Congenital heart defect:

Ebstein's anomaly is a rare heart defect in which parts of the tricuspid valve are abnormal. The
tricuspid valve separates the right lower heart chamber (right ventricle) from the right upper
heart chamber (right atrium).
(According to Kleigman et al., 2011) persons with Ebstein's anomaly, the leaflets are unusually deep in
the right ventricle. The leaflets are often larger than normal. The defect usually causes the valve to work
poorly, and blood may go the wrong way back into the right atrium. The backup of blood flow can lead to
heart swelling and fluid buildup in the lungs or liver. Sometimes, not enough blood gets out of the heart
into the lungs and the person may appear blue. (p.424)

Tetralogy of Fallot:
Tetralogy of Fallot causes low oxygen levels in the blood. This leads to cyanosis (a bluish-purple color to
the skin).
The classic form includes four defects of the heart and its major blood vessels:

Ventricular septal defect (hole between the right and left ventricles)

Narrowing of the pulmonary outflow tract (the valve and artery that connect the heart with the
lungs)

Overriding aorta (the artery that carries oxygen-rich blood to the body) that is shifted over the
right ventricle and ventricular septal defect, instead of coming out only from the left ventricle

Thickened wall of the right ventricle (right ventricular hypertrophy).

According to Ngwezi. & Cilliers (2012) b, despite the advances made in the surgical treatment of
Tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary regurgigation remains as a possible complication with detrimental impact

on right ventricular function in the long term. If these effects are not reversed timeously by replacing the
pulmonary valve, serious morbidity and even mortality may occur.

Hypoplasitic left heart syndrome

The problem develops before birth when the left ventricle and other structures do not grow properly,
including the:

Aorta - the blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the entire body

Entrance and exit of the ventricle

Mitral and aortic valves

This causes the left ventricle and aorta to be poorly developed, or hypoplastic. In most cases, the left
ventricle and aorta are much smaller than normal.

Transposition of great arteries

The two main arteries leaving the heart are reversed (transposed). Transposition of the great arteries
changes the way blood circulates through the body, leaving a shortage of oxygen in blood flowing from
the heart to the rest of the body. Without an adequate supply of oxygen-rich blood, the body can't function
properly and your child faces serious complications or death without treatment.

Truncus Arteriosus
One large blood vessel leads out of the heart. Normally, there are two separate vessels coming out of the
heart. In addition, the two lower chambers of the heart are missing a portion of the wall that divides them.
As a result of truncus arteriosus, oxygen-poor blood that should go to the lungs and oxygen-rich blood
that should go to the rest of the body are mixed together.

Tricuspid atresia
Tricuspid atresia -In this condition, there's no tricuspid valve. That means no blood can flow from the
right atrium to the right ventricle . As a result, the right ventricle is small and not fully developed. The
child's survival depends on there being an opening in the wall between the atria called an atrial septal

defect and usually an opening in the wall between the two ventricles called a ventricular septal defect.
Because the circulation is abnormal, the blood can't get enough oxygen, and the child looks blue
(cyanotic) .

Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection (TAPVC)

In TAPVC, the blood does not take the normal route from the lungs to the heart and out to the body.
Instead, the veins from the lungs attach to the heart in abnormal positions and this problem means that
oxygenated blood enters or leaks into the wrong chamber.

Ngwezi, D. Cilliers,A. (2012). Outcome of Surgical Repair of: Tetralogy of Fallot.

USA: Lambert Academic Publishing.
Kleigman, Behrman, Jenson, Stanton. (2011). Nelson textbook of pediatrcs, (19 th ed.).
Philadelphia: PB Publishing, LLC.