Jordan University of Science and

Technology
Mechanical engineering department
Thermo-Fluid

Advisor: Mohammad Al-Widyan

Student Name:
Student Number: 20132025020
Exp. Name: Impact Jet (exp#2)
Subject
Introduction
Theory
Apparatus & Procedure
Data & Calculation
Table & Figures
Discussion
Conclusion

Mark

 Introduction:
Water turbines are widely used throughout the world to generate power. In the type
of water turbine referred to as a Pelton wheel, one or more water jets are directed
tangentially on to vanes or buckets that are fastened to the rim of the turbine disc.
The impact of the water on the vanes generates a torque on the wheel, causing it to rotate
and to develop power. Although the concept is essentially simple, such turbines can
generate considerable output at high efficiency. Powers in excess of 100 MW, and
hydraulic efficiencies greater than 95%, are not uncommon. It may be noted that the
Pelton wheel is best suited to conditions where the available head of water is great, and
the flow rate is comparatively small. For example, with a head of 100 m and a flow rate
of 1 m^3/s, a Pelton wheel running at some 250 rev/min could be used to develop about
900 kW. The same water power would be available if the head were only 10 m and the flow
were 10m^3/s, but a different type of turbine would then be needed.
To predict the output of a Pelton wheel, and to determine its optimum rotational speed, we
need to understand how the deflection of the jet generates a force on the buckets, and how the
force is related to the rate of momentum flow in the jet. In this experiment, we measure
the force generated by a jet of water striking a flat plate or a hemispherical cup, and
compare the results with the computed momentum flow rate in the jet

The objective of this experiment is:

1. To measure jet force on a flat plate
2. To measure jet force on a hemisphere
3. To compare the results with theory

Theory:

 Apparatus & Procedure:

1.The apparatus is located on top of the Hydraulic Bench with the left
hand support feed of the Impact of Jets Apparatus located on the two
left hand locating pegs of the Hydraulic Bench so that the apparatus
straddles the weir channel.
2.A spirit level is about to attached to base board and level the unit on
top of the bench by adjusting the feet.
3.The feed tube is connected from the Hydraulic Bench to the base of
the Impact of Jets Apparatus by using a hose.
4.Water is filled into the volumetric tank of the hydraulic bench until
approximately 90% full.
5.Fully close the bench flow control valve, V1then switch on the pump.
6.Open V1 gradually and allow the piping to fill with water until all air
has been expelled from the system.
7.The actual flow of water can be measured using the volumetric tank
with a stopwatch

we will only use a flat plate & a hemi sphere one

1.

Water-pumping table with a weighting device to find the

mass rate of flow.
2.
A nozzle to from vertical jet which is deflected by a flat
plate and hemispherical vane.
3. A force-balancing device for finding the resultant force on the
vane.
4. Timing mechanism

Data & Calculation:

- Water density = 1000 kg/m3
- Cross-sectional area of nozzle (a) = 78.5 mm2
- Diameter of nozzle = 10 mm

- Mass of jockey weight =0.484 kg

- Acceleration of gravity = 9.81m/s2
- Distance from center of vane to pivot of lever = 0.15 m
- High of the vane above the tip of nozzle (s) = 35 mm

Table (1): The data for flat plate and hemispherical vane.
Flat Plate

Hemispherical Vane

Time (sec)

X (cm)

Time (sec)

X (cm)

14.75

5.0

15.6

10.6

16.93

4.0

17.4

19.93

3.0

20.5

22.58

2.0

25.7

29.46

1.0

33.0

2.1

Fw=0.5886Kg
X

0.15m

Fig.1
F'y

Calculations::
M = 6Kg,
1) For flat plate:=0o , h2-h1=0.06035m

*Theoretical Fy :-

*Experimental F'y :-

2) Hemisphere vane:=90o, h2-h1=0.06035m, , h3-h1=0.03018m

*Theoretical Fy :-

*Experimental F'y :-

Re number = 4*m / (3.14*D*visc.)

=(4*0.40678 )/(3.14*10*10^-3*8.9*10^-4)
= 5822.37
** Error between the exp & theo. force for the flat plate
Error = (theo exp )/exp
Error = (2.13112-2.059798)/2.13112= 3.46%

Tables & figures:

table (2): shows the results of calculation for flat plate jet.
Time (sec)

X (cm)

M*(kg/s
)

V1(m/s
)

Fy (N)

F'y (N)

14.75

0.4067
8

5.1792
67

2.0597
98

2.1311
2

16.93

4
0.3544

4.5123
56

1.5519
87

1.7448
8

19.93

0.3010
54

3.8331
26

1.1065
02

1.1546
7

22.58

0.2657
22

3.3832
68

0.8512
41

0.9724
4

29.46

0.2036
66

2.5931
5

0.4793
88

0.5862
2

table (3): shows the results of calculation for hemispherical vane.

Time
(sec)

X
(cm)

M*(kg/s)

V1(m/s
)

Fy (N)

F'y (N)

15.6

10.6

0.38461
5

4.8970
64

3.73648
7

4.09393
2

17.4

0.34482
8

4.3904
71

2.99724
1

3.08976

0.29268
3

3.7265
46

2.15035
2

2.31732

0.23346
3

2.9725
37

1.35612
9

1.54488

0.18181
8

2.3149
76

0.80847
9

0.81106
2

20.5

25.7

33

2.1

2.5
2
1.5
flat

1
0.5
0
0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.2

(figure 2)(flat plate F theo VS F exp)

5
4
3
sphere

2
1
0
0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

(figure 3)(hemi-sphere F theo VS Fexp)

2.5
2
1.5

theo.

exp

0.5
0
25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 50000 55000 60000

(figure 4)(flat plate F theo & F exp VS Re)

5
4
3

theo.

exp.

1
0
20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 50000 55000 60000

(figure 5)(hemi-sphere F theo & F exp VS Re)

Table 4 (percentage error between the theo & exp force in flat plate)
error
3.462573
12.42878
4.353178
14.23792
22.28508
11.35351

AVG

Table 5 (percentage error between the theo & exp force in hemisphere)
error
8.731093
2.994375
7.20522
12.21784
0.318471
6.2934

AVG

 Discussion:
We were doing this experiment on two kinds of jet, that are flat
plate (with =0o) and hemispherical vane (with =90o), and in our
calculations or from the figures (2) we can see that the force could
be found from two methods, experimentally and theoretically
methods, from this we can see that these two values very close to
author, for example, if you applies the experimentally method in
first sample you will gets Fy=2.292N, and when you applies
theoretical method in the same sample you will gets F'y=2.1242N,
so the error equals to 7.9%.

Also, from the calculations you can see too, that the force applied
on the hemispherical vane (cup) is greater than the force that
applied on the flat plate jet, this seen from figure (3) too.

Conclusion:
First thing that concluded from this experiment, when we apply fluid
flow on any jet (plate or sphere), this pushes the jet by a force, and
this force depends on the value of the flow rate, kind of the jet itself,
the distance of jet from the nuzzle, and the fluid that we used