1) With the aid of an example, describe briefly what is meant by the following.

I.

LIQUID
A liquid is a substance that does flows and takes on the shape of the
container it is in. The particles in a liquid are not as closely bound together
as they are when the substance is in the solid state.
For an axample, when you freeze water ( or lower its temperature to its
freezing point of 0 degree Celcius/32 degree Fahrenheit ), water turns
from a liquid to a solid. This solid is called ice and has a crystal lattice form
which bonds together tighter than liquid water molecules.
If you boiled liquid water by raising its temperature to 212 degree
Fahrenheit/100 degree Celcius, it will turn into a gas called steam

II.

GAS
Gas is the name for a physical state in which substances can exist at
which time they are called gasses. Gas molecules spread out in the
atmosphere more than molecules in a liquid and solid state, and therefore
gasses are said to have a lower density than solid or liquids.
Have you ever watched water boil? The bubbles in the water are actually
bunches of water molecules which have been heated to the boiling point
and are escaping the liquid water to move into the atmosphere as steam
a gas made up of water molecules.

III.

VAPOUR
Vapour is a substance in the gas phase at a temperature lower than
its critical point, which means that the vapor can be condensed to
a liquid by increasing its pressure without reducing the temperature.
For example, water has a critical temperature of 374 C (705.2 oF), which
is the highest temperature at which liquid water can exist. In the
atmosphere at ordinary temperatures, therefore, gaseous water (known
as water vapor) will condense to liquid if its partial pressure is increased
sufficiently.
A vapor may co-exist with a liquid (or solid). When this is true, the two
phases will be in equilibrium, and the gas partial pressure will equal the
equilibrium vapor pressure of the liquid (or solid).

IV.

SLURRY
A slurry is a mixture of paper fibers that is used in papermaking. It is
usually a mixture of pulp and water and it is very sloppy and mushy.
Making a slurry from the paper fibers is important for creating new sheets
of paper. This goopy mixture is all the paper fibers broken down into small
parts.

V.

ATOMISED LIQUID
Combination of liquid + gas where liquid is fine droplets. (Liquid added to
gas)
Fuels and water are the most commonly atomized liquids. The making of
an aerosol, which is a colloid suspension of fine solid particles or liquid
droplets in a gas

VI.

FOAM
Foam is made of air pockets trapped inside a solid or liquid
Have you ever seen a can of shaving cream? Shaving cream is foam
made of tiny little bubbles trapped inside liquid soap. Have you ever seen
foam rubber inside a chair cushion? That kind of foam is made by trapping
tiny gas bubbles inside a liquid and then hardening it into a solid, with
the bubbles still trapped.

2) Define the meaning of and state SI units for ;

i.

MASS
Mass is the physical property that gives objects their resistance to
changes in motion. Also, in the presence of other massive objects, it
generates the attraction due to gravity which givesobjects their weight.
Mass is the amount of matter in an object. The amount does not change
because of location, and a bowling ball would have the same mass on the
moon and on the earth.
When you hit a volley ball,it might hurt just a bit as it bounces off your
hands to go sailing over the net. Thats because, although a volley ball
isnt very massive,the mass it does possess makes it resist your effort to
change its motion. Bowling balls, possess much more mass than volley
ball do. If you tried to knock a bowling ball over the net,you just might
break your arm.
The SI unit for mass is kilograms (kg)

ii.

VOLUME
Volume is the quantity of three-dimensional space enclosed by some
closed boundary. For example, the space that a substance
(solid,liquid, gas, or plasma) or shape occupies or contains.
The volume of a container is generally understood to be the capacity of
the container.For example the amount of fluid (gas or liquid) that the
container could hold, rather than the amount of space the container itself
displaces.

The volume of a solid (whether regularly or irregularly shaped) can be

determined by fluid displacement.
Volume is often quantified numerically using the SI derived unit, the cubic
metre (m3)

iii.

DENSITY
Density is the ability of an object to float.
The density, or more precisely, the volumetric mass density, of a
substance is its mass per unit volume. The symbol most often used for
density is (rho). Mathematically, density is defined as mass divided by
volume

where is the density, m is the mass, and V is the volume. So that the SI
unit for density is kg/m3

iv.

RELATIVE DENSITY
Relative density, or specific gravity,is the ratio of the density (mass of a
unit volume) of a substance to the density of a given reference material.
Specific gravity usually means relative density with respect to water. The
term "relative density" is often preferred in modern scientific usage.
Relative density (RD) or specific gravity (SG) is a dimensionless quantity,
as it is the ratio of either densities or weights

where RD is relative density, substance is the density of the substance being

measured, and reference is the density of the reference. Density() of water
which is 1000kg/m3 is oftenly used as the reference

v.

SPECIFIC VOLUME
The specific volume of a substance is its volume per unit mass. Specific
volume is the opposite of density (or mass perunit volume). Every
substance has its own characteristic specific volume.
If you know the volume of gas contained in a balloon and you want to find
the mass, just multiply the volume by the specific volume.
Specific Volume is defined by m3/kg

3) Explain viscosity. Give two example of high and low viscous liquid.Name two type
of viscosity and state SI unit. Deffrennt it.
Viscosity is a liquids resistance to flowing
smoothly due to forces holding the
molecules together. Viscosity increase as
temperature desreases.
Examples of high viscosity liquids are honey
which are cannot flow easily. The other one
is tar pitch. At room temperature, tar pitch
flows at a very low rate, taking several years
to form a single drop.
Water for example has low viscosity. The other liquids that have low viscosity are
milk and blood.
Kinematic viscosity , ny, describes a substance's flow behavior under the
influence of Earth's gravity. It is dynamic viscosity divided by density , rho, which
is defined as mass per volume. The quantity mass carries the gravitational
influence.

Kinematic viscosity is widely established due to historical reasons: Gravity as the

driving force does not require any elaborate technical equipment. It is simply
available everywhere on earth.
The SI unit is square-meters per second [m2/s] or square-millimeters per
second [mm2/s]:
1 m2/s = 1 000 000 mm2/s
The SI units can be derived from the equation for the kinematic viscosity:
It

is

sometimes

expressed

in

terms

of ce

ntistokes (cSt). In U.S. usage, stoke is sometimes

used

as the singular form.

1 St = 1 cm2s1 = 104 m2s1.
1 cSt = 1 mm2s1 = 106 m2s1.

Dynamic viscosity is known by the Greek symbol , eta.

It is sometimes also referred to as shear viscosity. Dynamic viscosity is obtained
by reformulating Newton's Law.

The SI unit is pascal-second [Pa.s] or millipascal-second [mPa.s]:

1 Pa.s = 1000 mPa.s

The SI unit is named after Blaise Pascal.

Other commonly used units are poise [P] or centipoise [cP]:

1 P = 100 cP
This unit is named after Jean Poiseuille

Relation between units: 1 cP = 1 mPa.s

Summary ;
1. Dynamic viscosity is the quantitative expression of fluids resistance to flow,
while Kinematic viscosity is the ratio of the fluids viscous force to the inertial
force.
2. Dynamic viscosity is symbolized by either or n, while Kinematic viscosity
is mathematically symbolized by v.
3. In a cgs unit system, dynamic viscosity is in a unit called poise, which is taken
from the name of Jean Louis Marie Poiseuille, while Kinematic viscosity is
expressed in stokes (St) or centistokes (ctsk or cSt), which are named after
George Gabriel Stokes.
4. Dynamic viscosity is sometimes referred to as absolute viscosity, or just
viscosity, while Kinematic viscosity is sometimes called the diffusivity of
momentum.