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Presenta-on
by
:
Introduc-on
Air
pollution
is
the
modication
of
the
natural
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Composi-on
of
Ambient
Air
Gas
Nitrogen
(N2)
Volume
780,840
ppmv
(78.084%)
Oxygen (O2)
Argon
(Ar)
Carbon
dioxide
(CO2)
Neon (Ne)
Helium (He)
Methane
(CH4)
Krypton
(Kr)
Hydrogen
(H2)
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Introduc-on
Worldwide
air
pollution
is
responsible
for
large
numbers
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fuel
28/11/12
general.
Chemicals,
dust
and
crop
waste
burning
in
farming,
(see
Dust
Bowl).
Fumes
from
paint,
hair
spray,
varnish,
aerosol
sprays
and
other
solvents.
Waste
deposition
in
landlls,
which
generate
methane.
Military
uses,
such
as
nuclear
weapons,
toxic
gases,
germ
warfare
and
rocketry.
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little
or
no
vegetation.
Methane,
emitted
by
the
digestion
of
food
by
animals,
for
example
cattle.
Radon
gas
from
radioactive
decay
within
the
Earth's
crust.
Smoke
and
carbon
monoxide
from
wildres.
Volcanic
activity,
which
produce
sulfur,
chlorine,
and
ash
particulates.
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Particulate
matter
:
Aerosols
liquids,
oil
from
machine
workshop,
carry
over
from
demister,
formed
by
condensation
Fumes
condensed
metal
compounds
Soot
product
of
incomplete
combustion
Dust
solid
particles
(>
1
m)
in
size
from
mechanical
processes
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namely ;
Fraction
Total
Suspended
Particulates
(TSP)
Size
Range
(Aerodynamic
Diameter)
-
PM10
<=10 m
PM2.5
<=2.5 m
PM1
Ultrane
(UFP
or
UP)
PM10-PM2.5
<=1
m
<=0.1
m
2.5
m
-
10
m
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City
169
Cairo, Egypt
161
Beijing, China
150
Delhi, India
128
125
Taiyuan, China
123
Chongqing, China
109
Kanpur, India
109
Lucknow, India
104
Jakarta, Indonesia
101
Shenyang, China
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Health
Eects
of
PM
The
eects
of
inhaling
particulate
matter
has
been
widely
studied
in
Larger particles are generally ltered in the nose and throat and do
respirable
and
non-respirable
particles,
but
has
been
agreed
upon
for
monitoring
of
airborne
particulate
matter
by
most
regulatory
agencies.
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Health
Eects
of
PM
Similarly,
particles
smaller
than
2.5
micrometres,
PM2.5,
tend
to
penetrate
into
the
gas-exchange
regions
of
the
lung,
and
very
small
particles
(<
100
nanometers)
may
pass
through
the
lungs
to
aect
other
organs.
United States (from 2000) and 200,000 deaths per year in Europe).
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Health
Eects
of
PM
Concentration
of
Particles
in
g/m3
2000
g/m3
with
0.4
ppm
SO2
(24-hr
avg.)
episodes
of
several
days
duration
Eect
Increase
in
death
due
to
bronchitis
1000
g/m3
with
0.25
ppm
SO2
(24-hr
avg.)
Increases
mortality
from
all
causes
during
episodes
including
respiratory
and
cardiac
disease
300
g/m3
with
0.21
ppm
SO2
(24-hr
avg.)
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SOx
in
the
ambient
air
is
also
associated
with
asthma
and
bronchitis.
The
principal
source
of
this
gas
is
the
burning
of
fossil
fuels
particularly
coal
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S8
+
8
O2
8
SO2
The
combustion
of
hydrogen
sulde
and
organosulfur
compounds
proceeds
similarly.
The roasting of sulde ores such as iron pyrites, sphalerite (zinc blende) and cinnabar (mercury
Sulfur dioxide is a by-product in the manufacture of cement: CaSiO3 and CaSO4 is heated with
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28/11/12
-
Road
Trac
-
Power
Stations
-
Heating
Plants
-
Industrial
Processes
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recognized
as
the
most
relevant
source
when
combusting
natural
gas.
Fuel
NOx
tends
to
dominate
during
the
combustion
of
fuels,
such
as
coal,
which
have
a
signicant
nitrogen
content,
particularly
when
burned
in
combustors
designed
to
minimise
thermal
NOx.
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1,3
butadiene
is
also
an
important
chemical
in
certain
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Measurement
of
Ambient
Air
Quality
Parameters
The
components
of
an
air
pollution
monitoring
system
include ;
The
collection
or
sampling
of
pollutants
from
the
ambient
air.
The
analysis
or
measurement
of
pollutant
concentrations.
The
reporting
and
use
of
the
information
collected.
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Measurement
of
Ambient
Air
Quality
Parameters
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Measurement
of
Ambient
Air
Quality
Parameters
-
Example
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
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Measurement
of
Ambient
Air
Quality
Parameters
-
Example
Concentration (g/m3)
Locations
*TSP
*PM10
A1 Nexa Training Centre
79
51
A2 Bulk Storage Tank
107
49
A3 ARP Point
79
35
A4 IF Cell
72
21
RMAQG
260
150
Notes:
* TSP and PM10 levels are reported in 24-hours averaging time.
** NO2 and SO2 levels are reported in 1-hour averaging time
*** CO concentration is reported in parts per million (ppm)
ppm
**NO2
**SO2
***CO
< 5
5
< 10
< 10
320
< 5
< 5
10
< 5
350
0.142
0.517
0.400
0.558
30
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Measurement
of
Ambient
Air
Quality
Parameters
Example
(TSP)
User
Instrument
Location
Date
SN
Date
7-Nov-06
7-Nov-06
7-Nov-06
7-Nov-06
7-Nov-06
7-Nov-06
7-Nov-06
7-Nov-06
7-Nov-06
7-Nov-06
7-Nov-06
7-Nov-06
7-Nov-06
8-Nov-06
8-Nov-06
8-Nov-06
8-Nov-06
8-Nov-06
8-Nov-06
8-Nov-06
8-Nov-06
8-Nov-06
8-Nov-06
8-Nov-06
( A-01 )
0.120
Conc ( mg/m3 )
0.100
0.080
0.060
0.040
9:00
8:00
10:00
7:00
6:00
5:00
4:00
3:00
2:00
1:00
0:00
23:00
22:00
21:00
20:00
19:00
18:00
17:00
16:00
15:00
14:00
11:00
13:00
0.000
12:00
0.020
Time
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Conc(mg/m3)
0.051
0.062
0.074
0.096
0.092
0.084
0.067
0.065
0.068
0.060
0.071
0.098
0.104
0.091
0.086
0.088
0.075
0.082
0.077
0.075
0.085
0.089
0.084
0.080
Average Concentration -
0.079
Flow(l/m)
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
mg/m3
Measurement
of
Ambient
Air
Quality
Parameters
Example
NOx
and
SOx
SOx
and
NOx
is
performed
in
accordance
with
JP
Lodge
Method
704C,
using
Hydrogen
Peroxide
as
scrubber
solution.
Sampling
ow
rate
was
xed
at
4L/min
for
a
total
running
time
of
one
(1)
hour,
which
gave
a
total
air
volume
trapped
of
0.24
m3.
Parameter
Concentration
in
scrubber
solution
(mg/l)
Sample
volume
(ml)
Sampling
owrate
(l/min)
Averaging
time
(hr)
NOx
0.5
10 ml
SOx
0.3
10 ml
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Measurement
of
Ambient
Air
Quality
Parameters
Example
NOx
and
SOx
For
NOx
Total
NOx
in
sample
:
0.5mg
0.01l
l
Total
NOx
concentration
in
ambient
air
:
3
CALCULATE
FOR
SOx.
= 0.005mg
0.005mg
= 0.021mg / m3 = 21g / m3
0.24 m
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18
28/11/12
YAB
Dato
Seri
Abdullah
Ahmad
Badawi
taking
notes
while
listening
to
a
brieng
on
ASMA
Air
Quality
Monitoring
Network
System.
Accompanying
him
was
the
Minister
of
Natural
Resources
&
the
Environment,
Dato
Seri
Adnan
Satem
(partially
hidden).
Stack
Sampling
Stack
monitoring
emission
in
Malaysia
is
done
for
compliance
with
the
Environmental
Quality
(Clean
Air)
Regulations
1978,
of
the
EQA.
Stack
monitoring
is
carried
out
in
accordance
with
the
Department
of
Standards
MS1596:2003
;
Determination
of
Concentration
and
Mass
Flow
of
Particulate
Matter
in
Flue
Gas
for
Stationary
Source
Emissions.
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Isokine-c
Sampling
What
is
Isokinetic
sampling
?
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Isokine-c Sampling
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Isokine-c Sampling
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