Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Ninth Edition
Stanley E. Manahan
but it was not known that refrigerant chlorofluorocarbons (Freon compounds) were
predominantly responsible for this threat. As the book progressed through various
editions, the threat of these materials was revealed, the southern hemisphere springtime
Antarctic ozone hole was discovered and grew ominously year-by-year, the manufacture
of chlorofluorocarbons was banned as a consequence, and Molina, Rowland, and Crutzen
shared a well-deserved Nobel Prize, the first ever in environmental chemistry, for their
work in this area. The potential for greenhouse warming due to growing emissions of
infrared-capturing carbon dioxide, methane, and other gases was shown to be a
potentially huge problem for Planet Earth and one that has not yet been resolved. In 1972
the terms green chemistry and industrial ecology had not yet been coined, but these
disciplines emerged from the 1990s as crucial elements of environmental chemistry.
Chapter 1 provides an overview and background in environmental and sustainability
science. The chapter is introduced with a brief discussion of the central issue of our
timeenergy, From the Sun to Fossil Fuels and Back Again. This chapter introduces
chemical fate and transport, environmental terrorism, and environmental forensics.
Chapter 2 defines environmental chemistry and green chemistry in some detail. The
chapter discusses the important concept of cycles of matter. It introduces the
anthrosphere, how it integrates with the other environmental spheres and its effects on
Earth. Components of the anthrosphere that influence the environment are discussed with
emphasis placed upon the all-important infrastructure that is part of the anthrosphere.
Chapters 3 through 8 deal with the hydrosphere. Chapter 3 introduces the special
characteristics of water and the environmental chemistry of water. The remaining
Chapters 4-8 discuss specific aspects of aquatic chemistry, aquatic biochemistry, and
water sustainability and treatment.
Chapters 9 through 14 discuss atmospheric chemistry. Chapter 14 emphasizes the
greatest success story of environmental chemistry to date, the study of ozone- depleting
chlorofluorocarbons which resulted in the first Nobel prize awarded in environmental
chemistry mentioned above. It also emphasizes the greenhouse effect, which may be the
greatest of all threats to the global environment as we know it.
Chapters 15 and 16 deal with the geosphere, the latter chapter emphasizing soil and
agricultural chemistry. Included in the discussion of agricultural chemistry is the
important and controversial new area of transgenic crops. Another area discussed is that
of conservation tillage, which makes limited use of herbicides to grow crops with
minimum soil disturbance.
Chapter 17 goes into detail on the topic of green chemistry and the closely related
area of industrial ecology. Chapter 18 discusses resources and sustainable materials.
Chapter 19 on energy is new as a separate chapter in the Ninth Edition. Entitled
Sustainable Energy: The Key to Everything, it covers the key topics on sustainable
energy including conservation and renewable sources. The chapter ends with a proposed
system of industrial ecology designed to produce methane from renewable biofuels and
hydrogen generated from electrolysis of water using renewable wind or solar energy.
The nature and environmental chemistry of hazardous wastes are covered in Chapter
20 and industrial ecology for waste minimization, utilization, and treatment in Chapter
21.
Chapters 22 through 23 cover the biosphere. Chapter 22 is an overview of
biochemistry with emphasis upon environmental aspects. Chapter 23 introduces and
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THE AUTHOR
Stanley E. Manahan is Professor Emeritus of Chemistry at the University of
Missouri-Columbia, where he has been on the faculty since 1965. He received his A.B. in
chemistry from Emporia State University in 1960 and his Ph.D. in analytical chemistry
from the University of Kansas in 1965. Since 1968 his primary research and professional
activities have been in environmental chemistry, toxicological chemistry, and waste
treatment. His classic textbook, Environmental Chemistry, has been in print continuously
in various editions since 1972 and is the longest standing title on this subject in the world.
Other books that he has written are Fundamentals of Environmental Chemistry, 3rd ed.
(Taylor and Francis/CRC Press, 2009), Fundamentals of Sustainable Chemical Science,
(Taylor and Francis/CRC Press, 2009), Environmental Science and Technology, 2nd ed.,
(Taylor & Francis, 2006), Green Chemistry and the Ten Commandments of
Sustainability, 2nd ed. (ChemChar Research, Inc, 2006), Toxicological Chemistry and
Biochemistry, 3rd ed. (CRC Press/Lewis Publishers, 2001), Industrial Ecology:
Environmental Chemistry and Hazardous Waste (CRC Press/Lewis Publishers, 1999),
Environmental Science and Technology (CRC Press/ Lewis Publishers, 1997), Hazardous
Waste Chemistry, Toxicology and Treatment (Lewis Publishers, 1992), Quantitative
Chemical Analysis, (Brooks/Cole, 1986), and General Applied Chemistry, 2nd ed.
(Willard Grant Press, 1982). He has lectured on the topics of environmental chemistry,
toxicological chemistry, waste treatment, and green chemistry throughout the U.S. as an
American Chemical Society Local Section Tour Speaker, and has presented plenary
lectures on these topics in international meetings in Puerto Rico; the University of the
Andes in Mrida, Venezuela, Hokkaido University in Japan, the National Autonomous
University in Mexico City, France, and Italy. He was the recipient of the Year 2000
Award of the Environmental Chemistry Division of the Italian Chemical Society. His
research specialty is gasification of hazardous wastes.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1. THE ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY SCIENCE
1.1. From the Sun to Fossil Fuels and Back Again
1.2. The Science of Sustainability
1.3. Chemistry and the Environment
1.4. Water, Air, Earth, Life, and Technology
1.5. Ecology, Ecotoxicology, and the Biosphere
1.6. Energy and Cycles of Energy
1.7. Human Impact and Pollution
1.8. Chemical Fate and Transport
1.9. Chemical Fate and Transport in the Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, and
Geosphere
1.10 Environmental Mischief and Terrorism
1.11 Environmental Forensics
Literature Cited
Supplementary References
Questions and Problems
CHAPTER 2. CHEMISTRY AND THE ANTHROSPHERE: ENVIRONMENTAL
CHEMISTRY AND GREEN CHEMISTRY
2.1. Environmental Chemistry
2.2. Matter and Cycles of Matter
2.3. The Anthrosphere and Environmental Chemistry
2.4. Technology and the Anthrosphere
2.5. Infrastructure
2.6. Components of the Anthrosphere that Influence the Environment
2.7. Effects of the Anthrosphere on Earth
2.8. Integration of the Anthrosphere into the Total Environment
2.9. Green Chemistry
Literature Cited
Supplementary References
Questions and Problems
CHAPTER 3.
FUNDAMENTALS OF AQUATIC CHEMISTRY
3.1. The Importance of Water
3.2. The Properties of Water, a Unique Substance
3.3. The Characteristics of Bodies of Water
3.4. Aquatic Life
3.5. Introduction to Aquatic Chemistry
3.6. Gases in Water
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Literature Cited
Supplementary References
Questions and Problems
CHAPTER 10. PARTICLES IN THE ATMOSPHERE
10.1. Particles in the Atmosphere
10.2. Physical Behavior of Particles in the Atmosphere
10.3. Physical Processes for Particle Formation
10.4. Chemical Processes for Particle Formation
10.5. The Composition of Inorganic Particles
10.6. Toxic Metals
10.7 Radioactive Particles
10.8. The Composition of Organic Particles
10.9. Effects of Particles
10.10.
Water as Particulate Matter
10.11. Atmospheric Chemical Reactions Involving Particles
10.12. Control of Particulate Emissions
Literature Cited
Supplementary References
Questions and Problems
CHAPTER 11. GASEOUS INORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS
11.1 Inorganic Pollutant Gases
11.2. Production and Control of Carbon Monoxide
11.3. Fate of Atmospheric CO
11.4. Sulfur Dioxide Sources and the Sulfur Cycle
11.5. Sulfur Dioxide Reactions in the Atmosphere
11.6. Nitrogen Oxides in the Atmosphere
11.7. Acid Rain
11.8. Ammonia in the Atmosphere
11.9. Fluorine, Chlorine, and Their Gaseous Compounds
11.10. Reduced Sulfur Gases
Literature Cited
Supplementary References
Questions and Problems
CHAPTER 12. ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS
12.1. Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere
12.2. Biogenic Organic Compounds
12.3. Pollutant Hydrocarbons
12.4. Carbonyl Compounds: Aldehydes and Ketones
12.5. Miscellaneous Oxygen-Containing Compounds
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15.6. Clays
15.7. Geochemistry
15.8. Groundwater in the Geosphere
15.9. Environmental Aspects of the Geosphere
15.10. Earthquakes
15.11. Volcanoes
15.12. Surface Earth Movement
15.13. Stream and River Phenomena
15.14. Phenomena at the Land/Ocean Interface
15.15. Phenomena at the Land/Atmosphere Interface
15.16. Effects of Ice
15.17. Effects of Human Activities
15,18. Air Pollution and the Geosphere
15.19. Water Pollution and the Geosphere
15.20. Waste Disposal and the Geosphere
Literature Cited
Supplementary References
Questions and Problems
CHAPTER 16. Soil and Agricultural Environmental Chemistry
16.1. Soil and Agriculture
16.2. Nature and Composition of Soil
16.3. Acid-Base and Ion Exchange Reactions in Soils
16.4. Macronutrients in Soil
16.5. Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium in Soil
16.6. Micronutrients in Soil
16.7. Fertilizers
16.8. Pollutants from Livestock Production
16.9. Pesticides and their Residues in Soil
16.10. Wastes and Pollutants in Soil
16.11. Soil Loss and Degradation
16.12. Saving the Land
16.13. Genetic Engineering and Agriculture
16.14. Green Chemistry and Sustainable Agriculture
16.15. Agriculture and Health
Literature Cited
Supplementary References
Questions and Problems
CHAPTER 17. GREEN CHEMISTRY AND INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY
17.1. Changing the Bad Old Ways
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