Present

Simple

Continuous

Present
Perfect

Past simple

Past
Continuous

Past Perfect

ever/never

now

ever/never

ago

when

1st in past

always

at the moment

the first time

yesterday

while

sometimes

alwayscriticism

before (last)

last year

everyday

tonight

since

in 1995

usually

temporary

just

last night

frequently

still

already

rarely

today

for 2 weeks

often

when

so far
yet

I used to

recently
lately
Future- am
going to
(plan)

Future-will

Future
continuous

decide now
tomorrow

predictions

in a week

I hope
I think
I believe

by this time
tomorrow

Future
Perfect

Future Words

by next June

about to

by this time
next year

are bound to
am to
am about to
due to

soon

on the point of

next year
10 years
from now
in a week

Time Expressions
expressions

Its time you left. Its time to go.

Its high time you did your homework.
I wish I had a million euros. (now)
I wish I had gone to Mykonos last summer.
(past)
If only I had more time. (now)
If only I had listened to my mother. (past)

Use present tense after these

When I get home, Ill call you.

As soon as I reach New York, Ill send you can e-mail.
Once I finish, Ill take a break.
Unless it rains, well go on a picnic tomorrow.
After I finish the book, Ill give it to you.
****************
Infinitives in Passive:

I wish he would get lost.

I wish it would snow tomorrow.

He is believed to live/to be living in Athens.

He is believed to have lived/to have been living on Bali in the
1980s.

I hope you have a good time.

25 Y is thought to be the answer.

Id rather stay here.

Id prefer to play basketball.

Smoking is known to cause heart attacks.

Asbestos is known to have caused serious illness.

Youd better go to bed early.

Conditional sentences
Zero: Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.
First: If I feel better, I will go to the party tonight .
Second: If I had a helicopter, I would travel everywhere in it.
Third: If I had remembered my umbrella, I wouldnt have got wet

VERBS with to

agree to
advise (him) to
afford to
allow (me) to
appear to
arrange to
attempt to
ask (him)to
choose to
dare to
decide to
demand to
deserve to
encourage (me)
expect to
fail to
forbid (her) to
happen to
hope to
intend to
invite (me) to
learn how to
manage to
neglect to
offer to
persuade (her) to
plan to
pretend to
promise to
remind (me) to
require to
refuse to

Both

VERBS with ING

admit
avoid
congratulate (him)
on
consider
delay
deny
detest
dislike
enjoy
fancy
finish
imagine
I am used to/get
used to
involve
like
mention
mind
miss
postpone
practice
recommend
risk
suggest
Its not worth
I cant stand
I cant help
Its no use
feel like
give up
keep on

like
love
hate
begin
continue
start

EXCEPTIONS
He admitted to + ING
I object to + ING
In addition to + ING

seem to
I am supposed to
threaten to
want to
warn (them) to

I look forward to
put off cant stand
spend time
Theres no point in
waste time

VERBS- 2 DIFFERENT MEANINGS

TO

ING

1.

I forgot to lock the door.

1.

Ill never forget visiting Paris.

2.

I must remember to call the doctor.

2.

3.

She tried to open the door.

Ill always remember spending the

summers in Spain.

4.

I meant to call him last night.

3.

Why dont you try hitting it with a

hammer.

5.

We regret to inform you that your flight

is delayed.

4.

Thats means getting up early.

5.

6.

She stopped to tie her shoelace.

He regrets spending all his money on

cars.

6.

He stopped smoking last year.

MODALS: Present

Have to I have to study

now.

Dont have to- not

necessary

Can

Should- advice. You

should eat less

Ought to- You ought to

study for your math test.

Past

Had to- I had to study last

night.
Didnt have to- I didnt
have to study because my
teacher is sick.

Could

Should have + 3rd. I

should have fastened my
seat belt.

Ought to have- You ought

to have studied for the test.

Must- rules/laws. You must

be quiet in school.
Mustnt- forbidden You
mustnt smoke here

Must have + 3rd. He

must have known the
correct answer.

Must- (I think) That must

be John.

Cant-(I dont think). No

thats cant be him, hes in
New York.

Cant have + 3rd Thats

cant have been John, hes
in London.

Neednt- You neednt take

your passport with you.

Had better- advice. You

had better hurry up.

Neednt have + 3rd- I did

it anyway. I neednt have
brought my umbrella,
because it didnt rain.

Didnt need to- I didnt

need to pack tonight.

May have been/might

have been

Need to- its necessary. I

need to get ready now.
May/might- possibility

SUBJUNCTIVE
I demand that he answer the question.
We insist that she take her passport with her.
The suggested that he take the early train.

MAKE and LET

She made me clean my room.
My parents let me stay out
late on Fridays.

Stative Verbs- dont use ING

believe
belong to
contain
doubt
fit
know
like
love
matter
need
own
prefer
seem
suppose
understand
want
wish
depend

INVERSIONS
5

Not only did he lose his watch, but he also lost his passport.

Never had Jennifer ever seen such a beautiful dress.

Rarely do children behave all the time.

Seldom have they known what they were doing.

No sooner had I opened the door, than a bat flew in my face!

Only after I got home, did I remember that I had forgotten my umbrella. ****** 2nd

Under no circumstances, are you to open that door.

At no time are you allowed to smoke during class.

Not until I had finished the exam, did I realize that I was in the wrong class! ***2nd

Reported Speech
Change from ->

To

Present Simple ->

Past simple

Present Continuous ->

Past continuous

Present Perfect/Past Simple-Past Perfect

->

Past Perfect

Will/can ->

Would/could

Tomorrow/yesterday

->

The day after/the day before

Note: In reporting questions, we dont change the word order.

He wondered why she was always late.
She asked how often she goes to the movies.

Prepositions
6

absorbed in
accuse him of
am concerned about
am used to + ing
apologize for
appeal to
argue about
benefit from
blame (him) for
boast about
charged with
coincide with
collide with
complain about
concentrate on
confess to
convicted of
deal with
depend on
devote myself to
differ from
discuss about
expel from
glance at
insist on
insure against
involved in
pay (for)
prefer (x) to
pride myself on
protest about
protest against
react to
refer to
see to
specialize in
succeed in
suffer from
translate from->into
write about
is known as
is regarded as
is described as
room for
responsible for

afraid of
ashamed of
aware of
am capable of
am fond of
am full of
am jealous of
annoyed about
anxious about
certain about
excited about
pleased about
serious about
sorry about
upset about
angry with
annoyed with
bored with
good at
happy with
obsessed with
pleased with
bad at
surprised at
keen on
addicted to
grateful to
kind to
married to
engaged to
shocked by
surprised by
early for
eligible for
famous for
late for
liable for
ready for
responsible for
interested in
absent from
different from
deprived of
ban on
comment on
have an effect on
influence on
access to
an exception to
a solution to
craving for
cure for
recipe for

in advance
in any case
in charge of
in comparison with
in comfort
in demand
in the end
in favour of
in good condition
in jeopardy
in harmony
in response to
in short
in theory
in time
in trouble
in turn
with regard to
at any rate
at first sight
at the end
at large
on a regular basis
on behalf of
on good terms
on the market
on purpose
on the verge of
beyond belief
by coincidence
by mistake
by the time
by surprise
for life
for the time being
out of breath
out of control
out of danger
out of doors
out of the ordinary
out of practice
out of stock
under control
under pressure
under stress
under suspicions
without exception
without a word
after all

Phrasal Verbs
7

Break down- Her car broke down.

Break of relations- Greece and
Turkey broke off relations.
Carry out (orders)- You must carry
out the Generals orders.
Come about- How did that come
about?
Come out His new book comes out
next month.
Come up against- Ive never come up
against such a situation before.
Come up with- find an answer
Drop in- visit on the spur of the
moment
End up- He end up in prison for life.
face up to lifes challenges
fall for the wrong man
Fall through- plans fell through
Get across- He couldnt get his ideas
across.
Get at- What are you getting at?
Get down to- Lets get down to work.
Get over- It took him a month to get
over the flu.
Get round to- Be patient- Ill get
round to it one of these days.
Give away- He gave away all his
money.
Give up- I give up- whats the
answer.
Go of- The bomb went off
unexpectedly.
Go on- He went on talking for hours.
Have it in for- My new boss has it in
for me.
Hit it of- We hit it off immediately
and became fast friends.
Hold up- The robbers held up the
National Bank last night.
Keep up- Keep up the good work!

Le me down- Why do you always let

me down? I can never count on you.
Look into- The police are looking into
the matter.
Make out- I cant make out his name
on the bell.
Make up- Hes always making up
crazy stories.
Pull of- Greece managed to pull of
the most successful Olympics ever!
Put across- He is not able to put his
ideas across.
Put of- They put off their wedding
for a month.
Put me up Can you put me up
when Im in London next week?
Put up with- I cant put up with nosy
people.
Rip of- That restaurant really ripped
us off- 200 euros for a hamburger and
fries!
Run into- Yesterday I ran into Dimitri
in Kifissia.
Run over- He ran over a cat.
See (her) of- Were going to see
grandma off to the airport tomorrow.
Set out for- He set out for London on
foot.
Stand for- The flag stands for Greece.
Take in- Dont tell me you were taken
in by the gypsies again!
Take over- Vodafone is going to take
over OTE.
Take up- He took up skiing when he
was 60 years old.
Tell of- You shouldnt tell your
teacher off.
Turn down- He turned down the
offer.
Turn up- Dont worry your missing
ring will turn up somewhere.

Odds and Ends

Too/Enough

Has gone to/has been to

8

He is too short to play basketball.

He isnt tall enough to play basketball.

Wheres your mom? She gone to the

supermarket.
My mother has been to Paris many
times.

By/Until
The doctor will be in his office
until 6 oclock.
The report is due by Monday
the 16th. (the latest)

In spite of/despite
In spite of the snow, we
drove to school.
In spite of the pouring rain,
they played the football
game.
Despite having a bad cold,
she took her math exam.
Despite a terrible headache,
she finished her homework.

Such a/Such/So
Such a thrilling sport- singular
and countables
Such awful food /such ugly
shoes- uncountable or plural
Shes so happy. He played so
well.
Although/even though

Even though he got lost on the way,

he had a good time at the party.
(complete sentence after even though)

Although she is the smartest math

student in the class, she failed her
first math test.
(complete sentence after although)

Causitive- someone does something

for you (have/got + 3rd column verb)
I got my hair cut. I had my hair cut.
We had our house painted.
He had his car serviced.