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Get Started With More Efficient Irrigation Systems

Posted April 24, 2014 by David Bainbridge (http://permaculturenews.org/author/david-bainbridge/) & filed under Irrigation (http://permaculturenews.org/category/water/irrigation/),
Water Conservation (http://permaculturenews.org/category/water/conservation/), Water Harvesting (http://permaculturenews.org/category/water/water-harvesting/).

Introduction
The world water crisis is undisputable, yet surprisingly little work is being done to promote, develop and understand more efficient, low cost irrigation systems. Drip is considered
the choice but is ill suited for remote areas with low technology and unpressurized, unfiltered water systems. The systems described here will work well and use less water than
drip. Capturing and utilizing any rain that falls is also desirable. First, make use of catchments and hard surfaces to collect rainwater in cisterns. Then save as much water on the
land as possible with micro catchments, pitting, swales and imprinting. Check dams in the gullies of course. Mulch, compost or brush bits if you have them.
Alternative irrigation systems
I have worked with and tested many alternative systems from traditional cultures and worked on new methods that work well and use much less water. These generally also reduce
weed growth, minimize disease problems and improve yield. These systems include many you may never have heard of, including:
a. Deep pipe irrigation
Deep pipe irrigation uses an open vertical or near vertical pipe to concentrate irrigation water in the deep root zone. Experiments in
Africa showed that grape vine weight on a deep pipe drip system was more than double the weight found with surface drip and more than
six times the vine weight of conventional surface irrigation. Deep pipe has been the most effective system for many of my restoration
projects. I usually will use 4-5 cm diameter plastic pipe placed vertically in the soil 30-60 cm deep near the seedling or tree with a screen
cover (6 mm screen) to keep out lizards and animals. These can be glued on with silicone caulk or polyurethane glue. A series of small
holes should be spaced down the side of the pipe nearest the plant. Mark it near the top with paint to get the alignment right. Bamboo
with the nodes punched out works also, but wrap the bamboo with a few turns of twine or wire to prevent splitting.
Deep pipe irrigation can be used with low quality water. It is possible to set up with simple materials and unskilled labor without extensive
support systems (pressurized filtered water is not needed). The deep pipes provide better water use efficiency (due to reduced
evaporation) and weed control. They also enable water to be applied quickly and efficiently with no runoff waste even on steep slopes.
Deep pipe irrigation with drip emitters installed in 13 mm pipe was also very effective. This provides for deep irrigation but makes it easy
to check and repair emitters.
A commercial system is now sold in the USA as DeepDrip.

Deep pipe drip

Deep pipe drip

b. Watering into tree shelter
Tree shelters like Tubex can be inserted into the ground around (over) a seedling and used for watering by simply pouring water into the mini-dam. The amount of water can be
calibrated by marking a fill line on the shelter. Irrigating into tree shelters has worked well for species that tolerate getting wet or on sites with fast draining soil. The tree shelters
also improve survival by limiting wind exposure, increasing humidity around the plant, eliminating sand blast, and minimizing herbivory. Combining tree shelters with catchment
basins is a good minimal cost irrigation system. Double wall tree shelters have worked better in the hottest desert climates.
c. Wick irrigation
Wicks look very promising, either in capillary wicking (slow), gravity fed (moderate), or pressurized (fast) wick mode. Nylon wicks made with woven (not braided), washed and
weathered nylon or polyester rope have been best. You can test them by hanging them down into a bucket of water with some food coloring in it and watching the capillary rise.
The flow rate will depend on the type of system and wick. Gulf Rope makes a wick rope for herbicide spreaders that works. A Palo Verde seedling in a bucket of 16 grit silica sand
in a very hot and dry greenhouse used only 20-30 ml/day. I have been working with wicks since 1989 and have found that 11 mm wick works well. A gravity flow rate using 11 mm
new washed solid braid nylon and the hose clamp tightened one turn past snug released about 1 liter/hour. I will usually tighten further, for a release rate of 20 l in 3-5 days. These
require some attention to adjust as plant demand and flow rate varies over time.

Gravity wick
Gravity flow moved moisture down a vertical wick from an open reservoir 1.8 m in 8 minutes and 4.5 m in about 15 minutes. This suggests they will work well for deep watering to
get roots to groundwater at 2-5 m. Capillary rise in polyester rope was 46 cm up in 6 hours. Do your own tests to make sure your wicks will work. Use a food coloring in the water to
help see water flow in the wick.
With 20 l reservoirs and 11 mm solid braid nylon rope wicks washed once, starting in a short length of ~12mm inside vinyl tubing with a hose clamp, the survival was 100% at 5
years after minimal watering for just two years. In 2013 the same wick material performed well in a large garden test. Dr. Preslav Trenchev in Australia has used wicks to irrigate nut
tree orchards. About 6,000 nut trees were irrigated for 2 years by this method on 27 farms around Sydney. Seedlings got a 5 liter plastic bucket with a gravity wick with rain
collected by an aluminum tray glued to the cover of the bucket. The Groasis Waterboxx, a commercial product, also combines a wick with reservoir and rainwater collection. A low
cost wick irrigation system might be made by inserting a wick in the bottom corner of a sturdy plastic garbage bag. This partly filled bag with 80-120 l could provide a couple of
months of water for seedlings or young shrubs or trees.
d. Buried clay pot irrigation
Buried clay pot (olla, pitcher) irrigation (http://permaculturenews.org/2010/09/16/ollas-unglazed-clay-pots-for-garden-irrigation/) uses a buried, unglazed terra cotta clay pot filled
with water to provide a steady supply of water to plants growing nearby. The water seeps out through the walls of the buried clay pot at a rate that is in part determined by the water
used by the plant. This auto regulation leads to very high irrigation efficiency. I found out about this system in an ag extension book by Fan Sheng-chi from ancient China (~50
BCE). Fan Sheng-chi was tasked with improving yields for farmers who had too little land and little water.

Clay pot garden

By selecting covers that collect rainfall any precipitation that does fall can be conserved and utilized. Ollas designed for irrigation are increasingly being sold in the USA, but they
are still rare. Most standard red clay garden pots are suitable for irrigation if the bottom hole is plugged. Silicone caulk or epoxy works better than rubber stoppers or corks. Buried
clay pot irrigation is also very effective for irrigating cuttings, in the nursery or in the field. In the nursery a sealed pot is placed within a larger pot with the drain left open, with sand
or potting mix between them. The interior pot is filled with water and maintains moisture in the soil.

Clay pot herbs

e. Porous capsule irrigation
Porous capsule irrigation is an efficient modern adaptation of buried clay pot irrigation. WetPots are now available in Australia. A great system! Porous capsules can be more easily
tied into a piped network than buried clay pots. If you cant buy them you can make them by gluing clay pots or pots and pot bases together. They have been effective, but are
more costly to make and install than buried clay pots or deep pipes.

Homemade porous capsule

Buried porous clay pipes are similar to porous capsules. Finding porous pipe is a challenge, but its sold in Japan. Old drain tiles may also be suitable. In a study of buried porous
clay pipe in France, water use was cut 80%, chemical fertilizer use was reduced 50% and corn yield increased 83%, melons 48% and potatoes 34%.
f. Porous hose irrigation (leaky hose, sweaty hose, soaker hose, leaky pipe)
Porous hose irrigation parts are readily available and reduce water use. But placing sections of porous hose vertically like a deep pipe is much more efficient. A hose designed for
low pressure is needed. This can be connected to a water bottle or a tank and distributing system. Trials of vertically placed 30 cm long 1 cm diameter porous hose were very
encouraging. A series of porous hoses in a triangle arrangement can be used to develop wind firmness in very windy areas.

Porous hose on bottle

g. Perforated pipe
Buried slotted drainage pipe run beneath the soil can work much like a horizontal deep pipe. This 10 cm slotted drain pipe has been very successful in installing windbreaks in the
Mojave Desert. One run is almost a kilometre. Vertical standpipes with screen covers at about 100 foot intervals are filled from a water truck to water the plants. Filling risers are
tied to posts at intervals based on slope and flow direction.

(http://permaculturenews.org)

Slotted pipe install, Mojave Desert

h. Micro catchments
Micro catchments are specially contoured with slopes and berms to increase rain runoff and concentrate it. Rain drains into a planting basin where it infiltrates and is effectively
stored in the soil profile.
Micro catchments are simple and inexpensive to construct and can be built rapidly using local materials and manpower. The runoff water has a low salt content and, because it
does not have to be transported or pumped, is relatively inexpensive. Micro catchments enhance leaching and often reduce soil salinity. The primary drawback of micro catchments
is that they work only if it rains. Micro catchments improved survival and growth of our transplants in the Mojave Desert. Micro catchments with irrigation can be even better deep
pipes or porous capsules might be best.
i. Waffle gardens
Planting in depressions with compacted walkways between small sections provides some microclimate improvement for the plant and captures added rainfall. The walkways can be
rock lined. These waffle gardens were used by the Hopi people in the American Southwest.

Waffle garden
j. Drip the problem is
Drip systems require too much water, typically two to four liters per emitter per hour, and they demand regulated water pressure and careful filtration. In addition, we have found
that many animals will chew tubing (often called spaghetti tubing) and pipes even when open water is available nearby (including coyotes, rabbits, and dogs). In one study we did
using repellants to protect seedlings, all the spaghetti tubing was chewed up before the plants were attacked. We have also tried repellents on the tubing to little avail. The emitters
are also easily blocked with sediment and salt, and several insect species plug the emitters. Drip systems are also easily vandalized and repairs can be costly. Supply interruptions
can cause plant damage fairly quickly.

Porous hose drip

3. Try alternative irrigation help advance the knowledge
The cost of all of these systems is modest and they work. Try them! Plants should also receive a tree shelter if possible or a fence to reduce windblast and chewing by animals and
insects. These alternative and little-known irrigation systems can dramatically increase survival and improve plant growth even in severe desert conditions. Supplemental irrigation
for seedling shrubs and trees should be provided for as long as possible, perhaps once every two weeks the first three months and then once a month for two summers. Water
demands for the garden will be higher but may still require refills just once a week. These effective and efficient irrigation systems should be considered for gardens, farms,
restoration, landscaping and interior greenscapes because they save water and time.
Suppliers:
Deep DripB. Watering Stakes: www.deepdrip.com (http://www.deepdrip.com)
Ollas for buried clay pot irrigation: www.drippingspringsollas.com (http://drippingspringsollas.com/)
Wick rope: www.gulfrope.com/agriculturehorticulture.html (http://www.gulfrope.com/agriculturehorticulture.html%20)
Porous hose (leaky pipe, sweaty hose, soaker hose) Leaky Pipes LP12UH will work down to 1metre head (0.1bar, 50 & 100 metre rolls): www.leakypipe.co.uk
(http://www.leakypipe.co.uk)
Porous capsules Wetpot Industries, Paddington QLD www.wateringsystems.net (http://wateringsystems.net/)
More information:
My papers and presentations free on line at http://works.bepress.com/david_a_bainbridge (http://works.bepress.com/david_a_bainbridge).
Powerpoint slide show on alternative irrigation http://works.bepress.com/david_a_bainbridge/9/ (http://works.bepress.com/david_a_bainbridge/9/)
Coming soon Bainbridge, D. A. Super-efficient Irrigation. Storey Press. TBA.
Bainbridge, D. A. A Guide for Desert and Dryland Restoration: New Hope for Arid Lands. Island Press. 2007.
Further Reading:
Imprinting Soils Creating Instant Edge for Large Scale Revegetation of Barren Lands (http://permaculturenews.org/2012/09/19/imprinting-soils-creating-instant-edge-forlarge-scale-revegetation-of-barren-lands/)
Bamboo Drip Irrigation (http://permaculturenews.org/2014/02/28/bamboo-drip-irrigation/)
Swale Pathways (http://permaculturenews.org/2014/03/04/swale-pathways-tasmania-australia/)
Letters from Jordan On Consultation at Jordans Largest Farm, and Contemplating Transition (http://permaculturenews.org/2010/08/06/letters-from-jordan-on-consultation-atjordans-largest-farm-and-contemplating-transition/)
Desert Food Forest and Organic Commercial Production in Three Years Update on Wadi Rum Consultancy (Jordan) (http://permaculturenews.org/2013/12/10/desert-foodforest-organic-commercial-production-three-years-update-wadi-rum-consultancy/)
UNCCD Land for Life Award Winners for 2013 (India, Mexico, Africa): Practical, Doable, Magic (http://permaculturenews.org/2013/11/30/unccd-land-life-award-winners-2013india-mexico-africa/)
The Miracle Water Village Water Harvesting in India (video) (http://permaculturenews.org/2013/10/16/the-miracle-water-village-water-harvesting-in-india-video/)
Water Retention Landscape Techniques for Farm and Garden (http://permaculturenews.org/2013/08/08/water-retention-landscape-techniques-for-farm-and-garden/)
How to be Water Wise (http://permaculturenews.org/2013/07/23/how-to-be-water-wise/)
Like

351 people like this.

14

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10 Responses to Get Started W ith More Efficient Irrigation Systems

Koen
I miss the Groasis Waterboxx here. Its a bit costly, but can be used several times over. The program contains several elements, such as specific planting instructions,
knowledge about deep rooting of plants, the use of micorrhiza and lots more. It can all be read on the website, http://www.groasis.com/en (http://www.groasis.com/en) . The
device uses the water vapour, dew and rain from the sky rather than your own input. I find especially all the available knowledge about the development of strong roots a
fascinating read. The idea is to generate such a strong plant that it can survive on its own, with the water it finds in the soil itself. Apparently its not only used for trees, but
vegetables as well.
April 24th, 2014 (http://permaculturenew s.org/2014/04/24/get-started-efficient-irrigation-systems/#comment-1682579)

Reply (/2014/04/24/get-started-ef f icient-irrigation-systems/?replytocom=1682579#respond)

Craig Mackintosh PRI Editor

Hi Koen. The Waterboxx does get a mention near the end of section c.
April 24th, 2014 (http://permaculturenew s.org/2014/04/24/get-started-efficient-irrigation-systems/#comment-1682582)

Reply (/2014/04/24/get-started-ef f icient-irrigation-systems/?replytocom=1682582#respond)

Koen
Oops, should have read more carefully Very good article though! Its a subject that deserves a lot more attention world wide.
April 25th, 2014 (http://permaculturenew s.org/2014/04/24/get-started-efficient-irrigation-systems/#comment-1683787)

Reply (/2014/04/24/get-started-ef f icient-irrigation-systems/?replytocom=1683787#respond)

Dylan (http://sugarloafpermaculture.net)
Thanks for the article David. Nicely put together and explained. Definitely some useful ideas here. Thank you very much!
April 24th, 2014 (http://permaculturenew s.org/2014/04/24/get-started-efficient-irrigation-systems/#comment-1683508)

Reply (/2014/04/24/get-started-ef f icient-irrigation-systems/?replytocom=1683508#respond)

Jeremy
Why not braided rope?
April 24th, 2014 (http://permaculturenew s.org/2014/04/24/get-started-efficient-irrigation-systems/#comment-1683524)

Reply (/2014/04/24/get-started-ef f icient-irrigation-systems/?replytocom=1683524#respond)

Dylan
Nice article, only one non plastic solution?
April 25th, 2014 (http://permaculturenew s.org/2014/04/24/get-started-efficient-irrigation-systems/#comment-1683734)

Reply (/2014/04/24/get-started-ef f icient-irrigation-systems/?replytocom=1683734#respond)

Craig Mackintosh PRI Editor

Thats one of the reasons I am not so excited about the Groasis Waterboxx all that expensive-to-produce plastic all over the landscape just doesnt do it for me. I prefer
options like imprinting, which is why I put this link at top of the Further Reading section of the article above:
http://permaculturenews.org/2012/09/19/imprinting-soils-creating-instant-edge-for-large-scale-revegetation-of-barren-lands/
(http://permaculturenews.org/2012/09/19/imprinting-soils-creating-instant-edge-for-large-scale-revegetation-of-barren-lands/)
April 25th, 2014 (http://permaculturenew s.org/2014/04/24/get-started-efficient-irrigation-systems/#comment-1684598)

Reply (/2014/04/24/get-started-ef f icient-irrigation-systems/?replytocom=1684598#respond)

Rebecca Willis
The FAO published a book about pitcher culture several years ago. Its in German. Has it been published in English?
April 25th, 2014 (http://permaculturenew s.org/2014/04/24/get-started-efficient-irrigation-systems/#comment-1684308)

Reply (/2014/04/24/get-started-ef f icient-irrigation-systems/?replytocom=1684308#respond)

Doreen,uganda
Very thrilled to read this now since ive been looking into better irrigation options for our community. Will dfnatly combine deep pipe & microcatchment! Am sure it will work
good.thnx
July 21st, 2014 (http://permaculturenew s.org/2014/04/24/get-started-efficient-irrigation-systems/#comment-1813800)

Ty Thompson

Reply (/2014/04/24/get-started-ef f icient-irrigation-systems/?replytocom=1813800#respond)

Ty Thompson
Ive read about the deep drip pipes and ollas before, I even thought that a deep drip pipe equipped with some kind of low pressure emitter could be the hot ticket for the area
Im looking to build my Permaculture farm in (high desert of Eastern Oregon, USA). Ollas are hard to come by where I currently live in Western Oregon, though I havent
checked any of the nurseries in the desert yet. Combining these technologies with good earthworks such as swales, gabions, keyline plowing and such could very well be the
key to re-greening deserts worldwide. Thanks for the well written article!
January 25th, 2015 (http://permaculturenew s.org/2014/04/24/get-started-efficient-irrigation-systems/#comment-2016661)

Reply (/2014/04/24/get-started-ef f icient-irrigation-systems/?replytocom=2016661#respond)

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(http://permaculturenews.org/2015/02/03/charge-permaculture-design-consultant/)

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