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Design and Correction of optical


Systems
Part 14: Optical system classification
Summer term 2012
Herbert Gross

Overview

1. Basics

2012-04-18

2. Materials

2012-04-25

3. Components

2012-05-02

4. Paraxial optics

2012-05-09

5. Properties of optical systems

2012-05-16

6. Photometry

2012-05-23

7. Geometrical aberrations

2012-05-30

8. Wave optical aberrations

2012-06-06

9. Fourier optical image formation

2012-06-13

10. Performance criteria 1

2012-06-20

11. Performance criteria 2

2012-06-27

12. Measurement of system quality

2012-07-04

13. Correction of aberrations 1

2012-07-11

14. Optical system classification

2012-07-18

2012-04-18

Content

14.1 Overview and classification


14.2 Achromate
14.3 Collimator
14.4 Microscope optics
14.5 Photographic optics
14.6 Zoom lenses
14.7 Telescopes
14.8 Miscellaneous
14.9 Lithographic projection systems

Field-Aperture-Diagram
w

Classification of systems with


field and aperture size

photographic
Biogon

40
lithography
Braat 1987

Scheme is related to size,


correction goals and etendue
of the systems

36
32
Triplet
Distagon

28

Aperture dominated:
Disk lenses, microscopy,
Collimator
Field dominated:
Projection lenses,
camera lenses,
Photographic lenses

24
Sonnar

20
projection

16
12

double
Gauss

split
triplet

projection

projection
Gauss

lithography
2003

diode
collimator

achromat

0.2

0.4

micro
100x0.9

micro
40x0.6

micro
10x0.4

Spectral widthz as a correction


requirement is missed in this chart

constant
etendue

Petzval

disc

0.6

0.8

microscopy
collimator
focussing

NA

Typical Example Systems 1

1. Photo objective lens

2. Microscope objective lens

3. Binocular

4. Infrared afocal system

Typical Example Systems 2

5. Relay optics

6. Scan-objective lens

7. Collimator objective lens


possible surfaces
under test

Typical Example Systems 3

8. Projector lens

9. Telescope

M1

M2

10. Lithography projection


lens

M3

Typical Example Systems 4

11. Illumination collector system

12. Illumination condenser system

image
free formed
surface

13. Head mounted display


total
internal
reflection
eye
pupil

free formed
surface
field angle 14

Typical Example Systems 5

eye

14. Stereo microscope

eyepiece
tube
system

zoom
system

common
objective
lens

object
plane
stereo
angle

common
axis

15. Zoom system


f = 61

f = 113

f = 166

Achromate

Achromate:
- Axial colour correction by cementing two
different glasses
- Bending: correction of spherical aberration at the
full aperture
- Aplanatic coma correction possible be clever
choice of materials

Crown in
front

Four possible solutions:


- Crown in front, two different bendings
- Flint in front, two different bendings
Typical:
- Correction for object in infinity
- spherical correction at center wavelength
with zone
- diffraction limited for NA < 0.1
- only very small field corrected

Flint in
front

solution 1

solution 2

Achromate: Realization Versions

Advantage of cementing:
solid state setup is stable at sensitive middle surface with large curvature
Disadvantage:
loss of one degree of freedom
Different possible realization
forms in practice

Achromate : Basic Formulas

Idea:
1. Two thin lenses close together with different materials
2. Total power

F = F1 + F2

3. Achromatic correction condition


Individual power values

F1

F1 =

F2

=0

1 2
1

F2 =

1 1
2

Properties:
1. One positive and one negative lens necessary
2. Two different sequences of plus (crown) / minus (flint)
3. Large -difference relaxes the bendings
4. Achromatic correction indipendent from bending
5. Bending corrects spherical aberration at the margin
6. Aplanatic coma correction for special glass choices
7. Further optimization of materials reduces the spherical zonal aberration

Achromate: Correction

Cemented achromate:
6 degrees of freedom:
3 radii, 2 indices, ratio 1/2
Correction of spherical aberration:
diverging cemented surface with positive
spherical contribution for nneg > npos
s'
rim

Choice of glass: possible goals


1. aplanatic coma correction
2. minimization of spherochromatism
3. minimization of secondary spectrum

case with 2 solutions

Bending has no impact on chromatical


correction:
is used to correct spherical aberration
at the edge
Three solution regions for bending
1. no spherical correction
2. two equivalent solutions
3. one aplanatic solution, very stable

case without solution,


only sperical minimum

case with
one solution
and coma
correction

Achomatic solutions in the Glass Diagram

flint
negative lens

crown
positive lens
Achromat

Achromate

Achromate

Longitudinal aberration
Transverse aberration
Spot diagram

486 nm
y'
= 486 nm

axis

rp
1
= 656 nm
sinu'
= 587 nm

1.4

486 nm
587 nm
656 nm

2
0

0.1

0.2

s'
[mm]

587 nm

656 nm

Achromate

Residual aberrations of an achromate


Clearly seen:
1. Distortion
2. Chromatical magnification
3. Astigmatism

Collimation

Collimating source radiation:


Finite divergence angle is reality
Geometrical part due to finite size :

D
G =
f

Diffraction part:

D =

Defocussing contribution to divergence

2 z
sin u
f
divergence G/2

source

Collimator Optics

0.1

Monochromatic doublet
Correction only spherical and coma:
Seidel surface contributions
Limiting : astigmatism and curvature

spherical

0
-0.1
5

coma

0
-5
2

astigmatism

0
-2

curvature

0
-2

Enlarged aperture : meniscus added

distortion

2
0
-2
-4

sum

Collimator Optics

Enlarging numerical aperture by aplanatic-concentric meniscus lenses


Extreme good correction of spherical aberration
a) NA = 0.124

b) NA = 0.187

Wrms
0.2

NA = 0.124
NA = 0.187
NA = 0.277

0.15

c) NA = 0.277
0.1
diffraction limit
0.05

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

w []

Microscopy - Image Planes and Pupils

Upper row : image planes


Lower row : pupil planes
Khler setup

Upright-Microscope
film plane

Sub-systems:
1. Detection / Imaging path

photo
camera

1.1 objective lens


1.2 tube with tube lens and

eyepiece

binocular beam splitter


1.3 eyepieces
1.4 optional equipment
for photo-detection

intermediate
image
binocular
beamsplitter

tube lens

collector

2. Illumination
2.1 lamps with collector and filters

lamp

objective
lens

object

2.2 field aperture


2.3 condenser with aperture stop

condensor

collector

lamp

Microscope Objective Lens


0.5

Seidel surface contributions

spherical

-0.5

for 100x/0.90
No field flattening group

0.02

coma

0
-0.02

Lateral color in tube lens corrected


astigmatism

4
2
0
-2
-4
5

curvature

0
-5
2

distortion

0
-2
0.02

axial
chromatic

0
-0.02
1

lateral
chromatic

0
-1

sum

10

13
11
1

Microscope Objective Lens: Flattening

Three different classes:


1. No effort
2. Semi-flat

DS

3. Completely flat
1

not
plane

0.8

plane
diffraction
limit

0.6

0.4
semi
plane

0.2

0
0

0.5

0.707

rel.
field

Microscope Objective Lens

Possible setups for flattening


the field

a)
single
meniscus
lense

Goal:
- reduction of Petzval sum
- keeping astigmatism corrected

b)
two
meniscus
lenses

c)
symmetrical
triplet

d)
achromatized
meniscus lens

e)
two
meniscus
lenses
achromatized

f)
modIfied
achromatized
triplet solution

Microscopic Objective Lens

mechanical
setup

Classification
Special

Quasi-Symmetrical Angle

Extrem Wide Angle

Topogon

Fish Eye

Telecentric I

Metrogon

Telecentric II

Families of photographic lenses


Long history
Not unique

Compact

Pleon
Super-Angulon

Hypergon
Telephoto

Panoramic
Lens

Wide Angle Retrofocus


Retrofocus

Pleogon

Hologon

SLR

Flektogon
Distagon

Catadioptric

Plastic
Aspheric I

Plastic Aspheric
II

IR Camera Lens

UV Lens

Biogon

Triplets
Vivitar

Retrofocus II

Singlets
Less Symmetrical
Landscape

Ernostar II

Ernostar

Triplet

Pentac

Heliar

Hektor

Achromatic
Landscape

Inverse Triplet

Sonnar

Petzval

Symmetrical Doublets
Petzval
Projection

Petzval, Portrait

Dagor

Rapid
Rectilinear
Aplanat

Quadruplets
Double Gauss
Biotar / Planar

Petzval,Portrait flat

Ultran

Double Gauss II

Noctilux

Kino-Plasmat

Celor

Dagor
reversed

Periskop

Quasi-Symmetrical Doublets
Orthostigmatic
Tessar

Plasmat

R-Biotar

Unar

Protar

Antiplanet

Angulon

Photographic Lenses

Tessar

Distagon

Double Gauss
Tele system

Super Angulon
Wide angle
Fish-eye

Retrofocus Lenses

Example lens 2

Distagon

Fish-Eye-Lens

Nikon 210

Pleon
(air reconnaissance)

Change of Focal Length

Distance t increased
First lens fixed

changed
distance
t

moved
lens

changed focal
length f

Change of Focal Length

Distance t increased
Image plane fixed

two lenses moved


t

image
plane

Performance Variation over z

System layout

f1

f2

f = 50 mm
t2

f = 67 mm

f = 100 mm

f = 133 mm

f = 200 mm

f3

f4

Performance Variation over z

Seidel
spherical aberration

surface
contrib.

coma

0.1

0.1

0.5

-0.1

-0.1

-0.5

lens 1

-0.2
1
0.2

-0.1

-0.1

-0.5

5 -0.2 1
0.2

-0.1

-0.1

-0.5

5 -0.2 1
0.2

-0.1

-0.1

0.5

5 -0.2 1

0
-5

5
5
0

-5

5
0.5

0.1

-5

0.1

sum

5
0.5

lens 3

-5

0.1

0.1

-5

5
0.5

lens 2

-5

0.1

0.1

lateral chromatical

axial chromatical

distortion

0.2

5
0

-5
-5
1

Zoom Lens

group 1

Zoom lens
Three moving groups

group 2

group 3
e)
f' = 203 mm
w = 5.64
F# = 16.6

d)
f' = 160 mm
w = 7.13
F# = 13.7

c)
f' = 120 mm
w = 9.46
F# = 10.9

b)
f' = 85 mm
w = 13.24
F# = 8.5

a)
f' = 72 mm
w = 15.52
F# = 7.7

Basic Refractive Telescopes

Kepler typ:
- internal focus

Telescope
pupil

a) Kepler/Fraunhofer

- longer total track

intermediate
focus

->0

Eyepiece

Eye pupil
telescope focal length f T

Galilei typ:
- no internal focus

Telescope
pupil

eyepiece focal
length f E

b) Galilei

- shorter total track


-<0

Eye pupil
telescope focal length f

eyepiece focal
length f E

Catadioptric Telescopes
M1

L1

Maksutov compact

L2
M2

L3

L4, L5

M1

Klevtsov
M2

L1, L2

Astronomical Telescope

Primary and
secondary mirror

Telecentric Systems

Typical :
system layout with two groups
Telecentricity error due to vignetting
Telecentricity forces large diameters

486 nm

587 nm

656 nm

wtele []
0.9

axis

0.8

chief
ray

0.7
0.6
0.5

centre ray

0.4
0.3
0.2

0.1
0
-0.1
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

y'/y'max

Relay Systems: Endoscopes

Transport over large distances


Combination of several relay subsystems
Large field-angle objective lens
Applications: Technical or medical
objective

1. relay

Different subsystems:

3. relay

2. relay

Wrms [
]
0.5
0.4
486 nm
587 nm
656 nm

0.3
0.2
0.1

diffraction limit
0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

y'
[mm]

Handy Phone Objective lenses

Examples

Ref: T. Steinich

Beam Guiding Systems

Transport of laser light over large


distances
Adaptation of beam diameter
Solutions :
Telescopes of Kepler or Galilei type

a)
=5

b)
=5

c)
=4

d)
= 50

adjustment
e)
=4

Beam Guiding Systems

Comparison:
Kepler:
- internal focus
- large overall length

dark colours : Kepler / bright colours : Galilei


0.02
0
spherical
-0.02
0.01

coma

Galilei:
- shorter length
- better correction

-0.01
2
astigmatism 0
-2
2

curvature

0
-2
1

distortion

0
-1

sum

Navarro Eye Model

459 nm

Wide angle model for larger fields


Parameters for all accomodations
Description of chromatical aberrations

15

30
20
15

20

30

550 nm

632 nm

Optical Illusion

The rings seems


to move

Abbe Orthoscopic Eyepiece

Distortion corrected
General problems with eyepieces:
- remote eye pupil
- typical eye relief 22 mm

ASTIGMATIC
FIELD CURVES

DISTORTION

1.000

8.000

8.000

0.750

6.000

6.000

0.500

4.000

4.000

0.250

2.000

2.000

18

10

0
-1.000

0.000
DIOPTER

1.000

-3.000

0.000

3.000

DIOPTER
tan

-20.00

0.00
Distortion (%)

sag

20.00

20 arcmin

LONGITUDINAL
SPHERICAl ABER.

Scan System

Non-telecentric

a) standard distortion

y/ymax

Scan angle 2x30

c) wave aberration

b) f-
-distortion

y/ymax

Wrms [
]
0.1
0.08

Monochromatic

0.06

F--corrected

0.5

0.5

0.04
0.02

-10%

10% -0.2%

0.2%

15

30

10

15

20

24

28

30.4

Lithographic Lenses

System with
1. Illumination (horizonthal)
2. Mask projection (vertical)

Lithographic Lens Example Layouts


stop
reticle
mask

reticle

1. relay group

intermediate
image

stop

reticle

mask

mirror
with relay
group
2. relay group

wafer

Lithographic Optics

EUV -Tool 2008

50

Summary of Important Topics

A possible classification of optical systems is a sorting into field size and aperture size
Aperture, field size and width of wavelength range are responsable for complexity
Achromate: chromatical and spherical correction
Achromate: additional degree of freedom allows for coma correction or reduction of
spherochromatism
Achromate: different realization options possible
There exist quite different types of optical systems with individual specific problems

Outlook
Next lecture:
Date:

Special lectures and applications in the context of optical design


Winter term / October 2012

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