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We investigate the pozzolanic reaction of y ash activated by alkali injection.
Alkali injection increases the CH consumption by pozzolanic reaction.
Alkali activation for 1 month decreases the volume fraction of 20330 nm pores.
Alkali activation for 1 month increases the volume fraction of 320 nm pores.
Alkali injection accelerates the pozzolanic reaction of the y ash cement paste.
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Received 24 February 2015
Received in revised form 15 June 2015
Accepted 22 June 2015
Available online 1 July 2015
Keywords:
Alkali activation
Pozzolanic reaction
Fly ash cement paste
Ca(OH)2 content
Ca(OH)2 consumption
Porosity
a b s t r a c t
The purpose of this study is to investigate the pozzolanic reaction of the y ash cement paste by an injection of an alkali solution after hardening. Cement pastes with 0%, 20%, and 40% of y ash replacement
ratios were used. An NaOH or saturated Ca(OH)2 solution was injected into the paste through a syringe
1 month after casting at normal temperature. In addition to the reduction of the Ca(OH)2 content, the
consumptions of Ca(OH)2 in the paste with 40% replacement of y ash activated by NaOH and Ca(OH)2
solution were observed to be 2.6 and 4.5 times as large as that with 20% replacement of y ash. It indicates the alkali solution accelerates the pozzolanic reaction, together with the promotion of cement
hydration. The results of pore structure analysis also conrmed this activation. As a result, it can be
concluded that the 1-month alkali solution injection was effective in accelerating the pozzolanic reaction
of the cement paste with 40% replacement of y ash.
2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Fly ash concrete has been applied extensively in the building
construction because of taking the advantage of the enhanced
durability, cost saving, and environmental protection [1,2].
However, it was reported that the early age strength of the y
ash concrete is one of its disadvantages due to the high replacement of cement with y ash [3]. In addition, the slow pozzolanic
reaction of y ash is considered as one of factors which result in
the low early age strength of the y ash concrete [36].
Many researchers have focused on investigating the mechanism
of the pozzolanic reaction and exploring the reasons of this slow
reaction [711]. It is known that the pozzolanic reaction of the
y ash cement paste is the chemical reaction between reactive
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: d123252@hiroshima-u.ac.jp (P.T. Bui), ogaway@hiroshima-u.
ac.jp (Y. Ogawa), nakarai@hiroshima-u.ac.jp (K. Nakarai), kkawai@hiroshima-u.ac.jp
(K. Kawai).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.06.046
0950-0618/ 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
29
2.1. Materials
2.5. Measurement of porosity
The cementitious materials selected in this study were
high-early-strength Portland cement, and low calcium y ash
which met the standard values of type II per JIS A 6201 (y ash
for concrete). The chemical composition and physical properties
of these materials are shown in Table 1.
2.2. Preparation of paste specimens
Fly ash was used to replace high-early-strength Portland
cement at ratios of 0%, 20% and 40% by mass (hereafter, abbreviated as FA0, FA20, and FA40, respectively). A water to binder ratio
of 0.30 was kept constant. The pastes were mixed in a mechanical
mixer and cast in 40 mm cube molds, and then sealed by
aluminum tape to prevent water loss as well as carbonation.
After that, a syringe with a capacity of 1 ml, of which the plunger
was disconnected, was inserted in the specimen center (as shown
in Fig. 1). All specimens were demolded 24 h after casting and
cured in sealed condition at 20 C.
2.3. Activation method
An activation was conducted by supplying an alkali solution
1 month after casting through a syringe, which was prepared in
the Section 2.2. Two alkali activators, which were an NaOH solution (pH = 13.0) and a saturated Ca(OH)2 solution (pH = 12.6), were
injected naturally through the permeability of the pastes by themselves. Additionally, water was also injected instead of an alkali
solution for the comparison.
2.4. Measurement of CH content
The CH content of the pastes at the age of 2 months was determined by thermal gravimetry analysis (TGA), using the half samples as shown in Fig. 1. The CH content of the sample was tested
by each 4 mm-section from the surface to the point of the needle
(as shown in Fig. 1). These samples were obtained in the form of
a powder by a driller. Then, they were soaked in ethanol for 24 h
to stop the further hydration, and dried in a vacuum desiccator
for 24 h before measuring the CH content. The rate of the
Table 1
Chemical composition and physical properties of cementitious materials.
Chemical composition and physical
properties
Cement
Low calcium y
ash
SiO2 (%)
Fe2O3 (%)
Al2O3 (%)
CaO (%)
MgO (%)
SO3 (%)
Na2O (%)
K2O (%)
Loss on ignition (%)
Density (g/cm3)
Blaine specic surface area (cm2/g)
20.30
2.71
4.96
65.49
1.21
2.98
0.22
0.35
1.19
3.14
4590
57.7
5.43
27.54
1.26
1.06
0.36
0.44
0.76
2.8
2.21
3290
where D: the diameter of pores (lm), c: the surface tension of mercury (assuming a value of 480 mN/m), h: the contact angle of mercury on the paste (taken as 140), P: the pressure at which mercury
is intruded into the pore (mN/m2).
The MIP equipment used in this study has the maximum pressure of 414 106 N/m2. The porosity of the pastes at the age of
2 months was measured at a diameter range of 3 nm300 lm.
3. Results and discussions
3.1. Effect of y ash
3.1.1. CH content
The CH content of the control samples, which were the samples
without the injection of water or alkali solution, at each
4 mm-section of the samples is shown in Fig. 2. It can be seen that
the higher the replacement ratio of cement with y ash, the less
the CH content. This can be attributed to the high cement replacement with y ash [3] and the consumption of CH by the pozzolanic
reaction [6].
The consumption of CH by the pozzolanic reaction was calculated according to the following equation [18]:
30
Fig. 1. Activation method and preparation of the samples for analyzing the Ca(OH)2 content.
Fig. 2. The CH content of the control samples (FA0, FA20, and FA40) at each 4 mmsection of the samples at the age of 2 months.
Fig. 4. The porosity of the control samples (FA0, FA20, and FA40) at the age of
2 months.
tendency was also observed in the case of FA40. However, the total
pore volume of FA20 was smaller than that of FA0. It can be
explained by the fact that the use of 20% replacement of y ash
at the same water to binder ratio increased the water to cement
ratio; resulting in promoting the hydration extent of cement and
y ash which forms more hydration products lling up the pores
of the paste [5,13]. Furthermore, the decreasing and increasing tendency of the volume ratio of pores ranging 20330 nm and 3
20 nm in diameter relative to the total pores respectively are also
reported when the pozzolanic reaction of y ash occurs [19].
These tendencies are also observed in the cases of FA20 and
FA40 when compared with FA0.
Fig. 3. The consumption of CH by pozzolanic reaction (left) and its normalization (right) of the control samples at each 4 mm-section of the samples at the age of 2 months.
31
3.2.1. CH content
The CH contents of the pastes, into which water were injected
1 month after casting, and their comparisons with the control samples at each 4 mm-section of the samples are shown in Figs. 5 and
6. In general, it can be found that the injection of water increased
the CH content in some positions of the samples. It is evident that
the water injection promoted the cement hydration of the paste
with and without the y ash replacement.
The consumption of CH by the pozzolanic reaction of the
water-injected samples at the point of the needle was only considered for the comparison with that of the control sample. It was also
calculated according to the Eq. (2). The consumption of CH by the
pozzolanic reaction of the control and water-injected samples at
this position is shown in Fig. 7 left. In the case of the
water-injected sample with 20% replacement of y ash, the consumption of CH was smaller than that of the control sample. This
may be explained by the fact that water promoted the cement
hydration more in FA20. This is also compatible with the larger
CH content of the water-injected sample with 20% replacement
of y ash than that of the control sample (Fig. 6 top). Thus, these
additional hydration products covered the surfaces of the y ash
particles with more extent, resulting in the postpone of the pozzolanic reaction of y ash particles in FA20 [20].
In the case of the water-injected sample with 40% replacement
of y ash, the consumption of CH for the water injection was larger
than that for the control sample. It indicates the pozzolanic reaction of FA40 was accelerated by the addition of water.
Comparing the consumption of CH between FA20 and FA40, the
normalization is also shown in Fig. 7 right. It can be found that
the consumption of CH for FA40, which had 2 times as high the
y ash content as FA20, was 1.9 times as much as that for FA20
in the case of the water injection, and were more than that of
the control sample. It indicates the water injection was effective
in accelerating the pozzolanic reaction in the case of FA40.
3.2.2. Porosity
The total pore volumes and the volumes of pores ranging 20
330 nm and 320 nm in diameter of the 1-month-water-injected
samples and their comparison with the control samples are shown
in Fig. 8. The total pore volume of the 1-month-water-injected
samples was smaller than that of the control samples in the cases
of FA0 and FA40, except for FA20. It indicates the water injection
was effective in improving the porosity of the paste by promoting
the cement hydration more.
In the case of FA20 into which water was injected, the less
decreasing and increasing tendencies of the volume ratio of pores
Fig. 7. The consumption of CH by pozzolanic reaction (left) and its normalization (right) of the control samples and 1-month-water-injected samples at the point of the
needle at the age of 2 months.
32
Fig. 8. The porosity of the control and 1-month-water-injected samples at the age of 2 months.
ranging 20330 nm and 320 nm respectively than that in the control sample also conrms the delay of the pozzolanic reaction.
Therefore, the total pore volume of the water-injected sample
was larger than that of the control sample.
3.3. Effect of alkali activation
3.3.1. CH content
The CH contents of the plain cement pastes into which the alkaline solutions were injected 1 month after casting and their comparisons with the control samples are shown in Fig. 9. It can be
Fig. 10. The CH content of the control and 1-month-NaOH-activated samples (top)
and -saturated-Ca(OH)2-activated samples (bottom) with 20% replacement of y
ash FA20 at each 4 mm-section of the samples at the age of 2 months.
33
Fig. 11. The CH content of the control and 1-month-NaOH-activated samples (top)
and -saturated-Ca(OH)2-activated samples (bottom) with 40% replacement of y
ash FA40 at each 4 mm-section of the samples at the age of 2 months.
3.3.2. Porosity
The total pore volumes and the volumes of pores ranging
20330 nm and 320 nm in diameter of the saturated-Ca
(OH)2-activated samples and their comparison with the control
samples are shown in Fig. 13. In the case of FA0, the total pore
volume of the saturated-Ca(OH)2-activated samples was smaller
than that of control samples because the cement hydration was
promoted by water supplied from the alkali solution. In the
cases of FA20 and FA40, the total pore volume of the
saturated-Ca(OH)2-activated samples was almost the same as that
of the control samples. Compared with the control sample, however, the decreasing and increasing tendency of the volume ratio
of pores ranging 20330 nm and 320 nm in diameter relative to
the total pores respectively were observed in the case of FA40 into
which the saturated Ca(OH)2 solution was injected. It demonstrates that the saturated Ca(OH)2 activation was effective in accelerating the pozzolanic reaction in FA40. This is also compatible
with the decrease of the CH content in the case of the
saturated-Ca(OH)2-activated paste with 40% replacement of y
ash at the point of the needle (as shown in Fig. 11 bottom).
4. Conclusions
An activation by the injection of an alkali solution was investigated on the y ash cement paste 1 month after casting at normal
temperature. In addition, water was injected into the paste instead
of an alkali solution for the reference. A quantitative analysis of the
Ca(OH)2 content and porosity were examined in order to evaluate
its effect on the pozzolanic reaction of y ash. The following conclusions can be drawn:
Fig. 12. The consumption of CH by pozzolanic reaction (left) and its normalization (right) of the control samples and 1-month-alkali-activated samples at the point of the
needle at the age of 2 months.
34
Fig. 13. The porosity of the control and 1-month-saturated-Ca(OH)2-activated samples at the age of 2 months.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank Mr. Yuhei Ito, a master student,
for his help in carrying out some of the experiments.
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