9241562099

The Tobacco Atlas
The Tobacco Atlas

Foreword
Dr Gro Harlem Brundtland,
Director-General, World Health Organization
Preface
Acknowledgments
Photo Credits
About the Authors
1 The History of Tobacco
The global spread of tobacco from the Americas to the rest of the world. Historical highlights of
key events and action taken to curb the epidemic.
Part One: PREVALENCE AND HEALTH
2 Types of Tobacco Use
Different forms of smoking and other forms of tobacco, including cigarettes, pipes, bidis, reteks.
3 Male Smoking
Smoking prevalence among men. Trends in selected countries. Smoking among physicians. Top
10 countries. Tobacco industry quote.
4 Female Smoking
Smoking prevalence among women. Trends in selected countries. Where women smoke as much
as men. Where men smoke ten times as much as women. Tobacco industry quote.
5 Youth
Tobacco use prevalence among male and female youth. Passive smoking. Youth perception of
smoking. Tobacco industry quotes.
6 Cigarette Consumption
Annual cigarette consumption per person. Top 5 countries. Global increases from 1880 to 2000.
Increases in the average number of cigarettes smoked in China between 1952 and 1996.
7 Health Risks
How smoking harms you. Smoking in pregnancy. Deadly chemicals. Proportion of lung cancer,
COPD and ischaemic heart disease. Tobacco industry quotes.
8 Passive Smoking
Harm caused by passive smoking. Children exposed to passive smoking. Numbers affected by
passive smoking. Tobacco industry quotes.
9 Deaths
Deaths from tobacco use in men and women. Dying in your prime: 35- to 69-year-olds who die
from tobacco. Past and future deaths from tobacco: 1950 to 2030. Deaths in developed and
developing countries. Number of people alive today who will eventually die from tobacco.
Tobacco industry quote.
Part Two: THE COSTS OF TOBACCO
10 Costs to the Economy
Health care costs attributable to tobacco. Working days lost due to tobacco. Costs of fires and
litter collection. Tobacco industry quotes.
11 Costs to the Smoker
Cost of a pack of Marlboro cigarettes or equivalent international brand. Minutes of labour
worked to buy a packet of cigarettes. The cost of a pack of Marlboro cigarettes or equivalent
international brand compared with food or clothing.
Part Three: THE TOBACCO TRADE
12 Growing Tobacco
Land devoted to growing tobacco by country. Leading producers of tobacco leaves.
Deforestation due to tobacco.
13 Manufacturing Tobacco
Number of tobacco workers by country. Where the tobacco dollar goes. Less tobacco per
cigarette. Additives.
14 Tobacco Companies
Leading manufacturers by country. The Big Five: revenue and market share of leading
transnational tobacco companies. Tobacco industry quote.
15 Tobacco Trade
Cigarette exports by country. Top 10 cigarette importers. Top 10 leaf importers and exporters.
US import and export of tobacco leaves and cigarettes.
16 Smuggling
Estimated smuggled cigarettes as a percentage of domestic sales. Major recent or current
smuggling routes. Global smuggling. Tackling tobacco smuggling in the UK: projected
percentage of market share if action is or is not taken. Lost revenue in EU. Tobacco industry
quote.
Part Four: PROMOTION

17 Tobacco Industry Promotion
Most popular cigarette brand by country. Worlds most popular brands. How the advertising
dollar is spent in the USA. Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure. Tobacco industry quote.
18 Internet Sales
Internet sales. Internet search for sites. Internet cigarette vendors in the USA. Test ordering from
12 websites. HM Customs and Excise quote. User comment posted on website.
19 Politics
Buying influence: expenditure on lobbying in the USA. Buying favours: tobacco companies
contributions to federal candidates in the USA. Tobacco industry quotes.
20 Smokers' Rights Organisations
Location of smokers rights groups worldwide. Tobacco industry quotes.
21 Tobacco Industry Documents
Number of documents found on the Legacy website by country. Tobacco industry quotes.
Part Five: TAKING ACTION
22 Research
Global Youth Tobacco Surveys completed by country. Current foundation grant recipients.
Comparative National Institute of Health expenditure on tobacco compared with other health
problems. Published research: PubMed search for tobacco compared with other journal topics.
Journals devoted to tobacco control.
23 Tobacco Control Organisations
WHO, international and regional tobacco control organisations. Locations of all World
Conferences. Tobacco industry quote.
24 Legislation: Smoke-free Areas
Where smoking is prohibited or restricted in some areas at work, and where employers
voluntarily prohibit or restrict smoking. Sales before and after smoking bans in restaurants and
bars in California. Nicotine concentration in public places in Barcelona, Spain. The cost of
workplace smoking. Tobacco industry quote.
25 Legislation: Advertising Bans
Increases and decreases in adult cigarette consumption, and countries with comprehensive
advertising bans in the same period. Effect of advertising bans. Tobacco industry quotes.
26 Legislation: Health Warnings
Where health warnings are required by law.
Impact on smokers of Canadian warnings. Public support for visible health warnings. Tobacco
industry quote.
27 Health Education
World No Tobacco Day: participating countries, and themes from 1988 to 2002. Quit & Win
campaigns. Tobacco industry quotes.
28 Quitting
Percentages of ex-smokers. Quitting calendar:
the benefits of stopping smoking. Effects on deaths if smokers quit. Effect of smoking
restrictions at home and at work. Impact of interventions on quitting.
29 Price Policy
Tobacco tax as a proportion of cigarette price. Cigarette price increases compared with
consumption in the UK. Government income from tobacco. Cigarette tax as a proportion of price
in the USA. Tobacco industry quote.
30 Litigation
Legal action against the tobacco industry: personal injury, public interest, non-smokers
and government lawsuits. Cases brought by the tobacco industry. Smuggling litigation. Tobacco
industry quote.
31 Projections by Industry
Projected rates of growth and decline of tobacco consumption by country 1998-2008. Regional
projections.
32 The Future
Epidemiology, health, economics, the tobacco industry, action taken projected to 2050.
Part Six: WORLD TABLES
Table A: The Demographics of Tobacco
Population. Adult prevalence. Youth smoking. Youth exposed to passive smoking. Cigarette
consumption. Quitting.
Table B: The Business of Tobacco
Land area devoted to growing tobacco; quantity produced. Number of tobacco workers; number
of cigarettes manufactured. Cigarette imports and exports; tobacco leaf imports and exports. Cost
of a pack of Malboro cigarettes or equivalent international brand; minutes of labour needed to
buy a pack of cigarettes. Tax as a proportion of cigarette price; tobacco tax revenues as a
percentage of total tax revenue. Tobacco industry documents.
T h e To b a c c o A t l a s
When one has a thorough knowledge of both the enemy and
oneself, victory is assured. When one has a thorough knowledge
of both heaven and earth, victory will be complete.
General Sun Tzu
The Art of War: A Treatise on Chinese Military Science
c. 500 B.C.
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The designations employed and the presentation of
the material in this publication do not imply the
expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part
of the World Health Organization concerning the
legal status of any country, territory, city or area or
of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of
its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps
represent approximate border lines for which there
may not yet be full agreement.
The mention of specific companies or of certain
manufacturers products does not imply that they
are endorsed or recommended by the World
Health Organization in preference to others of a
similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and
omissions excepted, the names of proprietary
products are distinguished by initial capital letters.
The World Health Organization does not
warrant that the information contained in this
publication is complete and correct and shall not
be liable for any damages incurred as a result of its
use.
The authors alone are responsible for the views
expressed in this publication.
T h e To b a c c o A t l a s
Dr Judith Mackay
and Dr Michael Eriksen
CONTENTS
The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization 2002

All rights reserved
First published 2002
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN 92 4156 209 9
Produced for the World Health Organization by
Myriad Editions Limited
67 Old Steine, Brighton BN1 1EJ, UK
http://www.MyriadEditions.com
Edited and co-ordinated for Myriad Editions by
Paul Jeremy and Candida Lacey
Design and graphics by Paul Jeremy
and Corinne Pearlman
Maps created by Isabelle Lewis
Printed and bound in Hong Kong
Produced by Phoenix Offset Limited
under the supervision of Bob Cassels,
The Hanway Press, London
This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not by
way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out, or
otherwise circulated without the publishers prior consent
in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it
is published and without a similar condition including this
condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser
Foreword
9
Director-General, World Health Organization
Preface
11
Acknowledgments
13
Photo Credits
15
About the Authors
17
1 The History of Tobacco

18
The global spread of tobacco from the Americas
to the rest of the world. Historical highlights of
key events and action taken to curb the epidemic.
Part One: PREVALENCE AND HEALTH
2 Types of Tobacco Use
22
Different forms of smoking and other forms
of tobacco, including cigarettes, pipes, bidis,
kreteks.
3 Male Smoking
24
Smoking prevalence among men. Trends in
selected countries. Smoking among physicians.
Top 10 countries. Tobacco industry quote.
4 Female Smoking
26
Smoking prevalence among women. Trends in
selected countries. Where women smoke as
much as men. Where men smoke ten times
as much as women. Tobacco industry quote.
5 Youth
28
Tobacco use prevalence among male and female
youth. Passive smoking. Youth perception of
6 Cigarette Consumption
30
Annual cigarette consumption per person.
Top 5 countries. Global increases from 1880 to
2000. Increases in the average number of cigarettes
smoked in China between 1952 and 1996.
7 Health Risks
32
How smoking harms you. Smoking in pregnancy.
Deadly chemicals. Proportion of lung cancer,
COPD and ischaemic heart disease. Tobacco
industry quotes.
8 Passive Smoking
34
Harm caused by passive smoking. Children exposed
to passive smoking. Numbers affected by passive
9 Deaths
36
Deaths from tobacco use in men and women.
Dying in your prime: 35- to 69-year-olds who die
from tobacco. Past and future deaths from tobacco:
1950 to 2030. Deaths in developed and developing
countries. Number of people alive today who will
eventually die from tobacco. Tobacco industry
quote.
Part Two: THE COSTS OF TOBACCO
10 Costs to the Economy
40
Health care costs attributable to tobacco.
Working days lost due to tobacco. Costs of fires
and litter collection. Tobacco industry quotes.
11 Costs to the Smoker
42
Cost of a pack of Marlboro cigarettes or equivalent
international brand. Minutes of labour worked to
buy a packet of cigarettes. The cost of a pack of
Marlboro cigarettes or equivalent international
brand compared with food or clothing.
Part Three: THE TOBACCO TRADE

12 Growing Tobacco
46
Land devoted to growing tobacco by country.
Leading producers of tobacco leaves. Deforestation
due to tobacco.
13 Manufacturing Tobacco
48
Number of tobacco workers by country. Where
the tobacco dollar goes. Less tobacco per cigarette.
Additives.
14 Tobacco Companies
50
Leading manufacturers by country. The Big Five:
revenue and market share of leading transnational
tobacco companies. Tobacco industry quote.
15 Tobacco Trade
52
Cigarette exports by country. Top 10 cigarette
importers. Top 10 leaf importers and exporters.
US import and export of tobacco leaves and
cigarettes.
16 Smuggling
54
Estimated smuggled cigarettes as a percentage
of domestic sales. Major recent or current
smuggling routes. Global smuggling. Tackling
tobacco smuggling in the UK: projected percentage
of market share if action is or is not taken. Lost
revenue in EU. Tobacco industry quote.
19 Politics
62
Buying influence: expenditure on lobbying in the
USA. Buying favours: tobacco companies
contributions to federal candidates in the USA.
Tobacco industry quotes.
26 Legislation: Health Warnings

78
Where health warnings are required by law.
Impact on smokers of Canadian warnings. Public
support for visible health warnings. Tobacco
industry quote.
20 Smokers' Rights Organisations

64
Location of smokers rights groups worldwide.
Tobacco industry quotes.
27 Health Education
80
World No Tobacco Day: participating countries,
and themes from 1988 to 2002. Quit & Win
campaigns. Tobacco industry quotes.
21 Tobacco Industry Documents

66
Number of documents found on the Legacy
website by country. Tobacco industry quotes.
Part Five: TAKING ACTION
22 Research
70
Global Youth Tobacco Surveys completed by
country. Current foundation grant recipients.
Comparative National Institute of Health
expenditure on tobacco compared with other
health problems. Published research: PubMed
search for tobacco compared with other journal
topics. Journals devoted to tobacco control.
23 Tobacco Control Organisations
72
WHO, international and regional tobacco control
organisations. Locations of all World Conferences.
17 Tobacco Industry Promotion

58
Most popular cigarette brand by country. Worlds
most popular brands. How the advertising dollar is
spent in the USA. Changes in cigarette marketing
expenditure. Tobacco industry quote.
24 Legislation: Smoke-free Areas

74
Where smoking is prohibited or restricted in some
areas at work, and where employers voluntarily
prohibit or restrict smoking. Sales before and after
smoking bans in restaurants and bars in California.
Nicotine concentration in public places in
Barcelona, Spain. The cost of workplace smoking.
18 Internet Sales
60
Internet sales. Internet search for sites. Internet
cigarette vendors in the USA. Test ordering from
12 websites. HM Customs and Excise quote. User
comment posted on website.
25 Legislation: Advertising Bans

76
Increases and decreases in adult cigarette
consumption, and countries with comprehensive
advertising bans in the same period. Effect of
advertising bans. Tobacco industry quotes.
Part Four: PROMOTION
28 Quitting
82
Percentages of ex-smokers. Quitting calendar:
the benefits of stopping smoking. Effects on deaths
if smokers quit. Effect of smoking restrictions at
home and at work. Impact of interventions on
quitting.
29 Price Policy
84
Tobacco tax as a proportion of cigarette price.
Cigarette price increases compared with
consumption in the UK. Government income from
tobacco. Cigarette tax as a proportion of price in
the USA. Tobacco industry quote.
30 Litigation
86
Legal action against the tobacco industry:
personal injury, public interest, non-smokers
and government lawsuits. Cases brought by the
tobacco industry. Smuggling litigation. Tobacco
industry quote.
31 Projections by Industry
88
Projected rates of growth and decline of tobacco
consumption by country 1998-2008. Regional
projections.
32 The Future
90
Epidemiology, health, economics, the tobacco
industry, action taken projected to 2050.
Part Six: WORLD TABLES
92
Table A: The Demographics of Tobacco 94

Population. Adult prevalence. Youth smoking.
Youth exposed to passive smoking. Cigarette
consumption. Quitting.
Table B: The Business of Tobacco
102
Land area devoted to growing tobacco; quantity
produced. Number of tobacco workers; number of
cigarettes manufactured. Cigarette imports and
exports; tobacco leaf imports and exports. Cost
of a pack of Malboro cigarettes or equivalent
international brand; minutes of labour needed to
buy a pack of cigarettes. Tax as a proportion of
cigarette price; tobacco tax revenues as a
percentage of total tax revenue. Tobacco industry
documents.
Glossary
110
Sources
113
Useful Contacts
125
Index
126
FOREWORD
A message from
Dr Gro Harlem Brundtland
Director-General
M
ore people smoke today than at any other
time in human history. One person dies every ten
seconds due to smoking-related diseases.
Research evidence in the past five years shows a
bleaker picture of the health danger of smoking
than previously realised. Tobacco is the biggest
killer, much bigger in dimension than all other
forms of pollution.
Children are the most vulnerable. Habits start in
youth. The tobacco industry knows it and acts
accordingly. This is a medical challenge, but also a
cultural challenge. Let us all speak out: tobacco is a
killer. It should not be advertised, subsidised or
glamourised.
Adolescents should not be allowed to mortgage
their lives to the seductive advertisements of the
industry. Girls and women are being targeted all
over the world by expensive and seductive tobacco
advertising images of freedom, emancipation,
slimness, glamour and wealth. Tobacco companies
should be accountable for the harm caused by
tobacco use.
The day I took office I launched the Tobacco
Free Initiative (TFI) to spearhead the struggle to
reverse the worsening trends in health caused by
tobacco and to add momentum to a critical public
health struggle. The initiative aims at heightening
global awareness of the need to address tobacco
consumption. It also seeks to build new
partnerships and strengthen existing partnerships
for action against tobacco; to commission policy
research to fill gaps; and, to accelerate national and
global policy to implement strategies.
The way it works illustrates the way we wish
WHO to work in the future making the most of
our own resources and knowledge and drawing
heavily on the knowledge and experience of others.
Our goals are to:

build a vibrant alliance between WHO,
UNICEF, the World Bank, and partnerships with a
purpose with non governmental organisations, the
private sector, academic/research institutions and
donors.
try to get more people to work on and
support tobacco control activities and ensure that
more resources are committed to tobacco
research, policy and control.
develop the Framework Convention on
Tobacco Control (FCTC), the world's first public
health treaty. The treaty will only be effective if it
works in conjunction with, and builds upon, sound
domestic interventions.
The good news is that the epidemic does not have
to continue this way. There is a political solution to
tobacco a solution routed through ministries of
finance and agriculture as well as health and
education.
We know that tobacco control measures can
lead to a reduction in smoking as witnessed among
some member states. WHO, the World Bank and
public health experts have identified a combination
of the following as having a measurable and
sustained impact on tobacco use:
increased excise taxes;
bans on tobacco advertising, sponsorship and
marketing;
controls on smoking in public places and
workplaces;
expanded access to effective means of
quitting;
tough counteradvertising;
tight controls on smuggling.
These must all be implemented if the predicted

expansion of the epidemic as outlined in this atlas is
to be prevented.
The picture is far from bleak. Globally, we have
seen a sea change over the past few years. A
groundswell of local, national and global actions is
moving the public health agenda ahead.
PREFACE
When I was young, I kissed my first woman and smoked
my first cigarette on the same day. Believe me, never since
have I wasted any more time on tobacco.
Arturo Toscanini (1867-1957)
DR GRO HARLEM BRUNDTLAND

Geneva
June 2002
T
his book is intended for anyone concerned with
personal or political health, governance, politics,
economics, big business, corporate behaviour, smuggling,
tax, religion, internet, allocation of resources, human
development and the future.
The atlas maps the history, current situation and some
predictions for the future of the tobacco epidemic up to
the year 2050.
It illustrates how tobacco is not just a simple health
issue, but involves economics, big business, politics, trade
and crimes such as smuggling, litigation and deceit.
The atlas also shows the importance of a multifaceted
approach to reducing the epidemic by WHO, other UN
agencies, NGOs, the private sector and, in fact, the whole
of civil society.
The publication of this atlas marks a critical time in the
epidemic. We stand at a crossroads, with the future in our
hands. We can choose to stand aside; or to take weak and
ineffective measures; or to implement robust and enduring
measures to protect the health and wealth of nations.
JUDITH MACKAY, Hong Kong
MICHAEL ERIKSEN, Geneva
June 2002
10
11
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC), USA, for
providing financial support for this atlas.
Many people have helped in the preparation of
this atlas. Firstly our thanks to all those at the
World Health Organization:
Headquarters, Geneva:
Joyce Bleeker, Noncommunicable Disease
Prevention and Health Promotion (NPH),
Noncommunicable Diseases and Mental Health
Cluster (NMH);
Douglas Bettcher, Tobacco Free Initiative (TFI),
Cluster (NMH);
David Bramley, Health Information
Management and Dissemination (IMD), Evidence
and Information for Policy Cluster (EIP);
Gian Luca Burci, Office of the Legal Counsel
(LEG);
Vera Luiza da Costa e Silva, Tobacco Free
Initiative (TFI), Noncommunicable Diseases and
Mental Health Cluster (NMH);
Emmanuel Guindon, Tobacco Free Initiative
(TFI) Noncommunicable Diseases and Mental
Health Cluster (NMH);
Ewa Carlsson Hpperger, Office of the Legal
Counsel (LEG);
Prabhat Jha, Commission on Macroeconomics
and Health (CMH), Evidence and Information for
Policy Cluster (EIP);
Alan Lopez, Evidence and Information for
Policy Cluster (EIP);
Garrett Mehl, Noncommunicable Disease
Cluster (NMH);
Diana Munoru, Noncommunicable Disease
Cluster (NMH);
El Atifi Mustapha, Tobacco Free Initiative (TFI),
Cluster (NMH);
Pekka Puska, Noncommunicable Disease
Cluster (NMH);
Leanne Riley, Noncommunicable Disease

Cluster (NMH);
Paula Soper, Tobacco Free Initiative (TFI),
Cluster (NMH);
Derek Yach, Noncommunicable Diseases and
Mental Health Cluster (NMH).
Regional offices:
Karen Klimowski, Charles Maringo, AFRO;
Fatimah M S El Awa, EMRO;
Patsy Harrington, Haik Nikogosian, Ionela Petrea,
EURO;
Heather Selin, Armando Peruga, PAHO;
Martha Osei, SEARO;
Harley Stanton, WPRO.
For their advice on particular maps and subjects,
we would like to thank the following:
2. Types of Tobacco Use
Samira Asma, CDC, USA; Prakash Gupta, Tata
Institute of Fundamental Research, India;
3. Male Smoking and 4. Female Smoking
Marlo Corrao, American Cancer Society, USA;
Amanda Sandford, ASH UK;
5. Youth
GYTS Coordinators; Wick Warren, CDC, USA;
6. Cigarette Consumption
Tom Capehart, Economic Research Service,
USDA; Prakash Gupta, Tata Institute of
Fundamental Research, India;
7. Health Risks
Gary Giovino, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, USA;
Corinne Pearlman, Comic Company, UK;
Jonathan Samet, Johns Hopkins Institute for Global
Tobacco Control, USA; Stan Shatenstein,
Communications consultant, Canada;
8. Passive Smoking
Clive Bates, ASH UK; Corinne Pearlman, Comic
Company, UK; Jonathan Samet, Johns Hopkins
Institute for Global Tobacco Control, USA; Wick
Warren, CDC, USA;
13
9. Deaths
Majid Ezzati, Resources for the Future, USA;
11. Costs to the Smoker
Luk Joossens, Belgium; Kenneth E Warner,
University of Michigan, USA; Anna White,
Partnership Programme, Essential Action's Taking
on Tobacco campaign; Ayda A. Yurekli, The World
Bank;
12. Growing Tobacco and 15. Tobacco Trade
Tom Capehart, USDA;
14. Tobacco Companies
Gene Borio, New York City, USA;
16. Tobacco Smuggling
Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids, USA; Luk
Joossens, Belgium; Eric LeGresley, Tobacco
Control Consultant, Ottawa, Canada;
18. Internet Sales
Chris Banthin, NorthEastern University, Boston,
USA; Greg Connolly, Mass Dept of Public Health,
USA; Kurt M. Ribisl, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, USA; Kenneth Warner, University
of Michigan, USA;
19. Politics
Sibylle Fleitmann, European Network for Smoking
Prevention, Belgium; Anne Landman, Doc-Alert,
Colorado, USA;
21. Tobacco Industry Documents
Lisa Bero, University of California, San Francisco,
USA; Anne Landman, Colorado, USA; Jonathan
Liberman, VicHealth Centre for Tobacco Control,
Australia;
22. Research
Linda Waverly Brigden, IDRC, Ottawa, Canada;
Prevention, Belgium; Rowena Jacobs, University of
York, UK; Rosemary Kennedy, IDRC, Ottawa,
Canada; Gerald Keusch, Fogarty International
Center, NIH, USA; Aron Primack, Fogarty
International Center, NIH, USA; Anthony So,
Rockefeller, NYC, USA; Jacob Sweiry, Wellcome
Trust, London, UK;
14
23. Tobacco Control Organisations

Prevention, Belgium; Belinda Hughes, Framework
Convention Alliance, Australia; Ruben Israel,
GLOBALink, International Union Against Cancer
(UICC); Yussuf Saloojee, INGCAT, South Africa;
David Simpson, International Agency on Tobacco
and Health, UK;
24. Smoke-free Areas
Melanie Wakefield, Anti-Cancer Council of
Victoria, Australia;
27. Health Education
Patrick Sandstrom, Quit & Win, Finland; Eeva
Riitta Vartiainen, Quit & Win, Finland;
28. Quitting
Marlo Corrao, American Cancer Society, USA;
GlaxoSmithKline; David Graham, World Self
Medication Industry; Pharmacia; Jerry Reinstein,
World Self Medication Industry; Pharmacia;
29. Price Policy
Gene Borio, NYC, USA; Frank Chaloupka,
University of Illinois, USA; Anne Jones, ASH,
Australia; Amanda Sandford, ASH UK; Michele
Scollo, VicHealth Centre for Tobacco Control,
Australia; Joy Townsend, London School of
Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of
London, UK.
For their general contributions, we would like to
thank Kjell Bjartveit, John Crofton, Nigel Gray,
Ruth Roemer, Michael Pertschuk and Weng
Xinzhi; and, especially, John Mackay.
For their creative and editorial expertise, diverse
talents, and individual as well as collective
contributions, we would like to thank the team at
Myriad Editions: Candida Lacey, Paul Jeremy,
Isabelle Lewis and Corinne Pearlman.
Finally, we want to thank our respective families
for their support during the preparation of this
atlas.
PHOTO CREDITS
front cover:
Boy smoking, Seychelles
Credit: Harry Anenden WHO
back cover:
Boy in the road selling packs to drivers and
passengers, Philippines
Credit: Daniel Tan
Woman tobacco worker, Vietnam
Credit: Judith Mackay
Men smoking water pipes, Saudi Arabia
Photo: Garrett Mehl WHO
Part 1 Prevalence and Health
Man and child smoking, China
Credit: Carol Betson
Part 2 The Cost of Tobacco
Tobacco leaves, Thailand
Credit: Judith Mackay
Part 3 The Tobacco Trade
Woman tagging tobacco, tobacco factory,
Virginia, USA
Credit: Ken Hammond USDA
Part 4 Promotion
Boy in the road selling packs to drivers and
passengers, Philippines
Credit: Daniel Tan
Part 5 Taking Action
Smoking is Ugly poster,
created by Christy Turlington and reprinted
courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC)
Part 6 World Tables
Old Man, Sri Lanka
Credit: Garrett Mehl
15
ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Dr Judith Mackay is a medical doctor
and Senior Policy Advisor to the
World Health Organization. She is
based in Hong Kong where she is the
Director of the Asian Consultancy on
Tobacco Control. After an early career
as a hospital physician, she became a
health advocate. She is a Fellow of the
Royal Colleges of Physicians of Edinburgh and London and
the Hong Kong Academy of Medicine and author of The
State of Health Atlas and The Penguin Atlas of Human Sexual
Behavior. Dr Mackay has received many international
awards including the WHO Commemorative Medal, the
Fries Prize for Improving Health, the Luther Terry Award
for Outstanding Individual Leadership, the International
Partnering for World Health Award, and the Founding
International Achievement Award from the Asia Pacific
Association for the Control of Tobacco.
Dr Michael Eriksen is former Director

of the U.S. Office on Smoking and
Health and is currently
a Distinguished Consultant at the
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention in Atlanta. Since 2000,
Dr. Eriksen has served as an Advisor
to the World Health Organization in
Geneva. He is a recipient of the WHO Commemorative
Medal. He is a Past President and Distinguished Fellow
of the Society for Public Health Education and is a thirtyyear member of the American Public Health Association.
17
18-19 Tobacco History CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
Europe and Middle East
The History of Tobacco
In ancient times, when the land was

barren and the people were starving, the
Great Spirit sent forth a woman to save
humanity. As she travelled over the world
everywhere her right hand touched the
soil, there grew potatoes. And everywhere
her left hand touched the soil, there grew
corn. And in the place where she had sat,
there grew tobacco. Huron Indian myth
The Spaniards upon their journey met
with great multitudes of people, men and
women with firebrands in their hands and
herbs to smoke after their custom.
Christopher Columbus journal,
6 November 1492
Smoking is a custom loathsome to the
eye, hateful to the nose, harmful to the
brain, dangerous to the lungs, and in the
black, stinking fume thereof nearest
resembling the horrible Stygian smoke
of the pit that is bottomless.
James I of England
A Counterblaste to Tobacco 1604
Asia
2000
Japan First major

report on dangers of
passive smoking
(Hirayama)
1981
China Philosopher
Fang Yizhi points
out long years of
smoking scorches
ones lung
1600s
1900
1800
I say, if you cant

send money, send tobacco.
first US President George Washingtons
request to help finance
the American Civil War, 1776
1700
Within 150 years of Columbuss

finding strange leaves in the
New World, tobacco was being
used around the globe. Its rapid
spread and widespread acceptance
characterise the addiction to the
plant Nicotina tobacum. Only the
mode of delivery has changed. In
the 18th century, snuff held sway;
the 19th century was the age of
the cigar; the 20th century saw
the rise of the manufactured
cigarette, and with it a greatly
increased number of smokers.
At the beginning of the 21st
century about one third of adults
in the world, including increasing
numbers of women, used tobacco.
Despite thousands of studies
showing that tobacco in all its
forms kills its users, and smoking
cigarettes kills non-users, people
continue to smoke, and deaths
from tobacco use continue to
increase.
1600
18
USA Surgeons
1950s China State
Generals Report
monopoly takes
determines that
control of the
smoking causes
tobacco business lung cancer in men
and foreign
companies had
USA Readers Digest
to leave
publishes Cancer by
the Carton article
1900 China almost
entirely
USA Major report
penetrated by
on smoking (Wynder
foreign tobacco
and Graham)
companies
USA First link
1858 China Treaty of
between smoking
Tianjin allows
and lung cancer
cigarettes to be
(Ochsner)
imported into
China duty-free
USA First federal
tobacco tax
1603 Japan Use of
introduced to help
tobacco wellfinance Civil War
established
Americas
1964
1953
2000
1900
1950
1939
1800
1862
1881 USA Invention of

cigarette machine
1700
1612 Americas
Tobacco first grown
commercially
1962
UK First major
reports on
smoking (Doll
and Hill)
1950
Germany
Sammuel Thomas
von Soemmering
reports cancers
of the lip in pipe
smokers
1795
England First
study of effects
of tobacco (John
Hill); snuff users
warned they risk
nasal cancers
1761
1531 Santo Domingo

European settlers
begin tobacco
cultivation
1530China
1600 Tobacco
introduced via
Japan or the
Philippines
1600
1500
1492 Cuba Columbus

discovers tobacco
smoking and takes
it to Europe
circa Indigenous
1BC Americans begin
smoking and using
tobacco enemas
Turkey Death
penalty for
smoking
1633
England
King James I
writes
A Counterblaste
to Tobacco
1604
2000
1900
1800
1833 UK Phosphorus
friction matches
introduced on
commercial scale,
making smoking
more convenient
1700
c.1710 Russia Peter the

Great encourages
his courtiers to
smoke tobacco and
drink coffee, seen as
fashionable and
pro-European
1600
1500
2000
1987
1800
1788 Australia
Tobacco arrives
with the First
Fleet
1769 New Zealand
Captain James
Cook arrives
smoking a pipe,
and is promptly
doused in case
he is a demon
2002
South Africa
passes Tobacco
Products Control
Amendment Act
1993
1600
1566 France Jacques

Nicot sends snuff to
Queen Catherine de
Medici to treat her
migraine
Early Middle East

1500s Tobacco first
introduced
when the Turks took
it to Egypt
2000
1700
1614 England 7000

tobacco shops open
with first sale of
Virginia tobacco
1558 Europe Tobacco

plant brought to
Europe. Attempts
at cultivation fail
Africa
Africa provides
global leadership in
drafting a WHO
Framework
Convention on
Tobacco Control
1901 UK Imperial Tobacco

Company and British
American Tobacco
founded
1840 France Frederic
Chopins mistress,
the Baroness de
Dudevant, became
the first woman to
smoke in public
6000 Americas First

BC
cultivation of the
tobacco plant
Oceania
1700
1913 USA Birth of the

modern cigarette:
RJ Reynolds
introduces the
Camel brand
1800 Canada
Tobacco first grown
commercially
1600 India Tobacco

introduced
Australia Victoria
first place to use
tobacco tax to
establish health
foundation to
counter tobacco
1994 USA CEOs of

cigarette companies
testify before
Congress that it is
their opinion that
nicotine is not
addictive
UK First Report
of the British
Royal College of
Physicians of
London Smoking
and Health
1700s Africa-US African

slaves initially used
to work in tobacco
fields, not on cotton
plantations
1650s South Africa
European settlers
grow tobacco and use
it as a form of
currency
1560 Africa Portuguese
and Spaniards ship
tobacco to East
Africa, where it
spread to Central and
West Africa
19
02/Types CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
Types of Tobacco Use
Whether it is inhaled, sniffed, sucked or

chewed, or whether it is mixed with
other ingredients, there is no safe
way of using tobacco.
Smoking tobacco
Manufactured cigarettes
consist of shredded or
reconstituted tobacco processed
with hundreds of chemicals. Often
with a filter, they are
manufactured by a machine, and
are the predominant form of
tobacco used worldwide.
Bidis consist of a small amount of
tobacco, hand-wrapped in dried
temburni leaf and tied with string.
Despite their small size, their tar
and carbon monoxide deliveries
can be higher than manufactured
cigarettes because of the need to
puff harder to keep bidis lit.
Cigars are made of air-cured and
fermented tobaccos with a tobacco
wrapper, and come in many
shapes and sizes, from cigarettesized cigarillos, double coronas,
cheroots, stumpen, chuttas and
dhumtis. In reverse chutta and
dhumti smoking, the ignited end
of the cigar is placed inside the
mouth. There was a revival of
cigar smoking at the end of the
20th century, among both men
and women.
Kreteks are clove-flavoured
cigarettes. They contain a wide
range of exotic flavourings and
eugenol, which has an
anaesthetising effect, allowing for
deeper smoke inhalation.
Pipes are made of briar, slate,
clay or other substance tobacco
is placed in the bowl and inhaled
through the stem, sometimes
through water.
Sticks are made from sun-cured
tobacco known as brus and
wrapped in cigarette paper.
22
The water pipe, also known as

shisha or hubbly bubbly,
is commonly used in
north Africa, the
Mediterranean
region and
parts of Asia.
Kreteks are
clove flavoured
cigarettes
widely smoked
in Indonesia.
Bidis are found

thoughout south-east
Asia, and are Indias
most used type of
tobacco.
Cigarettes are available

throughout the world.
Filter-tipped cigarettes are
usually more popular than
unfiltered cigarettes. Hand
rolled cigarettes are also
widely smoked in many
countries.
In Southeast Asia clay pipes

known as suipa, chilum and
hookli are widely used.
Other tobacco
Cigars are smoked
throughout the world.
Regional variations include
cheroots and stumpen
(western and central
Europe) and dhumtis
(conical cheroots) used
in India.
Tobacco is used orally

throughout the world, but
principally in Southeast Asia.
In Mumbai, India, 56% of
women chew tobacco.
Chewing tobacco is also known

as plug, loose-leaf, and twist.
Pan masala, or betel quid consists
of tobacco, areca nuts and staked
lime wrapped in a betel leaf. They
can also contain other sweetenings
and flavouring agents. Varieties of
pan include kaddipudi,hogesoppu,
gundi, kadapam, zarda, pattiwala,
kiwam, mishri, and pills.
Moist snuff is taken orally. A

small amount of ground tobacco is
held in the mouth between the
cheek and gum. Increasingly
manufacturers are pre-packaging
moist snuff into small paper or
cloth packets, to make the product
easier to use. Other products
include khaini, shammaah and nass
or naswa.
Dry snuff is powdered tobacco

that is inhaled through the nose or
taken by mouth. Once
widespread, its use is now in
decline.
23
3 Male smoking CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
Male Smoking
ICELAND
Smoking among males aged 15 and over

latest available data
FINLAND
NORWAY
SWEDEN
RUSSIAN
FED.
LITHUANIA
IRELAND
GREENLAND
NETH.
CZECH
REPUBLIC
LUX.
SPAIN
CROATIA
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
FYR MACEDONIA
ALBANIA
KAZAKHSTAN
TUNISIA
UZBEKISTAN
MALTA
ALGERIA
OF AMERICA
TURKEY
MOROCCO
MEXICO

JAPAN
REP.
KOREA
CHINA
PAKISTAN
NEPAL
QATAR
EGYPT
INDIA
UAE
SAUDI ARABIA
BANGLADESH
MYANMAR
OMAN
YEMEN
SUDAN
CHAD
GAMBIA
BARBADOS
LAO
PDR
Hong Kong
SAR
VIETNAM
PHILIPPINES
THAILAND
SENEGAL
ST VINCENT & GRENADINES
45%
CAMBODIA
DJIBOUTI
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
COSTA RICA
PANAMA
KYRGYZSTAN
KUWAIT
PUERTO RICO
52%
VENEZUELA
GUINEA
CTE
DIVOIRE
NIGERIA
GHANA
GUATEMALA
EL SALVADOR
NICARAGUA
MONGOLIA
TURKMEN
BAHRAIN
DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
HONDURAS
47%
IS L. REP .
IRAN
IRAQ
JOR
WEST BANK
& GAZA
LIBYAN
ARAB
JAMAHIRIYA
ALGERIA
GEO
AR AZER
M
SYRIAN
ARAB REPUBLIC
CYPRUS
LEBANON
ISRAEL
TUNISIA
HAITI
below 20%
Top ten
highest overall smoking rates
of men and women combined
44%
B-H YUGOSLAVIA
BULGARIA
GREECE
CUBA
40% 49%
no data
47%
MOROCCO
BAHAMAS
20% 29%
REP.
MOLDOVA
PORTUGAL
UNITED STATES
50% 59%
ROMANIA
ANDORRA
48%
30% 39%
SLOVAKIA
HUNGARY
AUSTRIA
SAN
MARINO
60% and above
UKRAINE
SWITZ.
ITALY SLOVENIA
FRANCE
C A N A D A
BELARUS
POLAND
GERMANY
BELGIUM
PALAU
SRI LANKA
MALDIVES
BRUNEI DAR.
COLOMBIA
SAO TOME
& PRINCIPE
MALAYSIA
UGANDA
KENYA
ECUADOR
DEM. REP.
CONGO
SINGAPORE
49%
RWANDA
SEYCHELLES
UNITED REP.
TANZANIA
44%
PERU
MALAWI
ZAMBIA
50%
BOLIVIA
CHILE
ZIMBABWE
MAURITIUS
NAMIBIA
PARAGUAY
AUSTRALIA
URUGUAY
TOKELAU
SAMOA
TUVALU
50
FIJI
VANUATU
NIUE
COOK
TONGA
Physicians who smoke

Smoking prevalence among physicians
2000 or latest available data
selected countries
percentages
6
6
6
8
UK
Syrian Arab Republic
0
3
1
14
5
30
Sweden
USA
18 and over
2
4
0
18
37
Saudi Arabia
UK
16 and over
21
38
Russian Federation
29
16
41
Republic of Korea
0
28
22
40
32
13
1
43
Morocco
28%
1990 26%
1999
India
equal to the
entire population
of the USA
are smokers
women
men
20
Iceland
28%
1998
55
38%
1979
Denmark
31%
1990
61
Colombia
54%
2000
42%
1980
44%
1970
China
61%
1990
52%
1965
Chile
70%
1980
55%
1970
Bosnia and Herzegovina
61%
1960
Lao Peoples Democratic Republic
12
24
NEW
ZEALAND
Spain
percentage of male smokers

19602000 selected countries
Japan
15 and over
NAURU
54%
Smoking trends
78%
1970
KIRIBATI
ARGENTINA
81%
1960
PAPUA
NEW
GUINEA
I N D O N E S I A
BRAZIL
SOUTH
AFRICA
million
men in China
24
DENMARK
UNITED
KINGDOM
Bangladesh
over
ESTONIA
LATVIA
Australia
Smoking has been portrayed by its

sellers as a manly, masculine
habit, linked to health, happiness,
fitness, wealth, power and sexual
success. In reality, it leads to
sickness, premature death and
sexual problems.
Almost one billion men in the
world smoke about 35 percent
of men in developed countries
and 50 percent of men in
developing countries. Trends in
both developed and developing
countries show that male smoking
rates have now peaked and,
slowly but surely, are declining.
However, this is an extremely
slow trend over decades, and in
the meantime men are dying in
their millions from tobacco. In
general, the educated man is
giving up the habit first, so that
smoking is becoming a habit of
poorer, less educated males.
China deserves special mention
because of the enormity of the
problem. Comprising over 300
million male smokers, this huge
market is, according to Philip
Morris, the most important
feature on the landscape.
Indonesia
Smoking prevalence for men
25
Tobacco CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
Smoking prevalence for women
Female Smoking
ICELAND
Smoking among females aged 15 and over

latest available data
FINLAND
NORWAY
DENMARK
UNITED
KINGDOM
LITHUANIA
IRELAND
GREENLAND
NETH.
CZECH
REPUBLIC
C A N A D A
ITALY
40% 49%
10% 19%
30% 39%
below 10%
women smoke
as much as men
REP.
MOLDOVA
ROMANIA
YUGOSLAVIA BULGARIA
ANDORRA
20% 29%
SLOVAKIA
HUNGARY
SAN MARINO
SPAIN
50% and above
no data
UKRAINE
AUSTRIA
SLOVENIA
CROATIA
SWITZ.
FRANCE
BELARUS
POLAND
GERMANY
BELGIUM
LUX.
men smoke ten or more

times more than women
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
ALBANIA FYR MACEDONIA
PORTUGAL
GREECE
MOROCCO
UNITED STATES
KAZAKHSTAN
MALTA
UZBEKISTAN
TUNISIA
ALGERIA
OF AMERICA
GEO
AZER
ARMENIA
MONGOLIA
KYRGYZSTAN
JAPAN
REP.
KOREA
TURKMEN
CHINA
TUNISIA
MOROCCO
BAHAMAS
ALGERIA
MEXICO
CUBA
ISL. REP.
IRAN
LIBYAN
ARAB
JAMAHIRIYA
HONDURAS
GUATEMALA
EL SALVADOR
NICARAGUA
PAKISTAN
BAHRAIN
NEPAL
QATAR
DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
PUERTO RICO
HAITI
COSTA RICA
PANAMA
see inset
INDIA
UAE
Hong Kong
SAR
BANGLADESH
MYANMAR
OMAN
LAO VIETNAM
PDR
THAILAND
SENEGAL
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
VENEZUELA
PHILIPPINES
YEMEN
CAMBODIA
BARBADOS
GAMBIA
DJIBOUTI
GUINEA
CTE
DIVOIRE
GHANA
About 250 million women in the

world are daily smokers. About
22 percent of women in
developed countries and 9 percent
of women in developing countries
smoke tobacco. In addition, many
women in south Asia chew
tobacco.
Cigarette smoking among
women is declining in many
developed countries, notably
Australia, Canada, the UK and the
USA. But this trend is not found
in all developed countries. In
several southern, central and
eastern European countries
cigarette smoking is either still
increasing among women or has
not shown any decline.
The tobacco industry promotes
cigarettes to women using
seductive but false images of
vitality, slimness, modernity,
emancipation, sophistication, and
sexual allure. In reality, it causes
disease and death. Tobacco
companies have now produced a
range of brands aimed at women.
Most notable are the womenonly brands: these feminised
cigarettes are long, extra-slim,
low-tar, light-coloured or
menthol.
ESTONIA RUSSIAN
FED.
LATVIA
SWEDEN
the current lower level of tobacco use

among women in the worlddoes not
reflect health awareness, but rather social
traditions and womens low economic
resources. Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland,
Director General, WHO, 1998
SUDAN
NIGERIA
PALAU
SRI LANKA
MALDIVES
BRUNEI DAR.
COLOMBIA
MALAYSIA
UGANDA
TURKEY
KENYA
ECUADOR
DEM. REP.
CONGO
SINGAPORE
SEYCHELLES
RWANDA
CYPRUS
UNITED REP.
TANZANIA
SYRIAN
ARAB REP.
LEBANON
BRAZIL
PAPUA
NEW
GUINEA
I N D O N E S I A
IRAQ
ISRAEL
WEST BANK
& GAZA
MALAWI
PERU
ZAMBIA
SOLOMON
ISLANDS
JORDAN
KUWAIT
ZIMBABWE
BOLIVIA
MAURITIUS
EGYPT
SAUDI
ARABIA
NAMIBIA
CHILE
PARAGUAY
KIRIBATI
SOUTH
AFRICA
TOKELAU
AUSTRALIA
SWAZILAND
NAURU
TUVALU
SAMOA
URUGUAY

LESOTHO
FIJI
ARGENTINA
VANUATU
NIUE
COOK
TONGA
Smoking trends
42%
1960
percentage of female smokers

16%
13% 1970 14%
1980
1960
44%
1970
14% 14%
1990 2000
34%
1965
37%
1980
29%
1990
32%
1970
NEW
ZEALAND
30%
1979
26%
1998
23%
1990
22%
1999

! " #

26
Japan
15 and over
UK
16 and over
USA
18 and over
27
05 Youth CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
BOYS
Youth
POLAND
UKRAINE
Fewer than 5% of young people

in Bahamas, Barbados, Costa Rica,
Indonesia, Malawi, Montserrat,
Poland, Russia, Singapore, Ukraine
and Venezuela think girls who
smoke look more attractive.
Over 40% of young people in Fiji,

Ghana, Malawi, Nigeria, South Africa,
Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe think
boys who smoke have
more friends.
C H I N A
JORDAN
BAHAMAS
NEPAL
NORTHERN
MARIANA
ISLANDS
CUBA
MEXICO
JAMAICA
HAITI
MONSERRAT
INDIA
ANTIGUA & BARBUDA
PHILIPPINES
DOMINICA
BARBADOS
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
VENEZUELA GUYANA
GRENADA
COSTA RICA
SURINAME
PALAU
NIGERIA
SRI LANKA
KENYA
SINGAPORE
I N D O N E S I A
COMOROS
MALAWI
Tobacco users
MADAGASCAR
PERU
of young people
who continue to
smoke will die
from smoking
s
w a
kno enage
o
t
te
ant
ut
ort e abo s and r is
p
m
i
bl tern nage ar
is
ssi
It as po ng pat s tee regul ing
y
m
i
l
h
muc smok . Todatentia erwhel begin
s
v
o
e
o
t
d s p he
irs heir
itu
att morrow and t kers f in t s of
l
to omer, f smo stil ttern y
l
a
t
o
cus rity while king p icular s.
o
t
i
e
o
maj smok he sm e par Morr
to s T rs ar hilip
.
n
Inc
tee eenage t to P
es
i
n
t
n
a
pa
ort
Com
imp
is 81
r
r
Mo
19
lip
Phi
ZIMBABWE
BOLIVIA
MAURITIUS
Percentage of 1315 year olds

using tobacco
2001 or latest available
national, regional or city data
CHILE
SOUTH
AFRICA
URUGUAY
ARGENTINA
Early smokers
Over 30% of children
smoked their first whole
cigarette before age 10
in Ghana, Grenada, Guyana,
India, Jamaica, Palau, Poland,
N Mariana Islands and St Lucia.
FIJI
30% and over

20% 29%
10% 19%
under 10%
variable 3% 60%
no data
POLAND
UKRAINE
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA
C H I N A
JORDAN
BAHAMAS
MEXICO
NEPAL
NORTHERN
MARIANA
ISLANDS
CUBA
JAMAICA
HAITI
INDIA
ANTIGUA & BARBUDA

MONSERRAT
DOMINICA
BARBADOS
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
VENEZUELA GUYANA
PHILIPPINES
GRENADA
COSTA RICA
SURINAME
PALAU
NIGERIA
SRI LANKA
KENYA
SINGAPORE
I N D O N E S I A
MALAWI
PERU
ZIMBABWE
BOLIVIA
CHILE
URUGUAY
of children
worldwide are
exposed to passive
smoking at home
28
UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA
GHANA
The overwhelming majority of

smokers begin tobacco use before
they reach adulthood. Among
those young people who smoke,
nearly one-quarter smoked their
first cigarette before they reached
the age of ten.
Several factors increase the risk
of youth smoking. These include
tobacco industry advertising and
promotion, easy access to tobacco
products, and low prices. Peer
pressure plays an important role
through friends and siblings
smoking. Other risk factors
associated with youth smoking
include having a lower self-image
than peers, and perceiving that
tobacco use is normal or cool .
Many studies show that parental
smoking is associated with higher
youth smoking.
While the most serious effects
of tobacco use normally occur
after decades of smoking, there
are also immediate negative
health effects for young smokers.
Most teenage smokers are already
addicted while in adolescence.
The younger a person begins to
smoke, the greater the risk of
eventually contracting smokingcaused diseases such as cancer or
heart disease.
The highest youth smoking rates
can be found in Central and
Eastern Europe, sections of India,
and some of the Western Pacific
islands.
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
C A N A D A
GHANA
If younger adults turn away from

smoking, the industry will decline, just as
a population which does not give birth
will eventually dwindle.
RJ Reynolds researcher, 1984
ARGENTINA
SOUTH
AFRICA
GIRLS
FIJI
29
Cigarette consumption CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
Annual cigarette consumption
Cigarette Consumption
ICELAND
per person
FINLAND
NORWAY
SWEDEN
Short, snappy, easily attempted, easily

completed or just as easily discarded
before completion the cigarette is the
symbol of the machine age."
New York Times, 1925
30
RUSSIAN
FED.
DENMARK
UNITED
KINGDOM
IRELAND
NETH.
CZECH
REPUBLIC
SWITZ.
FRANCE
500 1,499
1 499
UKRAINE
SLOVAKIA
REP.
MOLDOVA
HUNGARY
AUSTRIA
SLOVENIA
C A N A D A
1,500 2,499
BELARUS
POLAND
GERMANY
BELGIUM
RUSSIAN
FEDERATION
ROMANIA
no data
CROATIA
BULGARIA
YUGOSLAVIA
ITALY
SPAIN
PORTUGAL
GREECE
KAZAKHSTAN
TUNISIA
MOROCCO
UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA
MALTA
UZBEKISTAN
ALGERIA
AR AZER
M
TURKEY
TUNISIA
BAHAMAS
LIBYAN
ARAB
JAMAHIRIYA
ALGERIA
MEXICO
CUBA
China
1,643 billion
GUATEMALA
EL SALVADOR
JAMAICA
BELIZE
HONDURAS
SYRIAN ARAB
REPUBLIC
ISRAEL
WEST BANK
& GAZA
MOROCCO
JORDAN
KYRGYZSTAN
REP.
KOREA
C H I N A
AFGHANISTAN
KUWAIT
PAKISTAN
BAHRAIN
BANGLADESH
LAO
PDR
INDIA
MAURITANIA
MALI
NICARAGUA
SENEGAL
GAMBIA
BARBADOS
GUINEA-BISSAU
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
COSTA RICA
VENEZUELA
PANAMA
GUYANA
SURINAME
SIERRA LEONE
COLOMBIA
THAILAND
CHAD
BURKINA
FASO
CTE
DIVOIRE
PHILIPPINES
NIGERIA
ETHIOPIA
CAR
MALDIVES
SRI LANKA
MALAYSIA
UGANDA
KENYA
ECUADOR
Hong Kong
SAR
VIET NAM
SUDAN
CAMEROON
LIBERIA
GABON
CONGO
DEM. REP.
CONGO
SINGAPORE
R
B
UNITED REP.
TANZANIA
BRAZIL
Top 5 countries
I N D O N E S I A
ANGOLA
PERU
ZAMBIA
Billions of cigarettes consumed

1998
MALAWI
MADAGASCAR
ZIMBABWE
BOLIVIA
CHILE

PARAGUAY
China
One in three
cigarettes smoked
in the world today are
smoked in China.
NEPAL
EGYPT
SAUDI ARABIA
HAITI
JAPAN
TURKMEN
ISL. REP.
IRAN
IRAQ
DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
GHANA
TOGO
Global consumption of cigarettes

has been rising steadily since
manufactured cigarettes were
introduced at the beginning of the
20th century. While consumption
is levelling off and even
decreasing in some countries,
worldwide more people are
smoking, and smokers are
smoking more cigarettes.
The numbers of smokers will
increase mainly due to expansion
of the worlds population. By
2030 there will be at least another
2 billion people in the world.
Even if prevalence rates fall, the
absolute number of smokers will
increase. The expected
continuing decrease in male
smoking prevalence will be offset
by the increase in female smoking
rates, especially in developing
countries.
The consumption of tobacco has
reached the proportions of a
global epidemic. Tobacco
companies are cranking out
cigarettes at the rate of five and a
half trillion a year nearly 1,000
cigarettes for every man, woman,
and child on the planet.
Cigarettes account for the
largest share of manufactured
tobacco products, 96 percent of
total value sales. Asia, Australia
and the Far East are by far the
largest consumers (2,715 billion
cigarettes), followed by the
Americas (745 billion), Eastern
Europe and Former Soviet
Economies (631 billion) and
Western Europe (606 billion).
2,500 and above
ESTONIA
MAURITIUS
SOLOMON
ISLANDS
India
Seven bidis
are sold for every one
cigarette.
MOZAMBIQUE
SAMOA
AUSTRALIA
USA
451 billion
ARGENTINA
5,419 5,500

Rising numbers
4,388

Japan
328 billion
3,112
Billions of sticks
18802000
NEW
Average number of
manufactured cigarettes
smoked per man per day
in China
1996
1
Global cigarette
consumption
Russia
258 billion
FIJI
SOUTH
AFRICA
URUGUAY
ZEALAND
10
15
1992
1996
2,150
1,686
1,000
Indonesia
215 billion
600
10
20
50
100
300
1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940
1952 1972
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
31
07/health Risks CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
7
Tobacco is packed with harmful
and addictive substances.
Scientific evidence has shown
conclusively that all forms of
tobacco cause health problems
throughout life, frequently
resulting in death or disability.
Smokers have markedly
increased risks of multiple
cancers, particularly lung cancer,
and are at far greater risk of heart
disease, strokes, emphysema and
many other fatal and non-fatal
diseases. If they chew tobacco,
they risk cancer of the lip, tongue
and mouth.
Women suffer additional health
risks. Smoking in pregnancy is
dangerous to the mother as well
as to the foetus, especially in poor
countries where health facilities
are inadequate.
Maternal smoking is not only
harmful during pregnancy, but
has long-term effects on the baby
after birth. This is often
compounded by exposure to
passive smoking from the mother,
father or other adults smoking.
While tobacco kills millions
more than it helps, research is
underway examining any possible
health benefits of nicotine and
also trying to find a safe use for
tobacco, particularly in the field
of genetic modification. The aim
is to produce vaccines or human
proteins for medical use, or even
to clean up soil that has been
contaminated with explosives.
Health Risks
Babes in the womb

Smoking in pregnancy
Deadly chemicals
Tobacco smoke contains over 4,000 chemicals,
some of which have marked irritant properties
and some 60 are known or suspected carcinogens.
Tobacco smoke includes
Acetone
Ammonia
Arsenic
Butane
Cadmium
Carbon monoxide
DDT
Hydrogen cyanide
Methanol
Napthalene
Toluene
Vinyl chloride
as found in
paint stripper
floor cleaner
ant poison
lighter fuel
car batteries
car exhaust fumes
insecticide
gas chambers
rocket fuel
moth balls
industrial solvent
plastics
Increased risks:
Spontaneous abortion / miscarriage
Ectopic pregnancy
Abruptio placentae
Placenta praevia
Premature rupture of the membranes
Premature birth
Foetus:
Smaller infant (for gestational age)
Stillborn infant
Birth defects, eg congenital limb reduction
Increased nicotine receptors in babys brain
Increased likelihood of
infant smoking as a teenager
Possible physical and mental
long-term effects
HAIR
Smell and staining
Parts of the body

EYES
especially affected
Eyes sting, water and blink more
by tobacco use
Blindness (macular degeneration)l
Cataracts
SKIN
Wrinkles,
premature ageing
BRAIN AND MENTAL EFFECTS

Strokes (cerebrovascular accidents)
Addiction / withdrawal
Altered brain chemistry
Anxiety about harm caused by smoking
NOSE
Less sense of smell
HANDS
Poor circulation (cold fingers):
peripheral vascular disease
Tar stained fingers
TEETH
Discoloration and stains
Plaque
Loose teeth
Gum disease (gingivitis)
MOUTH AND THROAT
Cancers of lips, mouth, throat and larynx
Sore throat
Reduced sense of taste
Breath smells of smoke
Time
ticks away
Every cigarette
takes 7 minutes
off your life
RESPIRATION AND LUNGS

Lung cancer
Cough and sputum, shortness of breath
Colds and flu, pneumonia, asthma
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
and emphysema
Complicates tuberculosis
LIVER
Cancer
KIDNEYS and BLADDER
Cancer
WOUNDS AND SURGERY

Wounds take longer to heal
Operation wounds take longer to heal
Longer to recuperate from surgery

DIABETES
Noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus
(Type 2, adult-onset)
Sworn
testi
mony

!"

#

$
smoking is responsible for
90%
of all lung cancer
HEART
Harms, blocks and weakens
arteries of the heart
Heart attack
CHEST
Cancer of oesophagus
ABDOMEN
Stomach and duodenal ulcers
Cancer of stomach, pancreas, colon
Aortic aneurysm
BONES
Osteoporosis
Spine and hip fractures
MALE REPRODUCTION
Sperm: deformity, loss of motility,
reduced number
Infertility
Impotence
nt
ateme
te st
Priva
How smoking harms you
LEGS and FEET

Increased leg pain and gangrene:
peripheral vascular disease
Buergers Disease
FEMALE REPRODUCTION
Period pains
Earlier menopause
Cancer of cervix
Infertility and delay in conception
BLOOD
Leukaemia
BURNS
From fires caused by tobacco
IMMUNE SYSTEM
Weakened
75%
of chronic bronchitis and emphysema
32
25%
of cases of ischaemic heart disease
33
08/ Passive smoking CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
Passive Smoking
Harm caused
by passive smoking
Health effects on adults
34
Health effects on children
BRAIN AND
MENTAL EFFECTS
Strokes
nly"
use o
ernal
t
n
i
"For

!!"

HAIR
Smell
EYES
Sting, water and blink more
BRAIN
Possible association with brain tumours
and long-term mental effects
NOSE
Irritation
Secre
t pol
l for
Tobac
the U
co In
S
stitu
te
#
$ $

$

$

$

$ %

&
$

$

&

'

(
)

!*+
EYES
Sting, water and blink more

Lung cancer
Worsening of pre-existing
chest problems, such as
asthma, chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease
and emphysema
EARS
Middle ear infections
(chronic otitis media)
Respiratory infections
(including bronchitis and
pneumonia)
Asthma induction
and exacerbation
Chronic respiratory symptoms
(wheezing, cough, breathlessness)
Decreased lung function
HEART
Harms, clogs weakens arteries
Heart attack, angina
UTERUS
Low birthweight or
small for gestational age
Cot death or Sudden Infant
Death Syndrome (SIDS)
after birth
HEART
Deleterious effects on oxygen,
arteries
Increased nicotine receptors
BURNS
BLOOD
Possible association
with lymphoma
Children exposed to passive smoking at home
46% 45.5
Nigeria
India
Mexico
Bolivia
Ukraine
China
Russian Federation
Chile
34% 34%
Indonesia
ROLE MODEL
Greater likelihood of becoming
a smoker as a teenager
annual 1990s
31% 9%
2
Lung cancer 3,000

Ischaemic heart disease 35,000 to 62,000
Infants and children

Low birthweight 9,700 to 18,600
Cot death (SIDS) 1,900 to 2,700
Bronchitis or pneumonia in infants 150,000 to 300,000
Peru
49%
Numbers affected by passive smoking

in the USA
Haiti
57% 5%
5
53%
Poland
BURNS
selected countries
percentages
69% 68% 7%
6
63%
Argentina
The first conclusive evidence on

the danger of passive smoking
came from Takeshi Hirayamas
study in 1981 on lung cancer in
non-smoking Japanese women
married to men who smoked.
Although the tobacco industry
immediately launched a multimillion dollar campaign to
discredit the evidence, dozens of
further studies have confirmed
the link. Research then broadened
into other areas and new scientific
evidence continues to accumulate.
A complex mixture of chemicals
is generated from the burning and
smoking of tobacco. As a passive
smoker, the non-smoker breathes
sidestream smoke from the
burning tip of the cigarette and
mainstream smoke that has been
inhaled and then exhaled by the
smoker.
The risk of lung cancer in nonsmokers exposed to passive
smoking is increased by between
20 and 30 percent, and the excess
risk of heart disease is 23 percent.
Children are at particular risk
from adults smoking. Adverse
health effects include pneumonia
and bronchitis, coughing and
wheezing, worsening of asthma,
middle ear disease, and possibly
neuro-behavioural impairment
and cardiovascular disease in
adulthood.
A pregnant womans exposure
to other peoples smoking can
harm her foetus. The effects are
compounded when the child is
exposed to passive smoking
after birth.
Harm caused
by passive smoking
HAIR
Smell
Cuba
An hour a day in a room with a smoker is

nearly a hundred times more likely to
cause lung cancer in a non-smoker than
20 years spent in a building containing
asbestos. Sir Richard Doll, 1985
Respiratory effects in children

Middle ear infection 700,000 to 1,600,000
Asthma induction (new cases) 8,000 to 26,000
Asthma exacerbation 400,000 to 1,000,000
35
09/Deaths CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
9
Cigarettes kill half of all lifetime
users. Half die in middle age
between 35 and 69 years old.
No other consumer product is
as dangerous, or kills as many
people. Tobacco kills more than
AIDS, legal drugs, illegal drugs,
road accidents, murder, and
suicide combined.
Tobacco already kills more men
in developing countries than in
industrialised countries, and it is
likely that deaths among women
will soon be the same.
While 0.1 billion people died
from tobacco use in the 20th
century, ten times as many will
die in the 21st century. Maternal
smoking during pregnancy is
responsible for many foetal deaths
and is also a major cause of
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.
Passive smoking in the home,
workplace, or in public places
also kills, although in lower
numbers. However, those killed
do not die from their own habit,
but from someone elses.
Children are at particular risk
from adults smoking, and even
smoking by other adults around
a pregnant woman has a harmful
effect on a foetus.
Annual deaths due to tobacco

estimated worldwide
19502030 projected
0.3
million
1975
2.1
million
2000
1950
36
Deaths
women
industrialised countries
0.5 million
men
developing countries
1.8 million
men
1.6 million
women
0.3 million
total deaths
4.2 million
Deaths from tobacco use

as percentage of total deaths
among men and women over 35
2000 regional estimates
over 25%
10% 14%
20% 24%
5% 9%
15% 19%
under 5%
Dying in your prime
more than 25% of
35 69 year olds
living above these lines
will die from tobacco use
men
3.4 million
women
0.8 million
of everyone alive today
3
million
projected
2025
to
2030
2.1
million
0.2
million
2000
negligible 1975
1950
MEN
Total deaths
Premature deaths
from tobacco
worldwide
2000
will eventually be killed by tobacco
Past and future
1.3
million

!"#

7
million
projected
2025
to
2030
WOMEN
37
10/Costs to the Economy CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
10
Costs to the Economy
Trash collected
in the USA
43 states 1996
cigarette butts
20%
other
80%
40

UK $2.25 billion
Canada $1.6 billion
China 1987:
Worlds worst
forest fire
caused by
cigarettes
Germany $14.7 billion

300 killed
5,000 made homeless
1.3 million hectares of
land destroyed
USA $76 billion
Health-care costs
6.16
China $3.5 billion
Health care costs

attributable to tobacco
2002 or latest
available estimates
selected countries
Average days off sick

per year in the USA
Philippines
$600 million

2001
4.53

!

$

#

'(
'

"

&

" %

never-smokers
ex-smokers
3.86
smokers
The tobacco industry uses

economic arguments to persuade
governments, the media and the
general population that smoking
benefits the economy. It claims
that if tobacco control measures
are introduced, tax revenues will
fall, jobs will be lost and there
will be great hardship to the
economy.
But the industry greatly
exaggerates the economic losses,
if any, which tobacco control
measures will cause and they
never mention the economic costs
which tobacco inflicts upon every
country.
Tobaccos cost to governments,
to employers and to the
environment includes social,
welfare and health care spending,
loss of foreign exchange in
importing cigarettes; loss of land
that could grow food; costs of
fires and damage to buildings
caused by careless smoking;
environmental costs ranging from
deforestation to collection of
smokers litter, absenteeism,
decreased productivity, higher
numbers of accidents and higher
insurance premiums.

) %

* $ &

,
+
"
-

.
Wal

l S
!
tre

et

Jou

'' rnal
(
Australia $6 billion
New Zealand $84 million
$16.5 million
Annual cost of loss

from time off work
Telecom Australia
employees
1994
Australian $
Cost of fires caused by smoking

annual global estimates
2000
percentage of all fire deaths: 10%
total killed by fires caused by smoking: 300,000
total cost of fires caused by smoking: US$27 billion
$5.5 million
tobacco
alcohol
41
11 Cost to the smoker CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
11
The cost of smoking
Costs to the Smoker
Cost of a pack of 20 Marlboro cigarettes

or an equivalent international brand
US$ selected countries 2001 or latest available data
ICELAND
FINLAND
NORWAY
SWEDEN
RUSSIAN
FED.
The economic costs of smoking to

smokers and their families include
money spent on buying tobacco,
which could otherwise be used on
food, clothing and shelter, family
holidays or a car.
As smoking kills a quarter of all
smokers in their working years,
smoking deprives the smokers
family of many years of income.
Smokers also suffer loss of income
through illness. Following a
smokers premature death, a
partner, children or elderly
parents can be left destitute.
Family members of smokers
lose income through time taken
looking after smokers when they
are sick, and time lost taking
them to hospital. In some
developing countries a hospital
visit can take days.
Smokers also have to shoulder
higher health insurance
premiums, and many other
miscellaneous costs, such as
increased wear and tear on their
home, as well as increased fire
risk.
$4 $4.99
IRELAND
GLOBAL TOBACCO
NETH.
$3 $3.99
CZECH
REPUBLIC
LUX.
G O V E R N M E N T
H E A LT H
WA R N I N G :
S M O K I N G
UKRAINE
HUNGARY
AUSTRIA
SWITZ.
FRANCE
POLAND
GERMANY
BELGIUM
C A N
S E R I O U S LY
D A M A G E
Y O U R
H E A LT H
REP.
MOLDOVA
CROATIA
YUGOSLAVIA
$2 $2.99
RUSSIAN
FEDERATION
ROMANIA
C A N A D A
$1 $1.99
GLOBAL TOBACCO
BULGARIA
ITALY
G O V E R N M E N T
H E A LT H
WA R N I N G :
S M O K I N G
C A N
S E R I O U S LY
D A M A G E
Y O U R
H E A LT H
less than $1
SPAIN
20 imported
cigarettes costs
more than half
average daily
income
PORTUGAL
no data
GREECE
MOROCCO
UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA
TUNISIA
GEORGIA
JAPAN
AZERBAIJAN
TURKEY
ISRAEL
MOROCCO
ISL. REP.
IRAN
JORDAN
GLOBAL TOBACCO
KUWAIT
LIBYAN
ARAB
JAMAHIRIYA
MEXICO
REP.
KOREA
C H I N A
SYRIAN ARAB
REPUBLIC
TUNISIA
PAKISTAN
BAHRAIN
EGYPT
G O V E R N M E N T
UAE
H E A LT H
WA R N I N G :
S M O K I N G
C A N
S E R I O U S LY
D A M A G E
Y O U R
H E A LT H
BANGLADESH
SAUDI ARABIA
PUERTO RICO
INDIA
VIET NAM
Hong Kong
SAR
GLOBAL TOBACCO
GUATEMALA
THAILAND
GLOBAL TOBACCO
PHILIPPINES
SENEGAL
GLOBAL TOBACCO
G O V E R N M E N T
G O V E R N M E N T
VENEZUELA
WA R N I N G :
S M O K I N G
C A N
S E R I O U S LY
D A M A G E
Y O U R
H E A LT H
WA R N I N G :
S M O K I N G
C A N
S E R I O U S LY
D A M A G E
Y O U R
H E A LT H
CAMBODIA
H E A LT H
G O V E R N M E N T
CTE
DIVOIRE
PANAMA
COLOMBIA
GHANA
COSTA RICA
H E A LT H
H E A LT H
WA R N I N G :
S M O K I N G
C A N
S E R I O U S LY
D A M A G E
Y O U R
H E A LT H
NIGERIA
BRUNEI DAR.
SRI LANKA
CAMEROON
MALAYSIA
UGANDA
GLOBAL TOBACCO
KENYA
ECUADOR
SINGAPORE
GABON
G O V E R N M E N T

BRAZIL
PERU
ZAMBIA
ZIMBABWE
CHILE
PARAGUAY
URUGUAY
A hard days smoke

SOUTH
AFRICA
158
ARGENTINA
international
brand
Minutes of labour worked

to purchase 20 cigarettes
2000 selected cities
$5 and above
DENMARK
UNITED
KINGDOM
WA R N I N G :
S M O K I N G
C A N
S E R I O U S LY
D A M A G E
Y O U R
H E A LT H
PAPUA
NEW
GUINEA
I N D O N E S I A
AUSTRALIA
NEW
102
local brand
H E A LT H
ZEALAND
92
A pack of Marlboro or equivalent international brand will buy
77
62
62 62
38
23 23
20
11
Abu Dhabi Copenhagen

United Arab
Denmark
Emirates
42
20 20
56
56
40
33
19 16
Jakarta Johannesburg Montral

Indonesia South Africa
Canada
Mumbai
India
Nairobi
Kenya
Santiago
Chile
Shanghai
China
Warsaw
Poland
For the price of

20 Marlboro
you could buy
one and a half

kilograms of
cucumbers in
Georgia
a dozen eggs
in Panama
four pairs of
cotton socks in
China
a dozen
coconuts in
Papua New
Guinea
one kilogram
of fish in France,
Ghana or
Moldova
six kilograms
of rice in
Bangladesh.
43
12/Growing Tobacco CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
Growing Tobacco
ICELAND
SWEDEN
46
ESTONIA
RUSSIAN
FED.
LATVIA
DENMARK
UNITED
KINGDOM
LITHUANIA
IRELAND
NETH.
GREENLAND
CZECH
REPUBLIC
LUX.
ITALY
1,000 4,999
10,000 99,999
under 1,000
5,000 9,999
no tobacco grown
UKRAINE
REP.
MOLDOVA
HUNGARY
ROMANIA
CROATIA B-H
YUGOSLAVIA
C A N A D A
over 100,000
SLOVAKIA
AUSTRIA
SLOVENIA
SWITZ.
FRANCE
BELARUS
POLAND
GERMANY
BELGIUM
tobacco is grown on more

than one percent of
agricultural land
RUSSIAN
FEDERATION
BULGARIA
ALBANIA FYR
MACEDONIA
SPAIN
PORTUGAL
GREECE
KAZAKHSTAN
MONGOLIA
TUNISIA
MOROCCO
UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA
MALTA
UZBEKISTAN
ALGERIA
GEO
TURKEY
BERMUDA
TUNISIA
MOROCCO
BAHAMAS

COSTA RICA
PAKISTAN
CAPE VERDE
SENEGAL
GAMBIA
GUINEA-BISSAU
GUINEA
EGYPT
SIERRA LEONE
LIBERIA
BANGLADESH
MYANMAR
INDIA
NIGER
BURKINA
FASO
CTE
DIVOIRE
BHUTAN
NEPAL
QATAR
UAE
OMAN
MALI
ECUADOR
CHAD
ERITREA
SUDAN
THAILAND
YEMEN
CAMBODIA
ETHIOPIA
CAR
SRI LANKA
PALAU
BRUNEI DAR.
KENYA
GABON
DEM. REP.
CONGO
CONGO
CYPRUS
R
B
SEYCHELLES
LEBANON
UNITED REP.
TANZANIA
ANGOLA
ISRAEL
MALAWI
ZAMBIA
ZIMBABWE
BOLIVIA
EGYPT
MADAGASCAR
2,661
SINGAPORE
SYRIAN ARAB
REPUBLIC
IRAQ
JORDAN
PAPUA
NEW
GUINEA
I N D O N E S I A
WEST BANK
& GAZA
COMOROS
PERU
MICRONESIA,
FED. STATES OF
MALAYSIA
UGANDA
EQUATORIAL
GUINEA
PHILIPPINES
MALDIVES
CAMEROON
SAO TOME
& PRINCIPE
Hong Kong
LAO
SAR
PDR VIET NAM
DJIBOUTI
NIGERIA
BRAZIL

C H I N A
SAUDI ARABIA
GUYANA
SURINAME
FRENCH GUIANA (Fr)
COLOMBIA

SOLOMON
ISLANDS
SAUDI ARABIA
MAURITIUS
BOTSWANA
CHILE
NAMIBIA
PARAGUAY
MOZAMBIQUE
MARSHALL
ISLANDS
REUNION
SOUTH
AFRICA
URUGUAY
AUSTRALIA

NAURU
VANUATU
41%
KIRIBATI
TOKELAU
AMERICAN
SAMOA
SAMOA
WALLIS AND
FUTUNA ISLANDS (Fr)
ARGENTINA
FIJI
NIUE
COOK
TONGA
45%
NEW
ZEALAND
25% 26%
31%
Leading producers of tobacco leaves
Proportion of total annual deforestation

attributable to tobacco
Thousands of metric tons

2001
Repub
lic of
Korea
Deforestation
Bangl
adesh
Urugu
ay
18% 19%
Jorda
n
16%
Malaw
i
VENEZUELA
PANAMA
AFGHANISTAN
LIA
NICARAGUA
ISL. REP.
IRAN
MAURITANIA
GHANA
TOGO
BENIN
GUATEMALA
EL SALVADOR
BELIZE
HONDURAS
JAPAN
REP.
KOREA
BAHRAIN
WESTERN SAHARA
DOMINICAN REP.
PUERTO RICO
ANGUILLA
HAITI
ANTIGUA & BARBUDA
ST KITTS &
NEVIS
DOMINICA
ST LUCIA
ST VINCENT & GRENAD.
BARBADOS
GRENADA
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
CUBA
JAMAICA
TAJ
KUWAIT
LIBYAN
ARAB
JAMAHIRIYA
ALGERIA
DPR
KOREA
KYRGYZSTAN
TURKMEN
IRAQ
see inset
TURKS & CAICOS
AR AZER
M
SO
MEXICO
Zimba
bwe
China
Arab , Syrian
Repub
lic
Pakist
an
Tobacco is grown in over 125

countries, on over 4 million
hectares of land, a third of which
is in China alone. The global
tobacco crop is worth
approximately US$20 billion, a
small fraction of the total amount
generated from the sale of
manufactured tobacco products.
Tobacco is grown on less than
one percent of the worlds
agricultural land, and on a wide
variety of soils and climates. Since
the 1960s, the bulk of production
has moved from the Americas to
Africa and Asia: land devoted to
tobacco growing has been halved
in the USA, Canada and Mexico,
but has almost doubled in China,
Malawi and United Republic of
Tanzania.
The production of tobacco
leaves has more than doubled
since the 1960s, totalling nearly
7 million metric tons in 2000.
The greater use of fertilisers and
pesticides, as well as the increased
mechanisation, that have
produced these higher yields are
environmentally damaging. The
problem does not end with
growing tobacco: the processes
used in curing tobacco leaves
cause massive deforestation.
There are millions of tobacco
farmers worldwide. The tobacco
industry exploits them by
contributing to their debt burden,
while using their economic plight
to argue against efforts to control
tobacco. In the USA, the bond
between the tobacco industry and
the tobacco farmer finally is
beginning to break down, and
partnerships are developing
between the farmers and the
public health community.
Area in hectares
2000
FINLAND
NORWAY
MA
12
Land devoted to growing tobacco
701
568
450
260
China
India
Brazil
USA
175
147
Turkey Zimbabwe Indonesia
132
130
120
Italy
Greece
Malawi
103
101
Pakistan Argentina
47
MANUFACTURING TOBACCO CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
13
Tobacco manufacturing workers
Manufacturing Tobacco
Number of workers
FINLAND
SWEDEN
over 200,000
RUSSIAN
FED.
LATVIA
DENMARK
UNITED
KINGDOM
IRELAND
NETH.
LITHUANIA
10,000 100,000
POLAND
GERMANY
BELGIUM
5,000 9,999
CZECH
REPUBLIC
UKRAINE
1,000 4,999
HUNGARY
AUSTRIA
FRANCE
RUSSIAN
FEDERATION
ROMANIA
C A N A D A
CROATIA B-H
YUGOSLAVIA
ITALY
1 999
BULGARIA
no data
ALBANIA FYR MACEDONIA
SPAIN
PORTUGAL
GREECE
TUNISIA
MOROCCO
UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA
MALTA
KYRGYZSTAN
ALGERIA
JAPAN
AZER
REP.
KOREA
TURKEY
TUNISIA
MOROCCO
CYPRUS
ISRAEL
C H I N A
LEBANON
ISL. REP.
IRAN
IRAQ
JORDAN
MEXICO
ALGERIA
CUBA
PAKISTAN
LIBYAN
ARAB
JAMAHIRIYA
INDIA
HAITI
NETH. ANTILLES

BARBADOS
GRENADA
CAPE VERDE
VENEZUELA
PANAMA
GUYANA
SURINAME
Hong Kong SAR

Macau
SAR
LAO
PDR
SIERRA LEONE
COLOMBIA
CTE
DIVOIRE
CAMBODIA
India:
6 million children,
ages 4 to 14,
work full time in
the bidi industry.
ETHIOPIA
CAMEROON
LIBERIA
UGANDA
SOMALIA
KENYA
ECUADOR
GABON
CONGO
DEM. REP.
CONGO
PHILIPPINES
YEMEN
SUDAN
BURKINA
FASO
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
COSTA RICA
BANGLADESH
MYANMAR
THAILAND
SENEGAL
GAMBIA
GHANA
GUATEMALA
NEPAL
EGYPT
DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
JAMAICA
BELIZE
BURUNDI
SRI LANKA
MALAYSIA
SINGAPORE
UNITED REP.
TANZANIA
BRAZIL
I N D O N E S I A
PAPUA
NEW
GUINEA
ANGOLA
PERU
ZAMBIA
MALAWI
MADAGASCAR
ZIMBABWE
BOLIVIA
FIJI
MAURITIUS
PARAGUAY
CHILE
AUSTRALIA
SOUTH
AFRICA
URUGUAY
ARGENTINA
Where the tobacco dollar goes
2.05
1.81
15 is for state and local tax
1.58
11 is for federal tax
21 is for wholesale, retail & transport
43 is for manufacturing
7 is for non-tobacco materials
Less tobacco per cigarette
2.28
For every dollar spent on tobacco in the USA
4 is for the tobacco itself
Each year, over five trillion

cigarettes are manufactured.
China is by far the largest
cigarette manufacturer, followed
by the USA. Chinese cigarette
production increased from 225
billion cigarettes annually in 1960
to 1.7 trillion a year in 1995, a
seven-fold increase. The
economic value of tobacco
products is vast, totalling
hundreds of billions of US dollars
a year. Very little of this money is
spent on tobacco itself. More is
spent on paper, filters, and
packaging than on tobacco.
Nearly 2 million people are
employed in the manufacture of
tobacco products, two-thirds of
whom are working in China,
India and Indonesia. Job losses
which would result from a
reduction in tobacco consumption
are estimated to be fairly small.
Technological advances in both
farming and manufacturing have a
much larger impact on jobs than
tobacco control efforts.
Hundreds of chemicals are
added to tobacco in the
manufacture of cigarettes.
Additives make smoke easier to
inhale into the lungs and allow for
less tobacco to be used in each
cigarette. Todays cigarettes are
highly engineered, exquisitely
designed nicotine delivery
devices.
Besides using less tobacco per
cigarette, the composition of the
cigarette is also changing.
Manufacturers are using more
reconstituted tobacco, which
makes it easier to add chemicals
and to include leaf stems and dust
which had previously been
discarded.
Because of the
use of additives
and other
technologies, such
as fluffing and
the use of
reconstituted
tobacco, tobacco
companies use
less and less
tobacco per
cigarette.
estimated lbs of leaf used

per 1,000 cigarettes
in the USA
19601999
1.33 1.29 1.31
1.15
0.91
ADDITIVES
Selected additives and effects
NEW
ZEALAND
Ammonia
changes pH and may

increase nicotine absorption
Flavourings enhance taste
Sweeteners make more palatable
Eugenol and numb throat and
Menthol
facilitate inhalation
Cocoa
dilate airways
Others
mask smell and invisibility
of sidestream smoke
other additives: ammonia, ammonium
hydroxide, beta-carotene, gentian root
extract, levulinic acid, patchouli oil, urea,
methylcyclopentenolene, snakeroot oil
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
48
GOVERNMENT
HEALTH
WARNING:
SMOKING
CAN
SERIOUSLY
DAMAGE
YOUR
HEALTH
49
14/TOBACCO COMPANIES CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
Philip Morris is the worlds

largest transnational tobacco
company, whose Marlboro brand
is the world leader. In 1999 the
company had sales of over
US$47 billion. However,
excluding the US domestic
market, BAT sells the most
cigarettes worldwide and has the
largest network in the most
countries.
The tobacco industry is a
mixture of some of the most
powerful transnational
commercial companies in the
world. Tobacco companies,
which frequently merge, own
other huge industries and run an
intricate variety of joint ventures.
State tobacco monopolies have
been in decline since the 1980s.
About 7,000 medium to large
state-owned enterprises were
privatised in the 1980s and a
further 60,000 in the 1990s after
the collapse of the former Soviet
Union. From the late 1990s, the
IMF has pressurised countries
such as the Republic of Korea, the
Republic of Moldova, Thailand
and Turkey to privatise their state
tobacco industry as a condition of
loans.
The remaining monopolies
represent a combined
consumption of 2 billion cigarettes
or 40 percent of the worlds total
cigarette consumption.
Since the early 1990s, the
cigarette companies have
massively increased their
manufacturing capacity in
developing countries and eastern
Europe. Where once the rich
countries exported death and
disease, increasingly these are
manufactured locally.
50
Tobacco Companies
ICELAND
FINLAND
NORWAY
SWEDEN
British American
Tobacco
ESTONIA
RUSSIAN
FED.
LATVIA
DENMARK
UNITED
KINGDOM
LITHUANIA
IRELAND
BELARUS
NETH.
POLAND
Reemsta CZECH
BELGIUM
FRANCE
UKRAINE
GERMANY REPUBLIC
LUX.
HUNGARY
AUSTRIA
SWITZ.
ROMANIA
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
CROATIA
C A N A D A
Altadis
BULGARIA
ITALY
SPAIN
PORTUGAL
GREECE
KAZAKHSTAN
Philip Morris
TUNISIA
MOROCCO
UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA
TURKEY
Philip Morris
$47.1 billion
CYPRUS
TUNISIA
LEBANON
IRAQ
JORDAN
LIBYAN
ARAB
JAMAHIRIYA
MEXICO
R J Reynolds
PAKISTAN
EGYPT
UAE
SAUDI ARABIA
INDIA
OMAN
HONDURAS
GUATEMALA
EL SALVADOR
NICARAGUA
JAPAN
C H I N A
ISL. REP.
IRAN
BAHRAIN
DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
CUBA
JAMAICA
Japan Tobacco
International
REP.
KOREA
ISRAEL
MOROCCO
ALGERIA
BANGLADESH
MYANMAR
Hong Kong SAR

VIET NAM
THAILAND
PHILIPPINES
BARBADOS
COSTA RICA
PANAMA
VENEZUELA
TRINIDAD &
TOBAGO
GUYANA
SURINAME
COLOMBIA
We see the new

markets opening up
in Central Asia and
the Commonwealth of
Independent States
as really being the
future of BAT well
into the next
century.
DPR
KOREA
UZBEKISTAN
ALGERIA
SIERRA LEONE
GHANA
14
NIGERIA
SRI LANKA
CAMEROON
MALAYSIA
UGANDA
KENYA
ECUADOR
SINGAPORE
DEM. REP.
CONGO
UNITED REP.
TANZANIA
BAT
$31.1 billion
BRAZIL
PERU
ZAMBIA
I N D O N E S I A
MALAWI
ZIMBABWE
BOLIVIA
FIJI
MAURITIUS
CHILE
AUSTRALIA
BAT, 1994
SOUTH
AFRICA
URUGUAY
ARGENTINA
JTI
$21.6 billion
16.4%
15.4%
Leading manufacturer by country
NEW
ZEALAND
headquarters location of
major transnational
tobacco companies
The Big Five

Leading transnational tobacco companies
1999
Philip Morris
Austria Tabak
British American Tobacco (BAT)
Gallaher
Japan Tobacco International (JTI)
state monopoly
Reemsta
other
Altadis
no data
7.2%
Reemsta
$6.1 billion
2.6%
Philip Morris
BAT
JTI
Reemsta
Altadis
$2.3 billion
percentage of global
market share
1.9%
Altadis
revenue
US$ billions
51
15/Tobacco Trade CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
15
343
Tobacco Trade
Tobacco trade is big business, for
both the raw material (tobacco
leaves) and the finished product
(manufactured cigarettes).
Brazil is the largest exporter of
tobacco leaf, and the Russian
Federation and the USA are the
largest importers. Some countries
that grow tobacco, such as the
USA, also import foreign tobacco
as well as exporting their own
tobacco leaves. Interestingly, the
USA exports approximately the
same amount of tobacco that it
imports. Because US tobacco is
popular globally, and tends to be
more expensive than tobacco
from other countries, the value of
US tobacco leaf exports are about
double that of the same quantity
of imports.
Brazil
USA
191
Zimbabwe
164
China
132
Turkey
129
India
120
101
Greece
Italy
94
Malawi 93
Argentina 73
Top 10
Leaf exporters
Russian Federation
USA
190
Germany
UK
129
113 Netherlands
Japan
99
71 France
70 Ukraine
60 Poland
55 Egypt
thousand metric tons

1999
Top 10
Leaf importers
263
241
Cigarette exports
thousand metric tons

1999
million of cigarettes 2000
Manufactured cigarettes are also

traded globally. Again, the USA is
the largest exporter of
manufactured cigarettes,
accounting for nearly 20 percent
of the world total. Japan is the
largest importer of cigarettes.
According to government
reports, 846 billion cigarettes
were exported, but only
619 billion were reported to be
imported. Statistics such as these
provide a sense of the size of the
cigarette smuggling problem.
China is quietly emerging as a
significant cigarette exporter,
increasing from virtually no
exports in 1980 to over
20 billion cigarettes exported in
2001, worth about US$320
million. In 2005 the value of
Chinas export trade in cigarettes
is predicted to be US$600
million.
Cigarette imports
over 100,000
1,000 4,999
below 100
10,000 99,999
100 999
no data
Top 10
cigarette importing countries
2000 numbers of cigarettes
5,000 9,999
IRELAND
33.6bn
45bn
DENMARK
UNITED
KINGDOM NETH.
BELGIUM
CANADA
LUX.
FRANCE
67.6bn
NORWAY
GERMANY
CZECH
REPUBLIC
SWITZ.
RUSSIAN
FEDERATION
FINLAND
SWEDEN
AUSTRIA
CROATIA
20bn
POLAND
ITALY
SPAIN
U S A
MEXICO
CUBA
DOMINICAN
REP.
BELIZE JAMAICA
GUATEMALA
20bn
SENEGAL
HONDURAS
JAPAN
AZERBAIJAN
UZBEKISTAN
ALB
TURKEY
GREECE
SYRIAN ARAB
CYPRUS
REPUBLIC
ISRAEL
MALTA
JORDAN
PAKISTAN
EGYPT
56.5bn
25.2bn
KAZAKHSTAN
SLOVAKIA
REP.
HUN
MOLDOVA
YUG BUL
PORTUGAL
24.2bn
83.5bn
C H I N A
INDIA
SAUDI
ARABIA
REP.
KOREA
Hong
Kong SAR
MYANMAR
THAILAND
YEMEN
PHILIPPINES
BARBADOS
VENEZUELA
SIERRA LEONE
CTE d
IVOIRE
SRI LANKA
COLOMBIA
CAMEROON
MALAYSIA
KENYA
ECUADOR
CONGO
SINGAPORE
49.3bn
UNITED REP.
TANZANIA
BRAZIL
INDONESIA
MALAWI
ZIMBABWE
SAMOA
REUNION
PARAGUAY
AUSTRALIA
CHILE
FIJI
SOUTH
AFRICA
URUGUAY
ARGENTINA
u
to R
ssia
NEW ZEALAND
to Denm
ark
to Netherlan
ds
8,946
7,111
y
man
Ger
to
1,130
an
9,252
RUSSIAN
FEDERATION
an
Jap
to
CANADA
to Belgium
NETHERLANDS
10,520
BELGIUM
DENMARK
6,691
GERMANY
ermany
to G
5,134
ium
to Belg
Ja p
7,138
28,868
CANADA
873
1,232
UNITED
KINGDOM
39,039
7,181
to Italy
from Turkey
TURKEY
C H I N A
C
from
34,217
hina
6,995
USA
2,121
SPAIN
SWITZERLAND
AND
LIECHTENSTEIN
rk e
Tu
Brazil
from
tina
rgen
ala
wi
12,218
Tobacco leaves
7,093
total imported: 196, 597

total exported: 182, 519
ISRAEL
3,880
r
to Is
to 4,227
Lebanon
Cigarettes
metric tons 2000
INDONESIA
MALAWI
52,786
In
sia
ne
do
metric tons 2000
BRAZIL
13,997
7,696
fro
fro
m
A
from
DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
REP.
KOREA
CYPRUS
to Cyprus
7,113
JAPAN
ITALY
ael
4,437
10,637
Ko
GERMANY
BELGIUM
77,133
U S A
to
ep. 4,681
aR
e
r
to
iA
S a ud
ra b
LEBANON
876
SAUDI
ARABIA
m
fro
ia
JAPAN
ap
from J
sia
one
Ind
an
743
apo
t o Sing
3,388
re
SINGAPORE
I N D O N E S I A
total imported: 15,274

total exported: 148,533
13,743
US imports
US imports
US exports
US exports
ARGENTINA
52
US imports and exports
53
16/ Smuggling CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
16
Smuggled cigarettes
Smuggling
Estimated smuggled cigarettes as percentage of

domestic sales 1995
SWEDEN
price is only one of many factors that

influence smuggling rates. Other more
important factors include: the tobacco
industrys own role in facilitating
smuggling; the lack of appropriate
controls on tobacco products in
international trade; and the existence of
entrenched smuggling networks,
unlicensed distribution, lax antismuggling laws, weak enforcement and
official corruption. WHO, 2000
UNITED
KINGDOM
RUSSIAN
FED.
recent or current
smuggling routes
where known
20% 29%
LITHUANIA
10% 19%
NETH.
IRELAND
BELGIUM
CZECH
REPUBLIC
LUX.
FRANCE
BELARUS
POLAND
GERMANY
SLOVAKIA
5% 9%
UKRAINE
RUSSIAN
FEDERATION
HUNGARY
AUSTRIA
1% 4%
ROMANIA
C A N A D A
YUGOSLAVIA
ITALY
Andorra
Between 300 and 400 billion

cigarettes were smuggled in
1995, equal to about one third of
all the legally imported cigarettes.
Cigarettes are the worlds most
widely smuggled legal consumer
product. They are smuggled
across almost every national
border by constantly changing
routes.
Cigarette smuggling causes
immeasurable harm. International
brands become affordable to lowincome consumers and to imageconscious young people in
developing countries. Illegal
cigarettes evade legal restrictions
and health regulations, and while
the tobacco companies reap their
profits, governments lose tax
revenue.
Some governments are now
suing tobacco companies for
revenue lost due to smuggling
activities allegedly condoned by
25%
2000-01
the companies. Measures needed
to control smuggling should
include monitoring cigarette
routes, using technologically
sophisticated tax-paid markings
2000-01
on tobacco products, printing
21%
unique serial numbers on all
1999-2000
18%
packages of tobacco
products, and
increasing penalties.
30% or more
ESTONIA
LATVIA
no data
BULGARIA
ALBANIA
SPAIN
Montral
GREECE
UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA
KAZAKHSTAN
Vladivostok
UZBEKISTAN
TURKEY
AZER
TURKMEN
REP.
KOREA
CYPRUS
AFGHANISTAN
LEBANON
C H I N A
TUNISIA
Port Said
LIBYAN
ARAB
JAMAHIRIYA
The Chinese government loses
ISL. REP.
IRAN
Dubai
EGYPT
PAKISTAN
NEPAL
UAE
ST. MAARTEN
BANGLADESH
NIGER
Maradi
LAO
PDR
THAILAND
CHAD
GUYANA
TOGO
GHANA
VIET NAM
CAMBODIA
PHILIPPINES
DJIBOUTI
NIGERIA
CAR
SOMALIA
SRI LANKA
COLOMBIA
MALAYSIA
CAMEROON
SINGAPORE
EQUATORIAL
GUINEA
ECUADOR
in revenue each year from

cigarette smuggling
SUDAN
BURKINA FASO
VENEZUELA
PANAMA
Hong Kong
SAR
MYANMAR
INDIA
Aruba
$1.8 billion
BHUTAN
I N D O N E S I A
BRAZIL
Projected share
if no action taken
32%
2001-02
34%
2002-03
36%
2003-04
PERU
Numbers of smuggled cigarettes 1993

6% of world cigarette sales are smuggled
Iquique
PARAGUAY

Encarnation
CHILE
ARGENTINA
Eastern Europe
rest of the world
85 billion
98 billion
global total
318 billion
Western Europe
50 billion

2001-02
22%
2002-03
21%
2003-04
20%
Projected share
if new measures are taken
and duty increased by 5%
1998-99
12%
For every
Global smuggling
20
1
cigarettes
sold
is smuggled
Asia-Pacific
85 billion
Lost revenue
Tax revenue lost for each lorry load
smuggled into the European Union
US$ 1997
Live animals
$24,000
Milk powder
$36,000
Meat / butter
$54,000
Alcohol
$480,000
Cigarettes
$1,200,000
Tackling tobacco smuggling
54
1997-98
6%
1996-97
4%
Cigarettes smuggled into the UK

as percentage of market share
1996 2004 projected
55
17/ Tobacco industry promotion CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
17
Tobacco Industry Promotion
Most popular cigarette brand by country

ICELAND
FINLAND
NORWAY
Marlboro
John Player
Belmont
Prima
State Express 555
Prince
Benson & Hedges
Sportsman
Bristol
Winston
Casino
other brands
SWEDEN
58
RUSSIAN
FED.
DENMARK
UNITED
KINGDOM
LITHUANIA
Astra
Mocne
IRELAND
NETH.
CZECH Petra
REPUBLIC
LUX.
Players
FRANCE
Sponsorship is a
form of advertising
which enables us to
introduce glamour
and excitement.
C A N A D A
UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA
POLAND
GERMANY
BELGIUM
MEXICO
AUSTRIA
SWITZ.
Delta
SPAIN
SG
GREECE
Parliament
MONGOLIA
MOROCCO
Mild Seven
TURKEY
JAPAN
Tekel
Rothmans
CYPRUS
Hongtashan
LEBANON
Time
MOROCCO
KUWAIT

C H I N A
Red & White
ISRAEL
PAKISTAN
BAHRAIN
QATAR
UAE
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
BANGLADESH
SAUDI ARABIA
PUERTO RICO
Hong Kong
VIET NAM SAR
INDIA
Wills Gold Flake
OMAN
Craven A
THAILAND
Embassy
Vinataba
PHILIPPINES
Three Rings
VENEZUELA
PANAMA
GUYANA
SIERRA LEONE
GHANA
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
COSTA RICA

Hope
BARBADOS
Viceroy

This
REP.
KOREA
EGYPT
NICARAGUA
named where known
BULGARIA
ITALY
Cleopatra
GUATEMALA
EL SALVADOR
ROMANIA
PORTUGAL
Michael Whitbread,
Gallaher
International,
Hong Kong,1986
JAMAICA
RUSSIAN
FEDERATION
Carpati
Victory
Fortuna Red
Nacional
HONDURAS
HUNGARY
Memphis
CUBA
Rubios
UKRAINE
Sopianae
Casa Sports
Krong Thip
NIGERIA
SRI LANKA
Tresor
COLOMBIA
Dunhill
CAMEROON
Diplomat
MALAYSIA
UGANDA
Stella
ECUADOR
KENYA
SINGAPORE
DEM. REP.
CONGO
Commodore
Derby
I N D O N E S I A
BRAZIL
ZIMBABWE
or
ris
Madison
MAURITIUS
(P
hi
lip
BOLIVIA
or
lb
Peter Stuyvesant
ar
ARGENTINA
350
billion
y)
Holiday
n
(C g t a
hi s h
na a
M n
on
op
NEW
ZEALAND
1980
op
ol
co
ac
130 130
billion billion
$491m
1975
1985
1990
1995
2000
)
sta
m
(R
a
im
Pr
Ho
ng
he
ee
(C
(C
hi
hi
na
na
on
on
op
op
ol
ol
y)
y)
on
To
b
1,975
1970
a
ish
2,482
$1,242m
$361m
na
a
in
Ch
d
Re
2,827
Ba
$2,476m
ild
3,400
hi
pa
(Ja
n
$3,992m
3,858
ve
4,095
Se
3,969
233
billion
$4,895m
(C
amount spent US $million

internet advertising 0.95
advertising on public transport 4
outdoor advertising 9
free samples 22
newspaper advertising 52
direct mail advertising 93
sports 128
speciality item distribution 265
magazine advertising 295
entertainment sponsorship 310
cigarette consumption per person
y)
Ho
2000
US$ million
point of sale advertising 347
$9,575m
Changes in cigarette marketing

expenditure in the USA 1970-99
ol
How the marketing

dollar is spent in the USA
coupons 705
FIJI
AUSTRALIA
SOUTH
AFRICA
special offers and gifts 3,516
Longbeach
CHILE
promotional allowances 3,914
Cigarettes are possibly the most

marketed product in the world.
While there is no reliable
estimate of global cigarette
marketing expenditures, it is
clearly in the tens of billions of
US dollars a year.
In the USA alone over
$10 billion is spent a year on
marketing cigarettes, and this at a
time when advertising is
prohibited on television and
radio, when there are limitations
on certain types of outdoor
advertising and sponsorship, and
when cigarette sales are falling.
Annual marketing expenditure is
over $200 per smoker, and over
46 cents for every pack sold.
Promotional allowances, that is
payments made to retailers to
facilitate sales, account for 41
percent of the total expenditure
on cigarette marketing.
Cigarette marketing is bolder
and more aggressive in developing
countries than it is in the
developed world. Cigarette
advertising on television and radio
is common, and a variety of other
venues are exploited. These
include sports, arts, pop, fashion
and street events, adventure
tours, contests, give-aways and
the internet.
There are also the hidden
advertisements such as the
placement of cigarette smoking
and tobacco products in films. In
addition there is sponsorship of
universities, good-will donations
for community events, and
advertising of other goods and
products bearing the cigarette
name. Such marketing is seen
throughout both the developed
and the developing world.
110
billion 103 100
billion billion
Worlds most popular brands

1999
59
18 INTERNET SALES CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
18
BUY CHEAP
Internet Sales
G O V E R N M E N T
The ideal product to sell

online would be easy to pack and ship,
be much cheaper than whats charged
at the retail counter, and be craved
by tens of millions of people every day.
Cigarettes, the internet was made for you.
David Streitfeld, Washington Post, 2000
Cigarette vendors are very easy to

locate online by the simplest
search mechanisms.
This mode of purchase
translates into global penetration
of tobacco products,
unprecedented access of
cigarettes to minors, cheap
cigarettes through tax avoidance
and smuggling, and unfettered
advertising, marketing and
promotion.
It is often impossible to identify
the country of origin of such
vendors. The majority appear to
be in Europe and the USA, but
countries as varied as Cyprus and
Panama also offer internet sales.
Strangely, some vendors take
credit card details from
prospective purchasers but then
neither charge nor dispatch any
cigarettes.
The internet is also used by
tobacco interests to undertake
sophisticated public relations, to
denigrate pro-health organisations
and individuals, to undermine the
science of tobacco, and to attack
tobacco control legislation (see
map 20). Legislation has not yet
caught up with this new threat to
health.
Sales of cigarettes and other
forms of tobacco over the
internet started in earnest in the
mid-1990s, and are predicted to
rise in future.
WHERE ARE THE GOODS?
WA R N IN G :
S M O K I N G
C A N
S E R I O U S LY
Y O U R
H E A LT H
G O V E R N M E N T
H E A LT H
WA R N IN G :
S M O K I N G
C A N
S E R IO U S LY
D A M A G E
Y O U R
H E A LTH
DUTY
FREE
G O V E R N M E N T
H E A LT H
WA R N I N G:
S M O K I N G
SELLERS
WORLDWIDE
Test ordering from 1 2 websites

which claim to offer low price cigarettes
to the UK market 2001
sites sent cigarettes
site charged but did not send cigarettes
sites took no money and sent no cigarettes
BUYERS
WORLDWIDE
C A N
S E R IO U S LY
D A M A G E
Y O U R
H E A LT H
SPECIALS DISCOUNT CIGARS BIDIS PREMIUM TOBACCO

G O V E R N M E N T
H E A LT H
WA R N IN G :
S M O K IN G
C A N
S E R IO U S LY
D A M A G E
Y O U R
H E A LT H
G O V E R N M E N T
H E A LT H
WA R N IN G :
S M O K I N G
C A N
S E R IO U S LY
D A M A G E
Y O U R
H E A LT H
G O V E R N M E N T
H E A LT H
WA R N IN G :
S M O K IN G
C A N
S E R I O U S LY
D A M A G E
Y O U R
H E A LT H
G O V E R N M E NT
H E A LT H
WA R N IN G :
S M O K IN G
C A N
S E R I O U S LY
D A M A G E
Y O U R
H E A LT H
INTERNET CIGARETTE SEARCH
Search term
G O V E R N M E N T
H E A LT H
WA R N IN G :
S M O K IN G
C A N
S E R IO U S LY
D A M A G E
Y O U R
Prices quoted for 200 cigarettes
10 27
Retail price in UK
38.60
Price in UK if intercepted by Customs
38.15
Most sites offering

cheap cigarettes are a rip
off. All cigarettes bought
via the Internet must
bear UK taxes. There are
no allowances or loopholes.
Cigarettes bought from
sites that do not arrange
payment of UK taxes are
liable to forfeiture. In
the last year Customs
have destroyed over 10
million such cigarettes.
Philip Morris admits

being behind Wavesnet
website, an internet
company set up to run
fashion parades and rave
parties where cigarettes
are sold at a discount.
Australian
Press, 2000
Associated
H E A LT H
G O V E R N M E N T
H E A LT H
WA R N I N G :
S M O K I N G
C A N
S E R IO U S LY
D A M A G E
Y O U R
H E A LT H
Google, 2002
Results found
discount cigarette
9 , 070
cheap cigarette
5,510
tax free cigarette
1,540
mail order cigarette
HM Customs and Excise, UK

2000
60
H E A LT H
D A M A G E
374
INTERNET CIGARETTE VENDORS, USA 2000
Wow!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
What a great
website for cigs. I
cant believe I have
been looking all
over the web for
cheap cigs and here
you were all the
time..........with a
complete list of
companies. Thanks
a lot!
internet cigarette vendor sites

sites with Surgeon-Generals warning
sites selling bidis
24%
8%
sites with special promotions
33%
sites with age warning
81%
types of age verification required:

customer self-reporting they are over 18
49%
typing in a birth date
15%
entering driving license information
User comment posted on

discount cigarette site, 2002
88
US teenagers with internet access
9%
over 50%
61
19 Politics CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
19
Politics
The tobacco industry spends

millions of dollars trying to
influence public policy. It makes
major contributions to elected
officials and political parties,
payments to governments to
support infrastructure such as
mass transit and large investments
in sophisticated public relations
campaigns. The industry also
gives money to civic, educational
and charitable organisations and a
host of others.
Since 1995 US tobacco
companies have donated more
than $32 million in political
contributions to state and federal
candidates and political parties in
the USA, with over 80 percent of
this paid to influence federal
elections and officeholders. From
1995 to 2000 current members of
the US Congress have received

over $5 million in contributions
from tobacco companies, and
nearly six out of ten have
accepted tobacco money.
The tobacco industry sought to
delay, and eventually defeat, the
EC directive on tobacco
advertising and sponsorship by
seeking the aid of figures at the
highest levels of European politics
while at times attempting to
conceal the industrys role.
Parliamentarians in Europe have
accepted money and even senior
positions in tobacco companies.
Tobacco companies also attempt
to influence the political process,
by subsidising the air travel of
candidates and their staff, funding
political conventions and
inaugurations, and hosting
fundraisers. As well as campaign

contributions, tobacco companies
conduct direct lobbying and
sophisticated public relations
campaigns, including paid media,
to influence the opinions of
political decision-makers.
Comprehensive tobacco
legislation was defeated in the US
Senate in 1998. Those who voted
against the legislation had
received on average, nearly four
times as much money from the
tobacco industry in the two years
before their last election, as those
who voted in favour of the bill.
Buying influence and favours
through political contributions is
common practice; however, most
countries do not require
mandatory reporting.
Buying influence
Expenditure on lobbying by
US tobacco companies
USA 1997
Smokeless Tobacco Council $1.8m
Small shopkeepers were

enlisted to write
protests to members of
Parliament; the letters
some with deliberate
typographical errors to
create the aura of
authenticity, were
prepared by the
(tobacco) industry for
the shopkeepers.
We have got the unions

to support industry in
several countries.
Prominent have been the
efforts they have made
on the tax issues in the
UK where they were very
involved in a letter
writing campaign to
Members of Parliament.
Philip Morris, 1990

Philip Morris, 1985
Philip Morris and the

industry are positively
impacting the government
decisions of Bahrain,
Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi
Arabia and the UAE through
the creative use of market
specific studies, position
papers, well briefed
distributors who lobby,
media owners and
consultants
Philip Morris, 1987
Turning now to primary

and passive smoking To
get more favorable
press,
we are contemplating
organizing another
journalists conference
similar to the one we
put together in Madrid
for Latin American
journalists in 1984.
Philip Morris, 1985
Tobacco Institute $2.1m

Lorillard-Loews $2.6m
62
$0.2m Pinkerton Tobacco Company
$0.3m Conwood Company
$0.4 Swisher International
$0.6m Smokeless Tobacco Council
$0.6 Lorillard Tobacco
Total: $35.5 million
What are we trying to accomplish?

Prevent further deterioration of overall
social, legislative and regulatory climate,
and ultimately, actually improve the
climate for the marketing and use of
tobacco products.
Philip Morris, 1990
Top tobacco contributions

to federal candidates
USA 19952000
$1.2m Tobacco Institute
Unless countervailing
steps are taken (such as lobbying),
public decision-making will march
with public opinion.
RJ Reynolds, 1978
$2.9m Brown and Williamson (BAT)
$5.4m
RJ Reynolds
$3.4m US Tobacco Company
$4.1m
US Tobacco Company
RJ Reynolds $4.7m
$3.7m
Brown & Williamson (BAT)
Buying favours
Philip Morris $10.2m
$15.8m
Philip Morris
The International
Tobacco Growers
Association could
front for our third
world lobby activities
at WHO, and gain support
from nations hostile
to multinational
corporations
INFOTAB,
(tobacco industry
pressure group), 1988
63
20 smokers rights CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
Smokers Rights Organisations
20
Smokers Rights
Organisations
2002 where known

FOREST:
Norway
Roykringen
Freedom Organisation for the Right

to Enjoy Smoking Tobacco
FORCES: Fight Ordinances & Restrictions

to Control & Eliminate Smoking
Denmark
Hen-Ry
C A N A D A
Canada
FORCES Canada
Smokers Unity
Network
Netherlands
FORCES
Netherland
Stichting Rokers
Belangen
Germany
Raucher Club
Deutschland
United
Kingdom
FOREST
NORWAY
UK
USA
FORCES International
American Smokers
Alliance
National Smokers
Alliance
The tobacco industry has long

appreciated the importance and
difficulty of mobilising smokers to
speak out on behalf of smokers
rights. Consequently the tobacco
companies have investigated ways
that they could stimulate the
development of groups of
smokers, so as to have the
support, or at least the
appearance of support from
smokers and other natural or
third party allies.
There are fewer than two dozen
smokers rights organisations in
the world, and all are in the
developed world. The tobacco
industry documents illustrate that
while many of these organisations
purport to be independent of the
tobacco industry, at least some
are dependent on tobacco
64
company funding. In a 1988

document, the head of Philip
Morris said, Should we strive to
set up FOREST type
organisations throughout our
regions?.
At the request of Philip Morris
the public relations firm of
Burson-Marstellar formed the
National Smokers Alliance, a
smokers rights group, in 1993.
Philip Morris initially provided
the National Smokers Alliance
with $4 million in seed funding.
Documents show that Philip
Morris formed similar groups
throughout Europe. These
grassroots groups, with their
facades of independence from
the industry, allowed them to do
and say things publicly that
tobacco companies could not.
NETH
BEL GERMANY
France
Association
du Calumet de
la Paix
FRANCE
Russian
Federation
FORCES
International
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
SWEDEN
DENMARK
Belgium
The Smoking
UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA
Sweden
Smokepeace
Sweden
Vnliga Rkares
Internationella
Frbund
POLAND
Poland
Towarzystwo
Ochrony
Palacych
SWITZERLAND
ITALY
SPAIN
Spain
Club de
Fumadores por
la Tolerancia
GREECE
Switzerland
Tobacco
Friends Club
Greece
Eleftheria
Italy
FORCES Italiana
Associazione
Italiana Fumatori
Federazione
Tabaccai
/

-

"

)

*

*

*

"
+ %&(,
) +

!

-

"

!

"
#$ # %&'(
+ %&&.
+ %&(,
- 0

/1#

!

"
+ %&(,
AUSTRALIA
New Zealand
FORCES
New Zealand
Smokers of
the World Unite
NEW
ZEALAND
65
21 tobacco Industry documents CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
21
Tobacco Industry Documents
Legacy website
Guildford:
British American
Tobacco
ICELAND
NORWAY
SWEDEN
DENMARK
UNITED
KINGDOM
IRELAND
NETH.
RUSSIAN
FED.
C A N A D A
ROMANIA
ITALY
MONACO
ANDORRA
500 999
REP.
MOLDOVA
RUSSIAN
FEDERATION
B-H
BULGARIA
YUGOSLAVIA
FYR MACEDONIA
ALBANIA
SAN MARINO
SPAIN
1,000 4,999
UKRAINE
SLOVAKIA
HUNGARY
AUSTRIA
SLOVENIA
CROATIA
SWITZ.
5,000 and above
BELARUS
POLAND
CZECH
REPUBLIC
LUX.
FRANCE
LITHUANIA
GERMANY
BELGIUM
The higher the figure, the more important the country is

to the industry.
ESTONIA
LATVIA
On May 12, 1994, an unsolicited box

of what appeared to be tobacco company
documents was delivered to Professor
Stanton GlantzThe documents in the box
dated from the early 1950s to the early
1980s. They consisted primarily of
confidential internal memoranda related
to B&W and BAT. Many of the documents
contained internal discussions of the
tobacco industrys public relations and
legal strategies over the years, and they
were often labelled confidential or
privileged. The return address on the box
was simply Mr Butts.
Number of documents relating to each country found

on the Legacy website of tobacco industry documents 2002
FINLAND
100 499
under 100
no
data orother countries
PORTUGAL
GREECE
KAZAKHSTAN
TUNISIA
MOROCCO
66
UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA
CUBA
JAMAICA
BELIZE
HONDURAS
million
pages
MOROCCO
DOMINICA
ST LUCIA
BARBADOS
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
AR AZER
M
TURKMEN
ISL. REP.
IRAN
IRAQ
JAPAN
KYRGYZSTAN
TAJIKISTAN
REP.
KOREA
C H I N A
AFGHANISTAN
KUWAIT
PAKISTAN
NEPAL
BAHRAIN
EGYPT
BANGLADESH
MYANMAR
INDIA
OMAN
CAPE VERDE
GUYANA
SURINAME
MALI
SENEGAL
GAMBIA
GUINEA-BISSAU
GUINEA
SIERRA LEONE
LIBERIA
ECUADOR
NIGER
BURKINA
FASO
CTE
DIVOIRE
BHUTAN
QATAR
UAE
SAUDI ARABIA
COLOMBIA
of once secret
internal tobacco
industry
documents are
now in the public
domain
see inset
LIBYAN
ARAB
JAMAHIRIYA
ALGERIA
DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
PUERTO RICO
HAITI
ANTIGUA & BARBUDA
ST KITTS &
GUATEMALA
NEVIS
EL SALVADOR
NICARAGUA ST VINCENT & GRENADINES
GRENADA
COSTA RICA
VENEZUELA
PANAMA
GEO
TURKEY
BAHAMAS
MEXICO
MONGOLIA
UZBEKISTAN
ALGERIA
GHANA
TOGO
BENIN
"
Minnesota:
Philip Morris
RJ Reynolds
Brown & Williamson/BAT
Lorillard
The Tobacco Institute
The Council for Tobacco Research
TUNISIA
So starts The Cigarette Papers, the

first report chronicling the release
of previously secret tobacco
industry documents. Public
release of these documents clearly
illustrated their power in
exposing tobacco industry
corporate behaviour, and they
profoundly influenced public
opinion.
Following the release of the
BAT documents and as a result of
litigation and legal settlement
agreements in the USA,
documents introduced through
legal discovery have had to be
made publicly available by the
tobacco industry in physical
depositories in Minneapolis, USA
and Guildford, UK.
As a result of the 1998 Master
Settlement Agreement between
46 states and the tobacco
industry, the documents of the
Minnesota Depository are to be
duplicated online via searchable
websites maintained by each of
the companies.
MALTA
CHAD
ERITREA
SUDAN
YEMEN
CAMBODIA
DJIBOUTI
NIGERIA
ETHIOPIA
CAR
MALDIVES
PHILIPPINES
PALAU
SRI LANKA
BRUNEI DAR.
CAMEROON
UGANDA
EQUATORIAL
GUINEA
SAO TOME
& PRINCIPE
LAO
PDR VIET NAM
THAILAND
SOMALIA
KENYA
GABON
CYPRUS
SEYCHELLES
ISRAEL
WEST BANK
AND GAZA
UNITED REP.
TANZANIA
BRAZIL
MICRONESIA,
FED. STATES OF
MALAYSIA
SYRIAN ARAB
REPUBLIC
LEBANON
SINGAPORE
IRAQ
JORDAN
PAPUA
NEW
GUINEA
I N D O N E S I A
SOLOMON
ISLANDS
COMOROS
ANGOLA
PERU
MALAWI
ZAMBIA
EGYPT
SAUDI ARABIA
MADAGASCAR
ZIMBABWE
BOLIVIA
NAMIBIA
BOTSWANA
CHILE
MAURITIUS
KIRIBATI
MOZAMBIQUE
PARAGUAY
TOKELAU
AUSTRALIA
SOUTH
AFRICA
TUVALU
NAURU
SAMOA
URUGUAY
VANUATU
NIUE
FIJI
ARGENTINA
COOK
TONGA
NEW

!
"

"
" #
* "
# $
%
!
+ +
+

, #
#

#
# "
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#4
5
6

4
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. # "
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$ % &'(-
$ % &'()
$ % &'('
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ZEALAND

67
22 Research CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
22
Research
Tobacco Control
(BMJ)
Current foundation grant recipients selected countries
RUSSIAN
FED.
International Development Research Centre

Research for International Tobacco Control
LITHUANIA
UNITED
KINGDOM
European Union:
In addition to subsidising the
growing of tobacco, the EU
also invests a small, but
growing proportion of money
in tobacco control and
alternative crops.
GERMANY
United Nations Foundation
POLAND
HQ BELGIUM
EU Community Fund
for Research
and Information
on Tobacco
UKRAINE
Rockefeller Foundation
REP.
MOLDOVA
C A N A D A
RUSSIAN
FEDERATION
Fogarty International Center

other foundations
Journal of the Society for

Research on Nicotine
and Tobacco
journals devoted to tobacco control
HQ IDRC
Chest
Foundation
TUNISIA
MOROCCO
HQ
HQ Rockefeller Foundation
HQ United Nations Foundation
U S A
KYRGYZSTAN
HQ Fogarty International Center
see inset
MOROCCO
C H I N A
KUWAIT
BAHAMAS
MEXICO
HAITI
VIRGIN ISLANDS (US)
MONTSERRAT
Macau SAR
Hong Kong SAR
SAUDI ARABIA
MAURITANIA
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
BURKINA
FASO
GHANA
SENEGAL
GUYANA
SURINAME
MYANMAR
INDIA
OMAN
MALI
DOMINICA
ST LUCIA
BARBADOS
VENEZUELA
NEPAL
UAE
BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS

ANTIGUA & BARBUDA

GRENADA
COSTA RICA
PAKISTAN
BAHRAIN
DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
CUBA
JAMAICA
THAILAND
PHILIPPINES
SUDAN
CAMBODIA
NIGERIA
PALAU
SRI LANKA
MICRONESIA,
FED. STATES OF
MALAYSIA
TURKEY
SINGAPORE
$156,000
ECUADOR
NORTHERN
MARIANA
ISLANDS
VIET NAM
NIGER
COLOMBIA
KENYA
LEBANON
WEST BANK
AND GAZA
JORDAN
I N D O N E S I A
BRAZIL
MALAWI
PERU
SAUDI ARABIA
EGYPT
BOLIVIA
ZIMBABWE
$116,000
CHILE
MOZAMBIQUE
SOUTH
AFRICA
URUGUAY
How much research?
ARGENTINA
Al
$47,000
co
ho
7
43
,67
FIJI
Number of times keywords found in search

of 45,000 medical research papers
April 2002
2
3
,24
03
37 150 68
,78
4
08
76
4,3
70
5,8 57, 18,2
,
1
1
8
7
6
l
s
s
0
cel
tes
ing
ite otic ine
S1
be
m
ok
ras arc Coca
AID
Dia
Ste
Sm
Pa
N
Comparative research expenditure
,52
National Institutes of Health spending on

research funding for major diseases
US$ per related death 2001
cer
1
,40
n
Ca
$15,000
$8,000
DS
os
ul
be
rc
AI
is
a
m
Tu
rt
pe
Hy
th
sio
en
m
ei
zh
Al
As
s
er
es
et
ab
Di
er
nc
Ca
io
v
se asc
as ula
e
r
di
ke
rd
Ca
ro
$11,000
$10,000
$2,000
$1,400
St
e
us
o
cc
ba
To
completed Global Youth Tobacco Surveys (GYTS)

nationally or in at least one site 2002
TUNISIA
Basic scientific epidemiological

research over the last 50 years has
proved the harmfulness of
tobacco.
Reducing tobacco use requires
knowing what works, and
applying this information
systematically. Building the
scientific base is a prerequisite for
progress. In developed countries,
there has been no shortage of data
on tobacco use. Thanks in part to
investments by international
development agencies and
foundations, tobacco control
research in the developing world
is also beginning to flourish.
While increased funding is
important, barriers continue to
exist. A recent report highlighted
recurring research themes for
developing countries, including
the lack of standardised data,
absence of a network for
communication, lack of tobacco
control research capacity, and the
need for human and financial
resources.
The source of the funding is of
equal importance. Historically,
tobacco companies have
sponsored research, promising
complete independence, only to
bury unfavourable findings and
delete words such as cancer.
To improve their public image,
tobacco companies are once again
offering substantial research
funding to academic institutions
worldwide, promising complete
independence. Academic
researchers should consider this
option cautiously, given the
history of misuse of
scientific findings.
$1,000
70
Tobacco control research projects
71
23 Tobacco control organisations CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
23
Edinburgh
Tobacco Control Resource Centre,
European Network
of Quitlines
Tobacco Control
Organisations
The tobacco control network is

committed and far-reaching. The
World Health Organizations
Tobacco Free Initiative (TFI) is
conducted from headquarters in
Geneva and the regional and
national offices around the world.
There is now a WHO Focal Point
on Tobacco or Health in all
countries, and the TFI is
supported by a number of other
international agencies such as
Unicef, the World Bank, IARC
and the UN Foundation.
The non-governmental
organisations (NGOs) highlighted
on this map are those whose
remit is 100 percent tobaccorelated. There are dozens more
international NGOs which
address tobacco control as part of
their activities, ranging from the
World Medical Association to
Consumers International.
Academia is also a valuable
partner, as many universities
carry out research and promote
policy initiatives in tobacco
control.
There are also many national
tobacco control organisations
whose impact is not restricted to
that country but also felt
worldwide. These include ASH in
the UK, ThaiHealth in Thailand,
and the Campaign for Tobacco
Free Kids in the USA. In addition,
many national NGOs work part
London
International Agency Copenhagen
EURO
on Tobacco and Health,
Helsinki
International Network Towards
European Network
Smoke-Free Hospitals
of Young People and Tobacco
72
Paris
European Union of
Non-smokers,
European Network for
Smoke-free Hospitals
Chicago
International Tobacco
Evidence Network
Middleton, Wisconsin
Society for Research
on Nicotine and Tobacco
Washington DC
AMRO/PAHO
World Health Organization and regional

and associated offices
Helsinki
Quit & Win
To be sure of victory the wise in warfare

see to it that they first have a strong
moral cause and that the army is well
disciplined.
General Sun Tzu, The Art of War: A Treatise
on Chinese Military Science, c.500BC
Tobacco is a killer. We need a broad
alliance against tobacco, calling on a wide
range of partners to halt the relentless
increase in global tobacco consumption.
Director General, WHO, 1998
Tobacco control organisations
Stockholm
European Nurses
Against Tobacco
Lyon
International Agency
for Research on Cancer
Boston
Network for Accountability
of Tobacco Transnationals
international organisations
regional organisations
Brussels
European Network
for Smoking
Prevention
Geneva
Geneva
European Medical
WHO HQ,
Association
UN Ad Hoc
Interagency Task Force on Smoking
on Tobacco Control and Health
Geneva
Globalink, UICC International
Union Against Cancer
New York
New York
Washington DC
Liaison Office
International Network
Global Partnerships
with the UN, of Women Against Tobacco
for Tobacco Control
UN Ad Hoc
Interagency Task Force
on Tobacco Control
Cairo
EMRO
Bangladesh
Tobacco Free Forum,
South Asia Association
for Regional Cooperation
Amman
Arab Council on
Smoking Control
New Delhi
SEARO
Seoul
Asia Pacific Association
for the Control of Tobacco
Hong Kong
Asian Consultancy
on Tobacco Control
Bangkok
Southeast Asian Tobacco
Control Alliance
Bamako
LObservatoire du Tabac
en Afrique Francophone
Manila
WPRO
Kuala Lumpur
Network for Islamic
Approach Against Tobacco
Lima
Latin American
Coordinating
Committee on
Tobacco Control
Harare
AFRO
Johannesburg
International
Non Governmental Coalition
Against Tobacco
time on tobacco issues.

Numerous other partners include
organisations involved with
women, youth, environment,
law, economics, human rights,
religion and development.
Most tobacco control
organisations are seriously underfunded given the scope of the
tobacco epidemic. The better
financed, such as ThaiHealth, are
funded by a percentage of
tobacco tax.
in a
to win
Our
ot hope
n
.
n
n
a
o
c
i
t
e
W
fronta
n
o
ver
c
o
c
n
s
o
to di
heades,
must be
s
s
s
e
c
n
i
k
t
a
c
we
ta
onents
lar
our opp
particu
e
s
o
h
t
ch
u
m
s
attack
a
cause
,
and
s
t
,
n
e
i
po
ossibl
hile
on as p
w
i
s
e
u
s
f
l
n
e
o
c
re
somewhe
is
attack
ention
t
t
a
r
i
the
d
te
distrac
ment.
key ele
a
s
i
e
s
i
r
p
r
u
S
1978
Morris,
Philip
Perth
Framework Convention
Alliance
World conferences on tobacco or health

1st
2nd
1967
New York
USA
1971
London
UK
3rd
4th
5th
1975
1979
1983
New York Stockholm Winnipeg
USA
Sweden
Canada
6th
1987
Tokyo
Japan
7th
8th
1990
1992
Perth Buenos Aires
Australia Argentina
9th
10th
11th
12th
1994
Paris
France
1997
Beijing
China
2000
Chicago
USA
2003
Helsinki
Finland
73
24 Smoke free areas CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
24
Legislation: Smoke-free Areas

ICELAND
SWEDEN
smoking is restricted
in some areas
ESTONIA
LATVIA
DENMARK
UNITED
KINGDOM
RUSSIAN
FED.
employers voluntarily prohibit or restrict smoking
LITHUANIA
no bans or no data
IRELAND
NETH.
FRANCE
CZECH
REPUBLIC
public support for restrictions

on where people can smoke
2001 percentages in selected countries
REP.
MOLDOVA
RUSSIAN
FEDERATION
ROMANIA
CROATIA B-H
SAN MARINO
C A N A D A
90%
UKRAINE
SLOVAKIA
HUNGARY
AUSTRIA
SLOVENIA
SWITZ.
BELARUS
POLAND
GERMANY
BELGIUM
BULGARIA
SPAIN
PORTUGAL
GREECE
MONGOLIA
TUNISIA
MOROCCO
79%
UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA
KYRGYZSTAN
JAPAN
TURKEY
C H I N A
IRAQ
ISRAEL
MOROCCO
REP.
KOREA
SYRIAN ARAB
REPUBLIC
LEB
CYPRUS
TUNISIA
KUWAIT
NEPAL
MEXICO
GUATEMALA
EL SALVADOR
BELIZE
HONDURAS
BHUTAN
98%
EGYPT
CUBA
BANGLADESH
LAO
PDR
MALI
DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
INDIA
85%
GRENADA
PANAMA
VENEZUELA
BENIN
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
THAILAND
SUDAN
BARBADOS
COSTA RICA
CAMBODIA
PHILIPPINES
1729 Bhutan
First documented
legislation
bans tobacco use in
all religious places,
which is still observed
today.
NIGERIA
SRI LANKA
SINGAPORE
ECUADOR
d
anne
re b es,
e
w
ing rkplac rage
e
smok
o
If n all w rys av uld
t
o
i
s
w
indu
ion
he
the onsumpt and t uld
c
is
ine
e wo
decl ing rat rly, it
t
a
r
quit se Cle tant fo o
t
ea
or
incr ost imp ontinue ation
d
c
m
o
mmo
PM t t acco in the
r
s
o
r
p
sup r smoke lace.
fo workp
992
s, 1
i
r
r
o
ip M
Phil
7.9
2.8
UNITED REP.
TANZANIA
The cost of workplace smoking
BRAZIL
Euros 2000
PERU
ZAMBIA
a company has 10,000 employees

of which 3,000 smoke
each smoker smokes 6 cigarettes per day at work
a cigarette break lasts 5 minutes
each smoker wastes 30 minutes every working day
an employee on 8.64 per hour
costs the company 1,037 per annum
the 3,000 smokers cost the company
3.1 million per annum
BOTSWANA
CHILE
94%
SOUTH
AFRICA
ARGENTINA
0.7
1970 Singapore
Smoking banned in buses,
cinemas, theatres
and other specified
buildings.
KIRIBATI
AUSTRALIA
First quarter sales before and after

smoking bans in restaurants and bars
smoking
serving food and alcohol
banned
California 1992-2001
in restaurants
US$ billions
Polluted spaces
0.0
Nicotine concentration in public places
large underground medical hospitals household
Barcelona, Spain 2000
stores subway stations school
non-smoking
micrograms per cubic metre
$1.8bn
1992
$1.8bn
1993
$1.8bn
1994
smoking
banned
in bars
$2.1bn
$2.0bn
$2.0bn
1996
1997
$1.8bn
SAMOA
FIJI
NIUE
COOK
TONGA
$2.6bn
No loss of restaurant and bar sales
SOLOMON
ISLANDS
TOKELAU
$2.7bn
2.2
0.9
MICRONESIA,
FED. STATES OF
MALAYSIA
UGANDA
9.5
74
FINLAND
NORWAY
12.4
secondary household
school
smokers
Some, partial or all areas 2000

smoking is prohibited
in some areas
Banning smoking in public places

is a sound public health measure
to protect the health of nonsmokers.
The issue of workplace bans is
primarily one of labour legislation
to protect the health of workers,
who are exposed to passive
smoking for long periods during
their work shifts, whether this be
in public or office buildings,
restaurants or public transport.
Workplace smoking bans are
effective in reducing exposure to
passive smoking. Smokers who
are employed in workplaces with
smoking bans are likely to
consume fewer cigarettes per
day, are more likely to consider
quitting, and quit at a greater
rate, than smokers employed in
workplaces with no or weaker
policies.
A total ban works better than
a partial ban. Most airlines are
now smoke-free and the global
trend is towards a safer, cleaner
indoor environment in the home
and in public and work places.
restaurants
Smoke-free areas at work
NEW
ZEALAND
2001
$2.3bn
2000
1999
1998
1995
75
25 Advertising Bans CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
25
Legislation: Advertising Bans

ICELAND
FINLAND
NORWAY
anti-tobacco
advertising messages
15% of total tobacco
advertising messages
DENMARK
UNITED
KINGDOM
IRELAND
NETH.
GERMANY
BELGIUM
6.3%
LUX.
AUSTRIA
SWITZ.
FRANCE
C A N A D A
Percentage reduction
in smoking
2000
comprehensive set
of advertising bans
ITALY
SPAIN
ALBANIA
Effect of Ad bans
PORTUGAL
GREECE
TUNISIA
MOROCCO
UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA
ALGERIA
JAPAN
TURKEY
MOROCCO
ISL. REP.
IRAN
IRAQ
ISRAEL
PAKISTAN
ALGERIA
MEXICO
SAUDI ARABIA
HONDURAS
GUATEMALA
EL SALVADOR
NICARAGUA
SIERRA LEONE
COLOMBIA
CTE
DIVOIRE
GHANA
TOGO
BENIN
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
VENEZUELA
BANGLADESH
MYANMAR
LAO
PDR VIET NAM
THAILAND
PHILIPPINES
YEMEN
SUDAN
PANAMA
INDIA
NIGER
SENEGAL
COSTA RICA
NEPAL
JORDAN
EGYPT
DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
JAMAICA
REP.
KOREA
AFGHANISTAN
TUNISIA
The tobacco industry denies that

advertising plays a role in
encouraging people to smoke or
increasing the amount smoked,
but the research suggests
otherwise. As governments
acknowledge the harm caused by
tobacco and the need to
discourage its use, restrictions
and outright bans on tobacco
advertising are becoming
common. Partial restrictions are
notorious for leading to other
forms of marketing supplanting
the restriction. Because of the
shift of marketing dollars from
one medium to another, the
evidence suggests that
comprehensive bans on all forms
of tobacco promotion can be
effective in reducing tobacco use,
while partial restrictions have
limited or no effect.
Cigarette packaging plays an
increasingly important role as
advertising restrictions are
implemented. Packet design plays
an important role in establishing
brand imagery and competing for
potential customers. Many
countries are advocating plain
packaging. Some also propose the
banning of certain words such as
Light or Mild as these may
convey the impression that the
cigarettes are less harmful or
contain fewer harmful
constituents.
2.0%
p.a.
SWEDEN
CAMBODIA
NIGERIA
ETHIOPIA
SRI LANKA
CAMEROON
MALAYSIA
UGANDA
KENYA
SINGAPORE
ECUADOR
CONGO
UNITED REP.
TANZANIA
I N D O N E S I A
BRAZIL
PERU
MALAWI
ZAMBIA
MADAGASCAR
ZIMBABWE
BOLIVIA
CHILE
MAURITIUS
MOZAMBIQUE
PARAGUAY
AUSTRALIA
URUGUAY
SOUTH
AFRICA
ARGENTINA
o.3:
an n ns of
l
P
on
io
Acti coalit dairy,
,
ew
t
n
a
e
m
) to
For ries (m
etc. ery
,
t
r
s
e
u
e
p
d
b
li p
in
try,
on s
.
poul issue
eory
y
lobb lope th
s
lds,
eyno lan
R
J
R
on P
Acti bat ad
om
,
c
to
ons
icti
r
t
s
re
1989
Changes in adult smoking rates
NEW
ZEALAND
It is
felt t
hat gi
the co
ven
nseque
nces o
total
f a
ban on
advert
i
should sing, a pac
k
give t be designed
he pro
duct v to
impact
isual
as wel
l
imager as brand
y.
BAT, 1
986
Increases and decreases in adult cigarette consumption

1991 compared with 1981
Decreases
Increases
more than 20% decrease
less than 10% increase
10% 20% decrease
more than 10% increase
less than 10% decrease
no data
no change
comprehensive advertising bans
during this period
76
77
26 Labels and Health warnings CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
Legislation: Health Warnings
ICELAND
FINLAND
SWEDEN
DENMARK
UNITED
KINGDOM
NETH.
LUX.
C A N A D A
SAN MARINO
SPAIN
ANDORRA
MONACO
UKRAINE
SLOVAKIA
88%
REP.
MOLDOVA
HUNGARY
AUSTRIA
SLOVENIA
SWITZ.
ROMANIA
CROATIA B-H
BULGARIA
YUGOSLAVIA
ITALY
FYR
ALBANIA
MACEDONIA
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
PORTUGAL
GREECE
KAZAKHSTAN
78%
MONGOLIA
TUNISIA
MOROCCO
UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA
UZBEKISTAN
MOROCCO
BAHAMAS
ANGUILLA
ANTIGUA & BARBUDA
DOMINICA
ST LUCIA
BARBADOS
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
GUYANA
SURINAME
FRENCH GUIANA (Fr)
COLOMBIA
SIERRA LEONE
KUWAIT
CTE
DIVOIRE
PAKISTAN
QATAR
UAE
EGYPT
NEPAL
CHAD
ERITREA
SUDAN
BHUTAN
98%
BANGLADESH
MYANMAR
OMAN
83%
INDIA
ETHIOPIA
CAR
THAILAND
SAO TOME
& PRINCIPE
MALDIVES
BRUNEI DAR.
DEM. REP.
CONGO
SINGAPORE
SEYCHELLES
B
UNITED REP.
TANZANIA
BRAZIL
MALAWI
ZAMBIA
MADAGASCAR
CHILE
BOTSWANA
MOZAMBIQUE
PARAGUAY
MAURITIUS
KIRIBATI
URUGUAY
ARGENTINA
and
Brown son,
m
a
Willi 02
20
SOUTH
AFRICA
SAMOA
VANUATU
FIJI
COOK
NIUE
TONGA
Health warnings in Canada

Impact on smokers of the new Canadian
health warnings 2002
NEW
noticed
the new warnings
were more concerned

about health effects
of smoking
felt increased motivation

to quit smoking
21%
44%
ZEALAND
43%
Canadian warnings are the most vivid in the world

and serve as the model for other countries
smokers to compensate to get

more nicotine from each
cigarette) and are thus
misleading. Others suggest that a
range of values should be
presented that better resembles
how smokers actually smoke, and
AMERICAN
SAMOA
TUVALU
93%
TOKELAU
NAURU
AUSTRALIA
90%
ect
ey rej
If th ack, they
your p ct your
reje d.
bran
MARSHALL
ISLANDS
ZIMBABWE
NAMIBIA
SOLOMON
ISLANDS
EAST TIMOR
ANGOLA
BOLIVIA
PAPUA
NEW
GUINEA
I N D O N E S I A
COMOROS
PERU
MICRONESIA,
FED. STATES OF
MALAYSIA
KENYA
CONGO
PALAU
SRI LANKA
UGANDA
GABON
PHILIPPINES
CAMBODIA
CAMEROON
EQUATORIAL
GUINEA
Hong Kong
LAO
SAR
PDR VIET NAM
YEMEN
DJIBOUTI
NIGERIA
JAPAN
REP.
KOREA
C H I N A
AFGHANISTAN
BAHRAIN
BURKINA
FASO
LIBERIA
ECUADOR
ISL. REP.
IRAN
NIGER
SENEGAL
GAMBIA
GUINEA-BISSAU
GUINEA
TAJ
SAUDI ARABIA
MAURITANIA
CAPE VERDE
DPR
KOREA
KYRGYZSTAN
TURKMEN
SO
GUATEMALA
EL SALVADOR
NICARAGUA ST VINCENT & GRENADINES
GRENADA
COSTA RICA
VENEZUELA
PANAMA
JORDAN
MALI
GHANA
TOGO
BENIN
HAITI
ST KITTS &
NEVIS
WEST BANK
& GAZA
WESTERN SAHARA
DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
AR AZER
M
TURKEY
SYRIAN ARAB
REPUBLIC
CYPRUS
LEB
IRAQ
ISRAEL
LIBYAN
ARAB
JAMAHIRIYA
ALGERIA
MEXICO
CUBA
JAMAICA
GEO
LIA
BERMUDA
BELIZE
HONDURAS
MALTA
ALGERIA
TUNISIA
78
CZECH
REPUBLIC
public support for visible

health warning messages
2001 percentages
in selected countries
BELARUS
POLAND
GERMANY
BELGIUM
GREENLAND
no health warnings required
RUSSIAN
FED.
LITHUANIA
IRELAND
FRANCE
Health warnings about tobacco

have been in existence for four
hundred years, starting with King
James I in England and Fang Yizhi
in China, both in the 17th century
(see map 1).
Cigarette packs first carried
health warnings in the 1960s
following scientific reports on the
hazards of smoking in the USA
and the UK. These early warnings
were weak and inconspicuous.
Contemporary Canadian warnings
are the most vivid in the world
and are serving as the model for
other countries, such as Brazil.
While many countries have some
type of health warning on the
pack, these are not universal and
many that do exist are not as
unequivocal, simple and stark as
is necessary; some are not in the
local language nor on all tobacco
products.
Reports from Canada and
Australia suggest that plain
packaging may increase both
prominence and believability of
health warnings. That is, no use
of colour, logo or graphic design,
but simply a generic pack of
cigarettes, with the brand name.
Health authorities now
recommend that cigarette
packages should not contain tar
and nicotine levels as measured
by smoking machines, as these do
not reflect the actual inhalation of
tar and nicotine due to cigarette
design (primarily ventilation
holes), and individual smoker
behaviour (a tendency for
ESTONIA
LATVIA
Plain packaging is important because it

eliminates the positive imagery associated
with the brand and potentially disrupts
the process of smoking initiation whereby
child smokers become brand loyal.
Rob Cunnigham and
Ken Kyle, 1995
health warnings on packs of cigarettes

required by law
NORWAY
MA
26
Health warnings
resisted
temptation to smoke
on one occasion or more
to include this information on the

pack of cigarettes in a section on
toxic constituents, which also
includes levels of carcinogens and
carbon monoxide exposure.
79
27 Health education CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
ICELAND
SWEDEN
DENMARK
UNITED
KINGDOM
RUSSIAN
FED.
NETH.
CZECH
REPUBLIC
REP.
MOLDOVA
ROMANIA
RUSSIAN
FEDERATION
CROATIA B-H
BULGARIA
YUGOSLAVIA
ITALY
FYR MACEDONIA
ALBANIA
SPAIN
The Quit & Win programme, in addition to helping

smokers quit, is also an excellent vehicle for
communicating the hazards of smoking, and often
serves as an opportunity for public advocacy
against smoking.
UKRAINE
SLOVAKIA
HUNGARY
AUSTRIA
SLOVENIA
SWITZ.
BELARUS
POLAND
GERMANY
LUX.
FRANCE
Quit & Win

as well as World No Tobacco Day
LITHUANIA
IRELAND
BELGIUM
World No Tobacco Day
ESTONIA
LATVIA
PORTUGAL
GREECE
KAZAKHSTAN
MONGOLIA
TUNISIA
MOROCCO
MALTA
UZBEKISTAN
ALGERIA
GEO
AR AZER
M
TAJ
MOROCCO
SYRIAN ARAB
REPUBLIC
LEB
IRAQ
CYPRUS
ISRAEL
WEST BANK
AND GAZA
LIBYAN
ARAB
JAMAHIRIYA
ALGERIA
ISL. REP.
IRAN
JORDAN
C H I N A
AFGHANISTAN
KUWAIT
PAKISTAN
QATAR
UAE
EGYPT
INDIA
Hong Kong
LAO
SAR
PDR VIET NAM
THAILAND
CHAD
ERITREA
SUDAN
YEMEN
CAMBODIA
ETHIOPIA
PALAU
SRI LANKA
MALDIVES
SO
CAR
BRUNEI DAR.
CAMEROON
SAO TOME
& PRINCIPE
KENYA
GABON
DEM. REP.
CONGO
CONGO
MICRONESIA,
FED. STATES OF
MALAYSIA
UGANDA
EQUATORIAL
GUINEA
PHILIPPINES
LIA
DJIBOUTI
NIGERIA
SINGAPORE
SEYCHELLES
B
UNITED REP.
TANZANIA
ANGOLA
PAPUA
NEW
GUINEA
I N D O N E S I A
SOLOMON
ISLANDS
COMOROS
t & Win Camp

Qui ipants are off to aign
MALAWI
ZAMBIA
MADAGASCAR
ZIMBABWE
BOTSWANA
MOZAMBIQUE
NAMIBIA
MAURITIUS
SOUTH
AFRICA
5%
of p
a r t ic
bacc
oa
fte
r
on
e
ar
ye
15
EAST TIMOR
AUSTRALIA
MARSHALL
ISLANDS
NAURU
TUVALU
KIRIBATI
TOKELAU
AMERICAN
SAMOA
WALLIS AND
FUTUNA ISLANDS (Fr) SAMOA COOK
FIJI
NIUE
VANUATU
60,0 0 0 p
NEW
rie
ZEALAND
art
00
20
ip
ic
7 0,0
an
ts 1
co
pa
9 9 4 1 3 u n tri
cip
0
a
n
pa
ts 1 9 9 6 2 5 co
es
rtic
tri
0,
i
un
pan
00
o
c
ts 1 9 9 8 4 8
0p
s
a rt
70
rie
icip
u nt
0,0
a nts 2
71 co
0
0
0
00
ie s
p
ntr
0,0
rti
annual themes
TONGA
nt
LIBERIA
BANGLADESH
MYANMAR
NIGER
GHANA
TOGO
BENIN
CTE
DIVOIRE
BHUTAN
NEPAL
BAHRAIN
OMAN
BURKINA
FASO
JAPAN
REP.
KOREA
SAUDI ARABIA
MALI
DPR
KOREA
KYRGYZSTAN
TURKMEN
TURKEY
TUNISIA
Education is essential for

sustained progress in tobacco
GREENLAND
control. Many legislative or tax
interventions will not be
nt:
stateme
private statement:
effective if there is no public
public
not old e
e
r
u
o
understanding, support and
y
r
Youth programs support

If
C A N A D A
ive, you
[our] objective of
demand for such changes. People enough to dr nough to
e
discouraging unfair
not old y not wait
support tax increases when they
h
and counterproductive
smoke. W re 18 before
understand that the rationale is to
u
o
t
y
o
n
federal, state and
r
o
ntil
u
r
reduce youth smoking: an average
whethe
local
deciding nt to smoke.
of 87 percent of respondents in
restrictions on
you wa
cigarette advertising
Argentina, India, Japan, Nigeria,
U S A
orris
Philip M ong Kong,
and the Russian Federation were
d, H
US Tobacco Institute,
billboar 1990.
in favour of international efforts
BERMUDA
1991
to create a set of rules and
BAHAMAS
regulations to curb tobacco use.
MEXICO
TURKS & CAICOS
WESTERN SAHARA
CUBA
DOMINICAN
Schools can provide an ideal
REP. PUERTO RICO
JAMAICA
ANGUILLA
BELIZE
HAITI
MAURITANIA
venue not only to teach about the
HONDURAS
ANTIGUA & BARBUDA
ST KITTS &
GUATEMALA
DOMINICA
CAPE VERDE
NEVIS
SENEGAL
harmful effects of smoking, but
EL SALVADOR
ST LUCIA
NICARAGUA
GAMBIA
BARBADOS
GRENADA
GUINEA-BISSAU
also to teach students refusal skills
TRINIDAD
&
TOBAGO
COSTA RICA
GUINEA
VENEZUELA GUYANA
PANAMA
and an understanding of the
to quit smoking, and ideally
SURINAME
SIERRA LEONE
FRENCH GUIANA (Fr)
COLOMBIA
behaviour of the tobacco
making the course part of a
industry. This includes analysing
coordinated school health
ECUADOR
the manipulation of young people programme, reinforced by
by marketing which equates
community-wide efforts.
BRAZIL
smoking with growing up,
To improve its public image,
PERU
freedom and being cool.
the tobacco industry has recently
The first step with school
become active in smoking
BOLIVIA
programmes is to increase
prevention programmes for
PARAGUAY
CHILE
knowledge about the harm caused young people. These programmes
by smoking and to change beliefs, portray smoking as an adult
URUGUAY
attitudes and intentions. This
decision, and that young people
ARGENTINA
alone is not sufficient to change
should wait until they are grown
behaviour. A school tobacco
up to decide to smoke. Since
control programme must also
young people aspire to be young
incorporate prohibiting tobacco
adults, this type of message may
use at all school facilities and
actually make smoking more
events, helping students and staff
appealing to youth.
World No Tobacco Day: 31st May
2002
Countries participating in :
FINLAND
NORWAY
es
Health Education
MA
27
Anti-tobacco campaigns
42
1988
1989
Tobacco
or Health:
Choose
Health
Women
and
Tobacco
80
1990
1991
1992
Growing up Tobacco in Tobacco

without
Public
at the
Tobacco Places and Workplace
on Public
Transport
1993
Health
Services,
including
Health
Personnel,
against
Tobacco
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
The Media
The
Sports and The United Growing up
against Economics The Arts Nations and without
Tobacco of Tobacco without Specialized
tobacco
Tobacco
Agencies
Against
Tobacco
"United for
a TobaccoFree World"
1999
Cessation
2000
2001
2002
The
Secondhand Tobacco
Entertainment smoke kills. Free Sports:
Industry
Let's clear
Play it
the air
clean
a r ti
cipa
n ts 2 0 0 2 a b o u t 1 0 0
cou
81
28 Quitting CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
28
Ex-smokers
NORWAY
Quitting
Percentage of people who used to smoke

who have quit smoking latest available data
ICELAND
FINLAND
40% or more
SWEDEN
LATVIA
Every nicotine patch sold means

200 cigarettes not sold. Clive Bates,
ASH UK, 2002
UNITED
KINGDOM
C A N A D A
NETH.
IRELAND
In the UK, NRT is available

to all citizens under the
National Health Service
and is reimbursed
as any other
medicine.
NRT
(nicotine
replacement
therapy) available
over-the-counter
2002
10% 19%
UKRAINE
REP.
MOLDOVA
SLOVAKIA
HUNGARY
AUSTRIA
FRANCE
SLOVENIA
ITALY
fewer than 10%

RUSSIAN
FEDERATION
ROMANIA
SWITZ.
no data
BULGARIA
YUGOSLAVIA
SPAIN
PORTUGAL
GREECE
GIBRALTAR
UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA
MALTA
ALGERIA
JAPAN
TURKEY
C H I N A
ISL. REP.
IRAN
CYPRUS
ISRAEL
BAHAMAS
KUWAIT
ALGERIA
MEXICO
EGYPT
DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
JAMAICA
Hong Kong
SAR
SAUDI ARABIA
HONDURAS
THAILAND
SUDAN
available in all parts of the world:

VENEZUELA
social support, clinics, quitlines,
COLOMBIA
internet sites; skills training;
nicotine replacement therapy
ECUADOR
(NRT) and other pharmaceutical
treatments.
If interventions only focus on
PERU
prevention of initiation, and do
not address cessation, then
160 million additional smokers
CHILE
will die before 2050 (see below).
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

CTE
DIVOIRE
SINGAPORE
BRAZIL
ZAMBIA
Excess risk of coronary heart

disease is half that of a continuing
smoker
Risk of a stroke is reduced to that
of never-smokers
10 years
later
Risk of lung cancer is reduced to

less than half that of continuing
smokers; risks of many other
cancers decrease
Risk of coronary heart disease is
similar to that of never-smokers,
and the overall risk of death almost
the same, especially if the smoker
quits before illness develops
MALAWI
AUSTRALIA
Effect of
smoking restrictions
at home and at work
still not smoking six months later

Total accumulated tobacco deaths
2000, 2025 and 2050 projected
millions
if youth uptake
halves
500m
72%
at home
if adult consumption
halves
70m
220m
70m
150m
51%
45%
Quitting
More than 10%

price increase
3% increase in quitting
Anti-smoking media
Increased number of attempts

and success
Bans on promotion
Complete ban reduces

consumption by 6%
Restrictions on
youth access
no evidence
Smoking restrictions
Work and household

restrictions most effective
NRT
Higher number of attempts to quit
35%
340m
220m
Type of
intervention
at work
52%
NEW
ZEALAND
USA 199293 percentages
Effects of starting and quitting smoking on deaths
TONGA
Impact of interventions on
starting to smoke and quitting
attempted quitting
if present smoking patterns

continue
520m
TUVALU
SOUTH
AFRICA
Heart, blood pressure, and the blood

show improvements
5 to 15 years
later
82
CZECH
REPUBLIC
LUX.
The benefits of stopping smoking
15 years
later
20% 29%
POLAND
Quitting Calendar
1 year later
30% 39%
RUSSIAN
FED.
GERMANY
BELGIUM
URUGUAY
1 day later
LITHUANIA
DENMARK
GHANA
The main dangers of smoking

decrease when smokers quit, even
in those who have smoked for 30
or more years.
Smokers move through stages in
relation to quitting: of precontemplation, contemplation,
readiness then action, followed by
maintenance or relapse. Many
move through this cycle several
times before they finally quit,
while others report they found it
easier to quit than they expected.
These stages are influenced by
increased costs from tax increases
or reduction of smuggling, illness
in the smoker, family or friends
dying from tobacco, the media,
health profession, bans on
promotion, creation of smokefree areas and, while most
smokers still quit on their own,
availability of support and
treatment.
There are now techniques to
assist those who want to quit
smoking, although these are not
ESTONIA
9%
11%
no ban
partial
ban
16%
10%
13%
70m
total
ban
ban in
ban in
work area all areas
83
29/Price Policy CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
29
Price Policy
Tax as a proportion of cigarette price
ICELAND

NORWAY
FINLAND
75% or more
ESTONIA
50% 74%
SWEDEN
Sugar, rum and tobacco are commodities

which are nowhere necessaries of life, which
are become objects of almost universal
consumption, and which are therefore
extremely proper subjects of taxation.
Adam Smith An Inquiry into the Nature and
Causes of the Wealth of Nations 1776
IRELAND
25% 49%
POLAND
NETH.
51%
47%
41%
C A N A D A
FRANCE
33% 31% 32%

26%
24%
24% or less
GERMANY
CZECH
REPUBLIC
AUSTRIA
SWITZ.
no data
SLOVAKIA
HUNGARY
ROMANIA
countries or states with tobacco taxes dedicated

to tobacco control, health promotion
or general health care
SLOVENIA
BULGARIA
ITALY
SPAIN
ALBANIA
countries with tax of $2 or more for 20 cigarettes
2000
1995
1990
1985
1980
1975
UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA
1970
PORTUGAL
GREECE
MONGOLIA
Tax down but prices up
JAMAICA
REP.
KOREA
TURKEY
C H I N A
Chongqing
Smokers often assume that cigarettes

have become so expensive because
of increased taxes. In fact, in the USA,
while the price of cigarettes has increased,
the proportion going to tax is half of what
it was in 1965.
MEXICO
JAPAN
ARMENIA
Declining cigarette tax in the USA

as a percentage of retail price
various
states
PAKISTAN
NEPAL
EGYPT
INDIA
BANGLADESH
VIET NAM
THAILAND
PHILIPPINES
EL SALVADOR
CAMBODIA
COSTA RICA
VENEZUELA
MALDIVES
COLOMBIA
SRI LANKA
MALAYSIA
ECUADOR
SEYCHELLES
I N D O N E S I A
small, less than 10 percent in all

countries, and less than 2 percent
in most countries. Higher tobacco
taxes are also easy to implement,
and nearly always provide more
government revenue, despite the
fact that people are smoking less.
BRAZIL
PERU
ZAMBIA
ZIMBABWE
BOLIVIA
AUSTRALIA
CHILE
2.60
SOUTH
AFRICA
URUGUAY
ARGENTINA
Smoking goes down

as prices go up
LATVIA
UNITED
KINGDOM
BELGIUM
1965
The price of tobacco is the single

largest factor influencing short
term consumption patterns. More
importantly, price plays a major
role in determining how many
young people will start smoking,
and thus profoundly influences
longterm consumption trends.
There is a clear inverse
relationship between tobacco
taxes and tobacco consumption.
For every 10 percent increase in
cigarette taxes, there is on
average a four percent reduction
in consumption. Youth,
minorities, and low-income
smokers are two to three times
more likely to quit or smoke less
than other smokers in response to
price increases.
Tobacco taxes are an important
source of revenue for countries,
but the percentage of total
government revenues accounted
for by tobacco taxes is relatively
DENMARK
GUAM
9.05%
16,200
NEW ZEALAND
7.72%
14,900
2.20
2.14
13,900
expenditure on cigarettes
in millions of pounds sterling
5.40%
2.01
4.88%
12,400
4.00%
11,500
1.80
Brazil
Nepal
9,900
Greece
10,500
1.84
China
price of
20 cigarettes 1.75
11,300
Argentina
Real cigarette prices

and cigarette consumption
14,600
in the UK 197195
FRENCH
POLYNESIA
Of all
the conc
erns,
there
is on
taxati e
that ala on
rms
the most us
.
Philip M
orris,
1985
1.55
Government income from tobacco
1.50
84
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
Countries with the highest percentage of tobacco tax

as a proportion of total government revenue 2000
85
30 Litigation CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
30
Lawsuits
Litigation
Netherlands
(sued tobacco
control
organisation)
Litigation will keep coming until

the industry goes belly-up.
Professor Richard Daynard,
Northeastern University, USA, 2002
Tobacco litigation began with a

personal injury lawsuit in the
USA in 1954. For more than
40 years, the tobacco industry
boasted it had not lost a single
case, but this has changed. One
case in Minnesota that began in
1994 ruled that millions of pages
of internal tobacco industry
documents (see map 21) be put
into the public domain. These
showed that the industry has
concealed information on the true
harmfulness of smoking and
misled governments, the media
and their clients smokers.
Litigation has put the industry
on the political defensive, forced
tobacco companies to the
bargaining table, and has resulted
in some large settlements, with
the industry paying US states
billions of dollars a year.
Outside the USA, tobacco
litigation is a new phenomenon,
and clear patterns do not yet
exist. However, some recent
cases show the potential for
litigation to advance tobacco
control. Australia has seen a
major ruling on the dangers of
passive smoking. Public interest
writ litigation in India has
prompted the Supreme Court of
India to require nationwide
implementation of broad
restrictions on public smoking.
Cases now vary from smokers
and non-smokers filing for
damage to health; public interest
law suits seeking to force the
industry or government to
comply with legal or
86
EU
Legal action against the tobacco industry 2002
(sued EU)
FINLAND
NORWAY
personal injury lawsuits
Sweden
SWEDEN
UNITED
KINGDOM
RUSSIAN
FED.
public interest lawsuits
(sued tobacco
control organisation)
DENMARK
non-smokers lawsuits
IRELAND
NETH.
GERMANY
POLAND
government lawsuits
C A N A D A
Canada
FRANCE
ITALY
(sued government)
no lawsuits
Switzerland
SWITZ.
(sued tobacco
control activists)
RUSSIAN
FEDERATION
cases brought by the tobacco industry 2002
SPAIN
USA
(sued government
and individuals)
JAPAN
USA
TURKEY
REP.
KOREA
C H I N A
ISRAEL
PAKISTAN
BANGLADESH
INDIA
MALI

NIGER
Hong Kong
SAR
PHILIPPINES

SRI LANKA
UGANDA
BRAZIL

Columbia
Canada
European Union
and member states
Ecuador
CHILE

AUSTRALIA

ARGENTINA
constitutional requirements;
governments suing for tobaccoattributable health care costs or
for lost taxation due to
smuggling; to cases brought by
the tobacco industry against
individuals, organisations or even
governments.
The judge in an Australian
lawsuit against BAT in 2002
found that given the fact that not
a single document was in fact
discovered in that category

(pharmacological effects of
nicotine) the implication seems
overwhelming that discovery has
been fundamentally thwarted
under this category by virtue of
the 1998 destruction programme.
Smuggling litigation

!"#$

Cases brought by national governments against the

tobacco industry to recover lost tax from smuggling
87
31 projections CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
31
Cigarette consumption
Projections by Industry
Projected rates of growth and decline

FINLAND
NORWAY
SWEDEN
88
DENMARK
UNITED
KINGDOM
BELARUS
POLAND
GERMANY
BELGIUM
FRANCE
RUSSIAN
FED.
LITHUANIA
IRELAND
NETH.
increase
ESTONIA
LATVIA
CZECH
REPUBLIC
SLOVAKIA
REP.
MOLDOVA
HUNGARY
AUSTRIA
SWITZ.
UKRAINE
decrease
over 30%
under 10%
20% 29%
10% 19%
10% 19%
over 20%
under 10%
other countries
RUSSIAN
FEDERATION
ROMANIA
C A N A D A
BULGARIA
ITALY
SPAIN
PORTUGAL
GREECE
KAZAKHSTAN
TUNISIA
MOROCCO
UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA
UZBEKISTAN
GEO
ALGERIA
AR AZER
M
KYRGYZSTAN
JAPAN
TURKMEN
REP.
KOREA
TAJ
TURKEY
C H I N A
SYRIAN ARAB
REPUBLIC
TUNISIA
ISRAEL
MOROCCO
PAKISTAN
ALGERIA
MEXICO
EGYPT
SAUDI ARABIA
INDIA
BANGLADESH
Hong Kong SAR

VIET NAM
THAILAND
VENEZUELA
CTE
DIVOIRE
GHANA
The tobacco industry predicts a

global expansion of the tobacco
epidemic in the next few years.
The increases in consumption lie
principally in the developing
nations, while consumption in the
industrialised countries will be
static or in decline.
In all the countries surveyed,
the biggest growth between 1998
and 2008 is expected to be in
Zimbabwe, followed by Cte
dIvoire, Brazil, Morocco,
Venezuela, Pakistan, United
Republic of Tanzania and
Bangladesh.
The greatest decline is expected
in New Zealand, followed by the
UK, South Africa, Hong Kong,
Australia, Singapore and Finland.
In Africa, only the South African
market is expected to decrease.
In the Americas, growth in
Latin America is expected to
compensate for declines in the
USA and Canada, with the
greatest increases in Brazil,
Venezuela, Mexico, Peru, Chile
and Uruguay.
In Europe, the forecast is
mixed, with increases in some
markets and decreases in others.
The biggest increase is expected
in Norway, and the greatest
decline in the UK.
In the Middle East region, the
highest growth is expected for
Morocco, followed by Pakistan
and Tunisia. No country in this
region is expected to experience a
decline in consumption.
In South East Asia, Bangladesh
will see the highest growth,
followed by Thailand, while
consumption remains static in
India.
In the Western Pacific, Vietnam
PHILIPPINES
NIGERIA
COLOMBIA
MALAYSIA
KENYA
SINGAPORE
DEM. REP.
CONGO
UNITED REP.
TANZANIA
I N D O N E S I A
BRAZIL
tops the growth charts, while

New Zealand, Hong Kong,
Australia and Singapore show the
greatest decline.
This transfer of the epidemic
from rich to poor countries, with
its health and economic
consequences, is one that
developing countries can ill
afford. As long ago as 1986, the
predicted that the differential in
wealth between rich and poor
countries would widen further as
a result of tobacco, leading to
compromise in sustainable
development.
These projections are not
inevitable; tobacco control
interventions can make a
difference.
PERU
ZIMBABWE
CHILE
AUSTRALIA
URUGUAY
SOUTH
AFRICA
ARGENTINA
NEW
The best of times and the worst of times

Projected regional increases and decreases
for cigarette consumption
percentages
ZEALAND
+16.1%
+8.7%
+6.5%
Americas
Western Europe
no change
Africa and
Middle East
-8.0%
Largest predicted
regional increase / decrease
Eastern Europe
and former
Soviet Union
Asia,
Australasia
and Far East
Brazil +40.2% Norway +30.5% Zimbabwe 55.7%

Latvia +26.5%
Pakistan +35.9%
USA -13.0%
UK -21.6%
South Africa -17.3% Czech Republic -2.5% New Zealand -24.9%
89
32/The Future of Tobacco CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
32
The use of tobacco, which has made its
way thanks to the spirit of imitation, as
well as to its peculiar effects, has
vanquished humanity and will continue to
reign until the end of the world.
Louis Lewin, Phantastica: Narcotic and
Stimulating Drugs, 1924
There will be 1 billion deaths from
tobacco in the 21st century unless strong
and sustained action is taken now.
Richard Peto and Alan Lopez, 2002
Future predictions are by their

nature speculative but some
things are certain: the tobacco
epidemic, with its attendant
health and economic burden, is
both increasing and also shifting
from developed to developing
nations nations; and more women
are smoking.
The industry is consolidating,
and also shifting from the west to
developing regions, where there
may be less government control
and public debate about the role
of transnational tobacco
companies.
The future looks bleak; the
global tobacco epidemic is worse
today than it was 50 years ago.
And it will be even worse in
another 50 years unless an
extraordinary effort is made now.
Several countries have already
shown that smoking rates can be
reduced. These successes can be
reproduced by any responsible
nation, but only through
immediate, determined, and
sustained governmental and
community action. The future
epidemic depends on
understanding of the issue, and
policies, politics and actions
taken today.
The Future
20002010
20202030
20302040
20402050
2.2 billion
Number of smokers
assuming constant
prevalence and medium variant
projected population
2.0 billion
1.8 billion
1.6 billion
Number of smokers
assuming reduced
prevalence of
1.0% p.a., medium
variant projected
population
Health
Economics
1.4 billion
1.6 billion
1.5 billion
1.4 billion
1.4 billion
1.3 billion
Tobaccos share of global death

and disability is 3%.
Individuals genetically prone to tobaccorelated diseases can be identified at birth.
Tobaccos share of global death and disability

increases to 9%.
700 million children exposed to

passive smoking at home.
Cancers, currently untreatable, could be

treated.
85% of smokers live in poor countries.
82% of smokers live in developing

countries.
New technology for diagnosis and treatment

will be expensive and have little impact on
global mortality statistics.
Global annual economic costs of

tobacco:
US$500 billion a year by 2010.
Tobacco-related illnesses rise to top health

expenditure in many countries.
Many governments conclude the economic
costs of tobacco outweigh any benefit.
Spectacular advances in investigation,

diagnosis and treatment of tobacco-related
diseases, but unlikely to affect global mortality.
New global virus pandemic temporarily

pushes tobacco issues completely off the
agenda.
Number of cumulative deaths from

tobacco:
if present trends continue: 520 million
if proportion of young adults taking up
smoking halves by 2020: 500 million
if adult consumption halves by 2020:
340 million
770 million children exposed to passive

smoking at home.
The gap between rich and poor countries

grows as health services in poor
countries collapse under the strain of
tobacco disease and deaths.
Global annual economic costs of tobacco:

US$1 trillion a year.
Much of the developed world moves to a

managed tobacco industry, with
tobacco-attributable health care costs
reimbursed and compensation paid to
individual smokers and non-smokers
harmed by tobacco.
The tobacco industry is fully regulated, with

licensing of nicotine as an addictive drug, and
manufacture, promotion and sale under strict
regulatory control by government agencies.
A severe economic depression and/or a major

international security crisis cause tobacco
issues to temporarily diminish in importance.
Tobacco
industry
Attempts to produce genetically

modified tobacco with lower
nicotine.
Some tobacco companies buy
pharmaceutical companies.
The industry tries to re-position its
public image as a responsible
corporation.
The industry seeks regulation on its
own terms.
Action
taken
Industry consolidation leads to 2 or 3 huge

conglomerates accounting for the bulk of
global sales.
Continued privatisation sees end of state-run
tobacco companies.
Niche markets still exist for smaller players
(e.g. cigars, snuff).
Liberalisation of global trade rules welcomed
by the industry.
Elimination of tobacco advertising and

promotion worldwide.
Some countries ban smoking.
Vaccine produced to switch off nicotine

receptors.
Incentives for quitting include

monetary savings through rebates
and lower health insurance
premiums.
In developed countries, there is a

gradual shift in the perception of
smoking as it comes to be seen as
anti-social.
Cigarettes only available on prescription

in rich countries.
Medical schools globally introduce systematic

teaching on tobacco.
Smoke-free areas will be exchanged for nonsmoking being the norm.
Cigarette packets will be plain black and
white and contain only brand name and
explicit health warnings.
New, commercially profitable uses of

tobacco are found.
Huge advances are made in genetics. The

tobacco plant becomes key to producing
vaccines and other beneficial medical
products.
Worlds top tobacco companies now
based in Asia.
Smuggled cigarettes overtake legal sales.
Framework Convention on Tobacco

Control ratified.
Doubts about new less hazardous

products increases.
90
20102020
Almost no tobacco is grown in the USA.
Tobacco control funded from a

percentage of tobacco tax in many
countries.
Duty Free tobacco no longer exists.
Health education messages are more
skilful, hard-hitting, and disseminated
more effectively.
In every country tax on tobacco is 75%
of retail price.
re is uncert
ain
utu
ef
h
T
S
om
ve
eo
f th ese e
ever occ
ur
ay n
sm
t
n
Tobacco dependent economies are assisted in

diversifying.
Nicotine Replacement Therapy sold over the
counter worldwide.
91
Ta bl e A
T h e D e m o g r ap h i c s o f To b a c c o
Countries
1
Population
2
Adult smoking
thousands
total
Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
Andorra
Angola
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
Benin
Bhutan
Bolivia
Botswana
Brazil
Brunei Darussalam
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Cape Verde
Central African Rep.
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Comoros
Congo
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Cook Islands
Costa Rica
Cte dIvoire
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
94
Sources: see page 124
21,765
3,134
30,291
86
13,134
65
37,032
3,787
19,138
8,080
8,041
304
640
137,439
267
10,187
10,249
226
6,272
2,085
8,329
3,977
1,541
170,406
328
7,949
11,535
6,356
13,104
14,876
30,757
427
3,717
7,885
15,211
1,282,437
42,105
706
3,018
50,948
20
4,024
16,013
4,654
11,199
784
10,272
5,320
39.0%
25.2%
35.9%
40.4%
32.5%
19.5%
24.5%
15.7%
11.5%
14.6%
38.7%
9.0%
29.8%
28.0%
37.0%
30.4%
48.0%
21.0%
33.8%
27.0%
36.5%
37.0%
35.7%
25.0%
22.2%
35.6%
22.3%
28.5%
17.6%
22.1%
33.0%
37.2%
23.1%
29%
30.5%
percentages
male
60.0%
43.8%
43.7%
46.8%
64.0%
21.1%
30.0%
30.2%
19.0%
23.5%
53.6%
54.9%
30.0%
42.7%
38.2%
40.0%
49.2%
66.0%
27.0%
24.1%
26.0%
66.9%
23.5%
40.0%
28.6%
42.3%
34.0%
48.0%
38.5%
36.0%
32.0%
3
Youth smoking 1
female
18.0%
6.6%
28%
34.0%
1.0%
18.0%
19.0%
1.1%
4.0%
5.7%
23.8%
4.6%
26.0%
18.1%
29.3%
14.0%
23.8%
8.0%
23.0%
18.3%
4.2%
21.0%
5.5%
17.0%
6.6%
1.8%
32.0%
26.3%
7.6%
22.0%
29.0%
total
13.0%
28.1%
16.0%
16.9%
26.4%
37.9%
10.8%
20.8%
19.2%
percentages
male
13.8%
25.7%
20.0%
15.9%
31.0%
34.0%
14.0%
20.6%
18.0%
4
Youth exposed to
passive smoking at home 2
5
Cigarette
consumption
female
percentages
annual per person
11.8%
30.0%
12.6%
17.7%
22.0%
43.4%
7.0%
21.0%
20.0%
17.4%
68.2%
28.7%
46.0%
57.0%
53.0%
32.8%
68.9%
1 For some countries, data are based on youth surveys in major cities or provinces,
and are not necessarily representative of the entire country.
98
1,021
571
1,495
1,095
1,907
2,073
1,150
613
2,179
245
542
2,571
2,428
1,092
274
858
2,574
221
86
652
1,976
329
160
1,202
1,791
521
476
135
690
580
1,995
1,343
2,306
1,919
6
Quitting
Countries
percentages of people
who quit smoking
by 2002
29%
18%
15%
35%
10%
11%
11%
24%
20%
Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
Andorra
Angola
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
Benin
Bhutan
Bolivia
Botswana
Brazil
Brunei Darussalam
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Cape Verde
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Comoros
Congo
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Cook Islands
Costa Rica
Cte dIvoire
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
95
Ta bl e A
Countries
1
Population
2
Adult smoking
thousands
total
Djibouti
Dominica
Dominican Republic
East Timor
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Estonia
Ethiopia
Fiji
Finland
France
Gabon
Gambia
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Grenada
Guatemala
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran, Isl. Rep.
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kiribati
Korea, Republic of
Korea, Dem. Peoples Rep. of
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Lao Peoples Dem. Rep.
Latvia
96
632
71
8,373
12,646
67,884
6,278
457
3,659
1,393
62,908
814
5,172
59,238
1,230
1,303
5,262
82,017
19,306
10,610
94
11,385
8,154
1,199
761
8,142
6,417
9,968
279
1,008,937
212,092
70,330
22,946
3,803
6,040
57,530
2,576
127,096
4,913
16,172
30,669
83
46,740
22,268
1,914
4,921
5,279
2,421
31.1%
20.7%
31.5%
18.3%
25.0%
32.0%
15.8%
20.5%
23.5%
34.5%
17.8%
37.5%
35.0%
16.0%
38.0%
27.8%
51.7%
9.7%
23.5%
35.5%
24.0%
16.0%
31.4%
15.3%
22.5%
31.5%
28.5%
24.9%
14.6%
33.1%
29.0%
33.5%
49.4%
42.0%
35.0%
15.6%
37.8%
38.0%
31.0%
percentages
male
57.5%
24.3%
45.5%
35.0%
38.0%
44.0%
24.0%
27.0%
38.6%
34.0%
60.5%
39.0%
28.4%
47.0%
37.8%
59.5%
10.7%
36.0%
44.0%
25.0%
29.4%
59.0%
27.2%
40.0%
32.0%
33.0%
32.4%
52.8%
48.0%
60.0%
66.8%
56.5%
65.1%
29.6%
60.0%
41.0%
49.0%
3
Youth smoking 1
female
4.7%
17.1%
17.4%
1.6%
12.0%
20.0%
17.0%
20.0%
30.3%
1.5%
15.0%
31.0%
3.5%
29.0%
17.7%
43.8%
8.6%
11.0%
27.0%
23.0%
2.5%
3.7%
3.4%
5.0%
31.0%
24.0%
17.3%
13.4%
10.0%
7.0%
31.9%
32.3%
4.8%
1.5%
15.6%
15.0%
13.0%
total
19.3%
15.1%
16.8%
14.4%
15.3%
20.7%
variable
22.0%
19.3%
20.6%
13.0%
4
Youth exposed to
5
Cigarette
consumption
annual per person
percentages
male
female
percentages
23.8%
19.3%
16.2%
17.0%
21.6%
21.0%
variable
38.0%
24.4%
27.0%
16.0%
14.5%
10.9%
17.3%
11.9%
11.1%
20.0%
variable
5.3%
14.5%
13.4%
10.0%
27.4%
49.4%
22.2%
28.9%
31.6%
31.3%
34.3%
63.0%
67.4%
754
232
1,275
429
1,983
87
976
1,351
2,058
487
171
1,702
161
4,313
609
90
590
172
595
3,265
1,915
129
1,742
765
1,430
2,236
2,162
1,901
735
3,023
1,832
2,160
200
2,918
3,062
1,886
400
6
Quitting
Countries
who quit smoking
by 2002
11%
31%
5%
16%
18%
3%
40%
20%
10%
9%
Djibouti
Dominica
Dominican Republic
East Timor
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Estonia
Ethiopia
Fiji
Finland
France
Gabon
Gambia
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Grenada
Guatemala
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran, Isl. Rep.
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kiribati
Korea, Republic of
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
97
Ta bl e A
Countries
1
Population
2
Adult smoking
thousands
total
Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia, Former Yugos. Rep. of
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Marshall Islands
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Micronesia, Federated States of
Moldova, Republic of
Monaco
Mongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Namibia
Nauru
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Niue
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Palau
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Rwanda
98
3,496
2,035
2,913
5,290
3,696
437
2,034
15,970
11,308
22,218
291
11,351
390
51
2,665
1,161
98,872
123
4,295
33
2,533
29,878
18,292
47,749
1,757
12
23,043
15,864
3,778
5,071
10,832
113,862
2
4,469
2,538
141,256
19
2,856
4,809
5,496
25,662
75653
38,605
10,016
565
22,438
145,491
7,609
40.5%
19.8%
4.0%
33.4%
33.0%
36.0%
14.5%
26.4%
26.0%
23.9%
23.9%
34.8%
32.0%
46.7%
18.1%
32.9%
50.0%
54.0%
38.5%
33.0%
25.0%
8.6%
37.5%
31.5%
8.5%
22.5%
15.1%
38.0%
37.0%
14.8%
28.6%
32.4%
34.5%
18.7%
18.8%
43.5%
36.5%
5.5%
percentages
male
46.0%
38.5%
51.0%
39.0%
40.0%
20.0%
49.2%
37.0%
33.1%
44.8%
51.2%
46.0%
67.8%
34.5%
43.5%
65.0%
61.0%
48.0%
37.0%
25.0%
15.4%
58.0%
31.0%
15.5%
36.0%
22.3%
56.0%
46.0%
24.1%
41.5%
53.8%
44.0%
30.2%
37.0%
62.0%
63.2%
7.0%
3
Youth smoking 1
female
35.0%
1.0%
16.0%
27.0%
32.0%
9.0%
3.5%
15.0%
14.6%
2.9%
18.4%
18.0%
25.5%
1.6%
22.3%
35.0%
47.0%
29.0%
29.0%
25.0%
1.7%
17.0%
32.0%
1.5%
9.0%
7.9%
20.0%
28.0%
5.5%
15.7%
11.0%
25.0%
7.1%
0.5%
25.0%
9.7%
4.0%
total
16.8%
21.7%
7.8%
18.1%
58.5%
19.5%
23.3%
24.4%
35.1%
-
percentages
male
18.0%
27.9%
12.0%
22.0%
55.0%
22.0%
31.2%
29.0%
40.9%
-
4
Youth exposed to
5
Cigarette
consumption
female
percentages
annual per person
15.0%
16.0%
6.0%
16.0%
62.0%
15.0%
17.2%
20.0%
29.5%
-
45.5%
34.3%
46.0%
29.0%
58.2%
67.0%
55.3%
-
89
1,482
315
123
910
1,441
223
2,668
317
1,284
754
2,640
800
432
619
2,323
1,213
793
189
725
564
244
1,748
195
1,849
2,061
2,079
1,676
1,702
135
6
Quitting
Countries
who quit smoking
by 2002
11%
15%
12%
1%
Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Marshall Islands
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Monaco
Mongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Namibia
Nauru
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Niue
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Palau
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Rwanda
99
Ta bl e A
Countries
1
Population
2
Adult smoking
thousands
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and Grenadines
Samoa
San Marino
Sao Tome and Principe
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
Somalia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Suriname
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Tajikistan
Tanzania, United Republic of
Thailand
Togo
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Tuvalu
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States of America
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Venezuela
Viet Nam
Yemen
Yugoslavia
Zambia
Zimbabwe
100
38
148
113
159
27
138
20,346
9,421
80
4,405
4,018
5,399
1,988
447
8,778
43,309
39,910
18,924
31,095
417
925
8,842
7,170
16,189
6,087
35,119
62,806
4,527
99
1,294
9,459
66,668
4,737
10
23,300
49,568
2,606
59,415
283,230
3,337
24,881
197
24,170
78,137
18,349
10,552
10,421
12,627
total
percentages
male
15%
23.3%
22.5%
44.1%
11.5%
4.6%
22.0%
18.5%
15.0%
42.6%
25.2%
26.5%
33.4%
13.7%
12.9%
13.4%
19.0%
33.5%
30.3%
31.0%
23.4%
38.3%
25.1%
34.8%
44.0%
14.0%
41.0%
34.5%
35.3%
9.0%
26.5%
23.6%
23.0%
29.0%
27.0%
40.5%
27.1%
44.5%
47.0%
22.5%
17.8%
26.4%
33.9%
28.0%
22.0%
37.0%
26.9%
55.1%
30.0%
42.0%
42.1%
25.7%
24.4%
24.7%
19.0%
39.0%
50.6%
49.5%
44.1%
62.4%
42.1%
61.9%
6065%
27.0%
51.0%
52.0%
51.1%
18.3%
27.0%
25.7%
31.7%
49.0%
49.0%
41.8%
50.7%
60.0%
52.0%
35.0%
34.4%
3
Youth smoking 1
female
3.5%
12.7%
17.0%
1.0%
6.9%
3.1%
30.0%
20.3%
23.0%
11.0%
24.7%
1.7%
1.4%
2.1%
19.0%
28.0%
9.92%
12.4%
2.6%
14.2%
8.0%
7.7%
2024%
1.0%
31.0%
17.0%
19.4%
<1.0%
26.0%
21.5%
14.3%
9.0%
5.0%
39.2%
3.5%
29.0%
42.0%
10.0%
1.2%
total
9.1%
24.3%
9.9%
14.3%
14.2%
34.6%
25.8%
23.9%
14.8%
18.3%
percentages
male
10.5%
29.0%
13.7%
18.5%
17.9%
37.7%
27.5%
22.0%
15.3%
19.0%
4
Youth exposed to
5
Cigarette
consumption
female
percentages
annual per person
7.5%
20.8%
5.8%
10.1%
-
26.9%
35.1%
-
10.2%
30.8%
24.2%
24.0%
13.9%
17.0%
43.6%
56.6%
37.2%
49.0%
42.1%
43.5%
35.6%
1,509
810
340
465
1,230
2,282
2,917
678
1,516
2,779
374
77
1,930
1,202
2,720
1,283
177
1,067
306
2,180
1,341
2,394
2,307
180
1,456
1,748
2,255
1,396
1,104
1,079
1,025
1,548
408
399
6
Quitting
Countries
who quit smoking
by 2002
9%
35%
1%
33%
1%
5%
13%
10%
5%
42%
16%
7%
72%

Saint Lucia
Samoa
San Marino
Saudi ArabiaSenegal
SeychellesSierra Leone
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
Somalia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Suriname
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Tajikistan
Thailand
Togo
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Tuvalu
Uganda
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Venezuela
Viet Nam
Yemen
Yugoslavia
Zambia
Zimbabwe
101
Ta bl e B
T h e B u s i n e s s o f To b a c c o
1
Growing Tobacco
Countries
Land
devoted to
growing
tobacco
hectares
Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
Andorra
Angola
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
Benin
Bhutan
Bolivia
Botswana
Brazil
Brunei Darussalam
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Cape Verde
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Comoros
Congo
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Cook Islands
Costa Rica
Cte dIvoire
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
102
7,300
5,700
3,100
57,300
2,528
3,185
111
7,789
31,161
800
*380
917
110
1,060
2,000
309,989
42,000
800
360
9,669
3,400
25,000
600
145
3,508
1,441,147
18,250
280
7,700
108
20,000
6,100
45,785
76
Agricultural
land devoted
to tobacco
farming
percentage
of total
0.88%
0.03%
0.11%
0.18%
0.04%
0.01%
0.01%
0.51%
0.44%
0.01%
0.05%
0.03%
0.07%
0.05%
0.25%
0.45%
0.32%
0.03%
0.04%
0.35%
0.03%
0.06%
0.04%
<0.1%
0.16%
1.1%
0.3%
0.19%
0.09%
0.20%
0.28%
0.55%
0.85%
0.05%
0.06%
2
Tobacco Trade
3
Manufacturing
Tobacco
produced
metric tons
8,000
7,153
3,000
114,156
4,577
7,762
230
17,258
35,000
1,400
*1,300
702
160
975
3,600
578,451
70,000
400
350
7,665
4,700
71,000
500
210
10,521
2,563,510
33,216
100
3,600
200
10,000
8,600
30,562
374
Cigarettes
exports
millions
4,000
2,400
4,000
11,803
500
55
*14,000
20
700
8,728
100
1,600
230
41,566
5,500
400
5,545
100
3,550
16,500
6,000
Cigarettes
imports
millions
1,500
400
2,400
2,200
1,600
1,681
3,400
400
20
4,000
*8,200
155
500
1,000
900
800
1,000
5
396
55
135
47,740
13,260
30
500
15
4,000
2,000
Tobacco
leaf
exports
metric tons
1,500
72,580
319
1,803
931
11,870
892
*16,666
550
56
343,029
21,000
1
1,051
220
23,075
140
915
131,980
10,217
960
70
5,899
6,400
147
761
1,550
Tobacco
leaf
imports
metric tons
Number
Cigarettes
of
manufactured
workers
millions
34
18,000
180
6,803
2,537
14,355
10,404
55
40
2,839
4
10,347
*41,014
84
50
4
530
890
618
2,647
7,400
590
1,084
890
2,400
3,297
40
350
100
1,837
27,018
3,331
270
680
890
2,300
3,032
4,000
420
20,242
16,050
0
1,946
6,096
478
4,650
0
1,569
1,756
1,751
0
0
32,829
75
4,400
116
0
197
849
0
18,807
15,800
195
180
2,126
436
4,600
47
535
297,472
1,243
194
1,243
576
555
2,050
44,970
272
2,000
1,415
* data for Belgium and Luxembourg
39,800
32,000
*20,750
175,000
55,400
58,000
1,748,500
16,000
4
Costs
Malboro or Local
equivalent brand
international
brand
$US per pack
1.70
3.46
3.31
0.88
1.32
1.26
2.93
0.85
1.70
1.13
0.90
1.42
3.40
1.69
1.57
1.03
0.75
0.92
2.06
1.42
4.00
1.50
3.20
3.04
0.33
0.83
2.93
0.80
0.99
2.88
1.43
1.40
0.64
0.75
0.71
1.33
1.13
4.00
5
Tax
Labour needed to Tax as a

Tobacco
buy a pack of
proportion excise tax
Marlboro or
of cigarette revenue as a
equivalent
price
proportion
international
of total tax
brand
revenue
city
minutes percentages percentages
Buenos Aires
Sydney
Vienna
Manama
Brussels
20.5
28.4
21.8
17.6
22
Rio de Janeiro 21.8

Sao Paulo
17.2
Montreal
19.4
Toronto
20.7
Santiago de C. 38.4
Shanghai
61.8
Bogota
24.9
Copenhagen
23
70%
70%
50%
65%
73%
30%
75%
61%
75%
42%
20%
51%
70%
38%-40%
45%
75%
58%
84%
4.34%
3.38%
0.16%
7.37%
3.63%
4.10%
2.79%
0.91%
1.58%
0.82%
2.03%
Tobacco
industry
documents
on the
Legacy
website
7
10
52
133
15
9
1,931
6
10,472
2,907
1
153
212
101
45
1
2,502
5
13
1
140
2
32
2,492
48
305
11
5
8
53
11,851
1
1
38
980
9,047
647
3
21
1
573
10
62
142
429
355
1,681
Countries
Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
Andorra
Angola
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
Benin
Bhutan
Bolivia
Botswana
Brazil
Brunei Darussalam
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Cape Verde
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Comoros
Congo
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Cook Islands
Costa Rica
Cte dIvoire
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
103
Ta bl e B
1
Growing Tobacco
Land
devoted to
growing
tobacco
hectares
Djibouti
Dominica
Dominican Republic
East Timor
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Estonia
Ethiopia
Fiji
Finland
France
Gabon
Gambia
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Grenada
Guatemala
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran, Isl. Rep.
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kiribati
Korea, Republic of
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
104
13,250
1,725
600
4,500
180
9,254
1,801
3,000
4,200
62,917
8,374
2,000
100
400
11,214
5,764
463,200
223,000
20,000
2,400
46,900
1,175
23,991
3,099
4,500
4,500
24,300
44,000
14,465
6,700
Agricultural
land devoted
to tobacco
farming
percentage
of total
1.28%
0.02%
0.10%
0.05%
0.07%
0.05%
0.11%
0.03%
0.06%
1.65%
0.43%
0.13%
0.02%
0.05%
0.47%
0.14%
0.23%
0.72%
0.07%
0.04%
0.05%
0.46%
0.44%
0.6%
1.06%
0.01%
0.19%
1.62%
2.10%
0.64%
0.87%
2
Tobacco Trade
3
Manufacturing
Tobacco
produced
metric tons
17,229
3,461
1,100
3,000
150
25,534
1,855
8,500
2,500
136,593
18,630
1,800
90
550
4,318
10,485
701,700
145,000
21,000
2,250
132,200
1,800
60,803
2,667
9,000
7,000
68,198
63,000
34,613
33,400
Cigarettes
exports
millions
Cigarettes
imports
millions
Tobacco
leaf
exports
metric tons
40
100
1,400
12
193
23,300
90,637
17,000
1,900
236
3,500
1,500
17,500
2,000
200
193
40
13,961
300
12,600
550
6,712
500
600
200
14
1,700
67,571
1,500
33,604
35
11,000
600
20
20
500
600
200
140
8,000
450
2,400
56,475
1,780
83,478
200
3,000
50
9,378
1,000
1,000
1,000
14,640
883
84
1,307
46,023
116
41,430
255
100,889
9,043
2,547
759
119,643
37,097
1,516
83
10
93,862
130
31
483
7,521
4,423
5,618
5,000
35,000
Tobacco
leaf
imports
metric tons
80
30
246
55,040
448
4
200
130
3,904
70,528
100
793
2,000
189,669
56
19,554
30
643
70
660
3,205
17,539
1,500
40,913
842
2,400
5,650
4,700
38,830
450
98,919
1,400
6,129
50
12,781
576
6
260
1,544
Number
Cigarettes
of
manufactured
workers
millions
1,480
361
17,469
0
898
98
700
4,400
50
0
15,455
1,121
9,943
19
556
193
350
2,750
537,692
237,401
7,197
1,000
1,279
600
13,330
750
14,200
1,051
1,701
3,600
0
1,294
500
286
40,000
48,000
205,500
28,200
30,000
90,000
190,000
55,300
265,000
84,600
4
Costs
Malboro or Local
equivalent brand
international
brand
$US per pack
1.90
1.16
3.73
3.13
1.32
1.00
2.81
1.40
2.05
1.29
1.09
4.43
1.24
0.62
0.96
4.47
3.22
2.70
2.34
2.04
1.55
1.50
1.10
1.30
1.16
3.35
2.75
1.22
2.75
1.64
0.97
0.77
4.53
0.91
0.62
0.46
4.47
1.91
1.93
2.09
0.98
0.90
1.26
5
Tax

Tobacco
buy a pack of
Marlboro or
equivalent
price
proportion
international
of total tax
brand
revenue
city
Helsinki
Paris
Berlin
Frankfurt
Athens
Budapest
Mumbai
Jakarta
Dublin
Tel Aviv
Milan
Tokyo
Nairobi
Seoul
28.7
20.5
18.4
17.3
24
71.4
102.5
61.7
30.6
29.3
26
8.9
157.6
26.6
57%
42%
70%
73%
75%
72%
73%
42%
75%
30%
75%
73%
42%
60%
60%
***combined total for Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea and Republic of Korea
1.34%
1.29%
2.03%
0.37%
1.38%
8.69%
0.02%
2.43%
3.38%
0.02%
0.09%
3.46%
Tobacco
industry
documents
on the
Legacy
website
29
35
239
617
629
310
0
1
20
9
58
4,856
5,298
16
18
1,732
9,489
40
1,228
18
628
2,025
3
22
87
163
480
235
1,447
834
289
129
6,605
3,277
2,165
227
17,611
5,954
33
169
0
***1,717
***1,717
571
1
30
13
Djibouti
Dominica
Dominican Republic
East Timor
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Estonia
Ethiopia
Fiji
Finland
France
Gabon
Gambia
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Grenada
Guatemala
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran, Isl. Rep.
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kiribati
Korea, Republic of
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
105
Ta bl e B
1
Growing Tobacco
Countries
Land
devoted to
growing
tobacco
hectares
Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Marshall Islands
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Monaco
Mongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Namibia
Nauru
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Niue
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Palau
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Rwanda
106
9,700
650
*380
25,000
2,110
113,823
12,500
230
440
22,674
18,608
3,500
7,000
30,000
4,283
1,395
1,000
22,000
270
56,400
1,100
7,000
13,500
40,869
14,057
2,132
10,970
1,700
2,800
Agricultural
land devoted
to tobacco
farming
percentage
of total
2.02%
0.03%
1.66%
0.11%
6.18%
0.14%
0.02%
0.63%
0.06%
0.92%
0.03%
0.08%
0.31%
0.20%
0.05%
0.03%
0.07%
0.18%
0.22%
0.17%
0.2%
0.06%
0.59%
0.13%
0.07%
0.1%
<0.1%
0.24%
2
Tobacco Trade
3
Manufacturing
Tobacco
produced
metric tons
13,500
1,500
*1,300
32,000
2,000
120,000
7,260
180
700
45,205
22,407
3,500
9,470
46,260
3,809
2,000
850
9,200
1,300
107,700
1,800
11,000
17,231
49,493
29,545
6,193
14,800
1,600
3,800
Cigarettes
exports
millions
Cigarettes
imports
millions
Tobacco
leaf
exports
metric tons
*14,000
30
10,609
250
20
5,300
800
101,550
75
50
400
2,500
3,105
7,716
3,800
900
1,400
200
2,200
1,500
*8,200
500
1
80
1,037
50
400
3,100
40
800
14,725
20
800
8,500
1,000
4,000
100
5
2,500
10
2,614
104
1,606
5,500
15,000
30
3,100
*16,666
9,900
40
93,000
274
10,509
21,811
19,630
36
1,243
413
180
364
514
2,446
152
4,625
144
17,639
4,955
3,505
838
420
Tobacco
leaf
imports
metric tons
270
3,100
2,915
*41,014
2,200
362
800
19,974
70
60
7
800
89
8,623
2.652
8,021
600
622
3,100
112,607
3,930
775
100
1,500
6,480
327
180
2
140
5,500
628
26.790
60,288
7,840
20
25,257
263,129
30
* data for Belgium and Luxembourg
Number
Cigarettes
of
manufactured
workers
millions
3,800
91
1,251
418
5,604
814
74
9,873
158
207
5,122
0
2,301
2,059
0
3,142
4,739
450
0
5,701
177
617
250
470
14,682
12,440
1,193
7,500
17,600
0
4
Costs
Malboro or Local
equivalent brand
international
brand
*20,750
46,500
90,000
36,644
74,400
110,000
21,000
**293,000
** data for Former Soviet Union
$US per pack
4.55
2.24
1.13
1.55
2.63
2.80
3.71
0.86
6.48
0.83
1.20
1.85
1.10
1.42
0.67
1.51
1.86
1.01
0.98
1.82
1.90
1.08
1.24
1.36
2.56
3.69
0.86
6.48
0.53
1.20
1.85
0.93
1.34
0.51
1.13
1.77
0.88
0.59
5
Tax

Tobacco
buy a pack of
Marlboro or
equivalent
price
proportion
international
of total tax
brand
revenue
city
Luxembourg
Kuala Lumpur
Mexico City
Amsterdam
Auckland
Oslo
Panama
Manila
Warsaw
Lisbon
Moscow
12
20.7
49.4
18.5
35.3
38.5
81.4
41.8
55.7
26.2
71.3
33%
60%
73%
72%
68%
78%
73%
63%
39%
81%
0.16%
1.41%
6.37%
1.44%
1.76%
0.11%
3.26%
0.20%
Tobacco
industry
documents
on the
Legacy
website
610
6
105
24
44
495
24
14
421
1,429
3
31
140
60
2,121
2
2
767
8
179
32
440
1
1
39
1,956
2,353
82
29
529
1
2,755
87
634
5
1,220
60
168
440
1,907
2,169
495
101
90
503
1
Countries
Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Marshall Islands
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Monaco
Mongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Namibia
Nauru
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Niue
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Palau
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Rwanda
107
Ta bl e B
1
Growing Tobacco
Countries
Land
devoted to
growing
tobacco
hectares
Saint Lucia
Samoa
San Marino
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
Somalia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Suriname
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Tajikistan
Thailand
Togo
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Tuvalu
Uganda
Ukraine
United Kingdom of Gr. Br. & N Ir.
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Venezuela
Viet Nam
Yemen
Yugoslavia
Zambia
Zimbabwe
108
70
40
40
1,134
100
250
14,100
13,450
4,780
194
651
16,726
5,200
40,000
51,800
4,000
3,100
290,000
800
7,500
4,300
50
191,176
830
10,500
6,000
24,400
5,209
9,858
2,900
90,769
Agricultural
land devoted
to tobacco
farming
percentage
of total
0.55%
0.03%
0.11%
0.30%
0.47%
0.16%
0.02%
0.09%
0.09%
0.45%
0.04%
0.17%
0.25%
0.54%
1.06%
0.21%
0.16%
0.04%
0.08%
0.77%
0.07%
0.11%
0.02%
0.07%
0.15%
0.06%
0.17%
0.23%
0.41%
0.26%
0.26%
0.06%
2.56%
2
Tobacco Trade
3
Manufacturing
Tobacco
produced
metric tons
85
135
20
1,870
85
100
29,700
42,250
6,000
71
1,182
26,112
13,500
26,670
74,200
2,000
3,400
260,000
2,000
10,000
3,000
608
477,630
2,800
19,000
11,288
27,200
12,581
11,341
3,200
227,726
Cigarettes
exports
millions
Cigarettes
imports
millions
Tobacco
leaf
exports
metric tons
3,250
150
3
200
58,745
50
1,926
5,133
400
400
23,400
500
12,265
1,500
111,006
2
148,261
22,950
15
250
2,000
3,250
2,000
25
20,000
500
15
13
49,350
900
25
324
25,175
50
700
20
2,000
200
2,000
1,000
8,000
1,000
2
2,000
30
1,500
20,000
8,000
45,018
15,064
40
7,500
50
2,000
150
14,500
2
366
100
2,266
1,775
750
15,905
25,615
2,374
2
1,653
7,372
2,315
21,350
25,025
278
129,284
4,714
1,579
60
9,945
190,538
74
186
96
14
3,710
3,600
163,933
Tobacco
leaf
imports
metric tons
20
30
622
1,647
40
500
12,158
5,674
8,500
20
130
6,930
53,895
3,825
70
420
7
10,789
31,486
7,000
250
10,177
3
2,065
8,013
48,846
800
144
70,000
236
128,569
241,062
8,954
5,450
10,507
16,000
8,502
2,700
1,100
6,723
Number
Cigarettes
of
manufactured
workers
millions
0
20
0
400
194
0
0
526
3,110
9,277
23,114
497
80
0
560
4,551
24,033
0
166
3,554
21,504
719
7,000
0
6,450
27,300
396
2,581
961
4,900
503
4,290
37,795
79,000
39,515
47,000
114,300
716,500
4
Costs
Malboro or Local
equivalent brand
international
brand
$US per pack
1.30
0.71
3.92
1.34
2.16
1.78
3.75
2.80
1.12
1.08
1.96
1.23
1.89
0.80
1.77
6.24
3.71
3.14
1.42
0.72
0.94
2.03
1.15
0.93
0.28
3.52
1.34
1.15
1.66
3.64
2.80
0.56
0.69
0.89
0.29
6.25
3.60
1.42
1.11
1.28
0.57
0.28
0.65
5
Tax

Tobacco
buy a pack of
Marlboro or
equivalent
price
proportion
international
of total tax
brand
revenue
city
Singapore
42.6
Johannesburg 19.5
Barcelona
21.1
Madrid
21.4
Stockholm
27.6
Geneva
12.5
Zurich
11.1
Bangkok
35
Istanbul
30
Abu Dhabi
19.7
London
39.7
Chicago
18
Los Angeles
20
Caracas
28.5
44%
34%
63%
33%
72%
24%
69%
52%
62%
42%
78%
24%
60%
50%
36%
3.35%
3.71%
1.15%
2.37%
1.63%
1.69%
0.21%
3.23%
0.44%
2.64%
2.30%
30%
80%
0.04%
1.17%
Tobacco
industry
documents
on the
Legacy
website
14
10
362
7
5
27
1,806
89
14
27
1,969
17
36
7
65
624
3,183
66
87
17
21
3,512
4,734
71
1
53
1,240
23
4
157
65
1,033
0
0
33
29
144
9,181
78,615
300
29
0
1,145
329
28
522
73
864
Countries

Saint Lucia
Samoa
San Marino
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
Somalia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Suriname
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Tajikistan
Thailand
Togo
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Tuvalu
Uganda
Ukraine
United Kingdom of Gr. Br. & N Ir.
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Venezuela
Viet Nam
Yemen
Yugoslavia
Zambia
Zimbabwe
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The Tobacco Atlas

The Tobacco Atlas

Part Four: PROMOTION

Publications of the World Health Organization

The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization 2002

About the Authors

1 The History of Tobacco

Part Three: THE TOBACCO TRADE

26 Legislation: Health Warnings

20 Smokers' Rights Organisations

21 Tobacco Industry Documents

17 Tobacco Industry Promotion

24 Legislation: Smoke-free Areas

25 Legislation: Advertising Bans

Part Four: PROMOTION

Table A: The Demographics of Tobacco 94

Our goals are to:

These must all be implemented if the predicted

DR GRO HARLEM BRUNDTLAND

Prevention and Health Promotion (NPH),

23. Tobacco Control Organisations

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Dr Michael Eriksen is former Director

18-19 Tobacco History CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK

Europe and Middle East

The History of Tobacco

In ancient times, when the land was

Japan First major

I say, if you cant

Within 150 years of Columbuss

1881 USA Invention of

1531 Santo Domingo

1492 Cuba Columbus

c.1710 Russia Peter the

1566 France Jacques

Early Middle East

1614 England 7000

1558 Europe Tobacco

1901 UK Imperial Tobacco

6000 Americas First

1913 USA Birth of the

1600 India Tobacco

1994 USA CEOs of

1700s Africa-US African

02/Types CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK

Types of Tobacco Use

Whether it is inhaled, sniffed, sucked or

The water pipe, also known as

Bidis are found

Cigarettes are available

In Southeast Asia clay pipes

Tobacco is used orally

Chewing tobacco is also known

Moist snuff is taken orally. A

Dry snuff is powdered tobacco

3 Male smoking CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK

Smoking among males aged 15 and over

ST VINCENT & GRENADINES

TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

60% and above

Physicians who smoke

Syrian Arab Republic

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Lao Peoples Democratic Republic