting
data

Applying the above framework, we propose a

Cloud Computing Reference Model that explicitly
incorporates FCAPS management and defines the
various roles of infrastructure, service creation,
delivery, and assurance platform providers. These roles
can be assumed by a single provider or multiple
providers depending on whether the solutions are
proprietary or standards-based. However, history has
consistently shown us that proprietary solutions may

Current cloud evolution is limited to the

following
three areas:

1.
2.

The Virtualization of servers, load balancers,

and some server IP address management
services
The replacement of SAN/NAS infrastructure
with large commodity server farms that
support virtual applications using Direct
Attached Storage (DAS) or File Systems
(distributed or otherwise)2

drive innovation initially but standards will ultimately

be required to achieve massive scale by enabling the
interoperability of competitive proprietary solutions.
Figure 2 shows the roles of various players (service
operators, developers and end users) in order to realize
massively scalable clouds where thousands of developers
create millions of services that serve billions of customers.

Figure 2. Service Creation, Assurance and Delivery Model

computing. Optimization in these architectures

centered primarily on server resources. With the shift
to network-based services, a next generation networkcentric mediation layer is required to optimize the
services platform for massive scaling and
interoperability. By providing the mediation between
virtualized computing, networking and storage
resources, the VRML

3. Application

of distributed computing
innovations through Web Services and
Service Oriented Architecture (SOA)

It is apparent from above that the datacenter is

evolving incrementally from the bottom up without the
top down end-to-end architectural framework that is
required to enable scalability, performance, availability
and security for cloud services. It is only a matter of
time before we see the IT industry recognizing the
need to move beyond server virtualization and
incorporate virtualized network and storage resources 3
to enable dynamic provisioning of resources end-toend. At this point, the cloud IT industry would do well
to adopt a telecommunications-style IN model 4 and
implement application FCAPS management and a
Virtual Resource Mediation Layer (VRML) to enable a
800 Service Call Model that can provision
CPU/memory, bandwidth and storage resources
dynamically based on application requirements. Using
this model, application resource optimization based on
application workload needs and business constraints
becomes as simple as making a phone call. Service
creation, delivery and assurance will become very
similar in reliability and performance to those offered
by the Telecommunications IN Services platform.
Current IT emerged from a server-centric
architecture that later evolved into a client-server
architecture
to
accommodate
network-based

In this paper, current trend in cloud computing have

been analyzed and compared with the evolution of
the telecommunications Intelligent Network (IN). A
new reference model for the next generation
datacenters that will enable both public and private
clouds to be massively scalable and interoperable
has been proposed. The proposed platform can help
transform IT infrastructure to bring it on par with
telecommunications and Internet platforms that can
scale massively while delivering reliable, and
optimal performance along with fine grain security
controls. The paper also proposes that to be
successful, VRML must be defined through a
standards based RFI process with leadership driven
by global standards bodies such as the IETF or ITU.

The evolution of the telecommunications network

and the Internet has demonstrated the success of this
approach. While ITU provided top down standards
development, IETF followed bottom up request for
comment RFC process. For clouds to be massively
scalable and for both public and private clouds to
become globally interoperable .

[3] Jeff Cogswell, RightScale eases developing on

Amazon EC2 e-week.com, October 21st, 2008

[4] Peter Wayner, Cloud versus cloud A guided

tour of Amazon, Google, AppNexus and
GoGrid, InfoWorld, July 21, 2008
James Staten, Is Cloud Computing Ready for
the Enterprise?, Forrester Report, March 7,
2009,
http://searchitchannel.techtarget.com/generic/0
,295582,sid96_gci1 336995,00.html

[5]
Developing the proposed VRML platform will
require implementing a new distributed computing
model, the 800 service call model, dynamic end-toend FCAPS management, and signaling for
business priority based resource allocation - all
borrowed heavily from the telecommunications
domain.

V.

[7] "Our survey confirms that businesses are

indeed challenged most by the need to
effectively manage the increased complexity in
today's data centers, while at the same time
keeping networks running smoothly, and power
consumption costs down," said Ben Grimes,
Avocent CTO and vice president of corporate
strategy.
(http://www.cio.in/news/viewArticle/ARTICLE
ID=5636520)
http://oren.blogs.com/praxis/2008/04/theamazon-ec2.html, blog entry from Oren
Michels, CEO of Mashery talking about
Amazons E2C outage
Frank E. Gillett, Future View: The new
technology ecosystems of cloud, cloud services
and cloud computing Forrester Report, August
2008.

REFERENCES

[1] http://blog.animoto.com/2008/04/21/amazon
[2]

[6]

-ceo-jeff-bezos-on-animoto/
Let it rise A special report on corporate IT,
The Economist, October 25th, 2008

[8]

[9]