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STANDARD for
FORCEDCIRCULATION
AIR-COOLING
AND
AIR-HEATING
COILS
Standard 410
IMPORTANT
SAFETY RECOMMENDATIONS
It is strongly recommended that the product be designed, constructed, assembled and installed in accordance with
nationally recognized safety requirements appropriate for products covered by this standard.
ARI, as a manufacturers' trade association, uses its best efforts to develop standards employing state-of-the-art and
accepted industry practices. However, ARI does not certify or guarantee safety of any products, components or
systems designed, tested, rated, installed or operated in accordance with these standards or that any tests conducted
under its standards will be non-hazardous or free from risk.
Note:
For the purpose of this program, a packaged unit is an assembly of components including coil(s) whose
rating is based on a test of the complete assembly.
Certified Ratings
The following Certification Program ratings are verified by test:
a.
b.
c.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION
PAGE
Section 1.
Purpose ..................................................................................................................... 1
Section 2.
Scope ........................................................................................................................ 1
Section 3.
Definitions ................................................................................................................. 1
Section 4.
Classifications ............................................................................................................ 3
Section 5.
Section 6.
Rating Requirements................................................................................................ 14
Section 7.
Section 8.
Section 9.
Section 10.
Section 11.
Conformance Conditions.......................................................................................... 27
TABLES
Table 1.
Table 2.
Table 3.
Table 4.
FIGURES
Figure 1.
Combined Air Film and Metal Thermal Resistance for Dry Surface vs.
Air Film Thermal Resistance for Dry Surface ........................................................... 29
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Rating Data for Hot or Cold Water Sensible Heat Coils ........................................... 32
Figure 5.
Rating Data for Cold Water Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils ................................. 33
Figure 6.
Figure 7.
Figure 8.
Figure 9.
Surface Temperature Chart for Air Cooling and Dehumidifying Coil Application...... 37
Figure 10.
Figure 11.
Efficiency of Annular Fins of Constant Area for Heat Flow and Spiral Fins............... 39
Figure 12.
Figure 13.
Figure 14.
Figure 15.
Figure 16.
Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solution Performance for Smooth Internal Tube Wall
Coils ........................................................................................................................ 44
Figure 17.
Smooth Internal Tube Wall Heat Transfer Factor for Water ..................................... 45
APPENDICES
Appendix A. References - Normative............................................................................................ 46
Appendix B. References - Informative .......................................................................................... 47
FORCED-CIRCULATION AIR-COOLING
AND AIR-HEATING COILS
Section 1. Purpose
1.1 Purpose. The purpose of this standard is to establish
for Forced-Circulation Air-Cooling and Air-Heating
Coils: definitions; classifications; test requirements;
rating requirements; minimum data requirements for
Published Ratings; symbols and units; reference
properties and conversion factors; marking and
nameplate data; and conformance conditions.
1.1.1 Intent. This standard is intended for the
guidance of the industry, including manufacturers,
engineers, installers, contractors and users.
1.1.2 Review and Amendment. This standard is
subject to review and amendment as technology
advances.
Section 2. Scope
2.1 Scope. This standard applies to Forced-Circulation
Air-Cooling and Air-Heating Coils, as defined in Section
3 and classified in Section 4 of this standard, and for
application under non-frosting conditions.
This standard documents a fundamental means for
establishing coil performance by extension of laboratory
test data to other operating conditions and other coil sizes
and row depths.
Section 3. Definitions
All terms in this document shall follow the standard
industry definitions in the current edition of ASHRAE
Terminology of Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning
and Refrigeration unless otherwise defined in this
section.
3.1 Coil Line. For the purpose of this standard, a coil
line is defined as having the following in common:
a. Fluid (volatile refrigerant, water, steam or
aqueous ethylene glycol solution)
b. Tube size, spacing, arrangement (parallel or
staggered) or internal construction
c. Fin configuration (not spacing)
Steam Distributing.
c.
Steam Single-Tube.
Heating Coils
Volatile
Refrigerant
Cold
Water
Cold Ethylene
Glycol Solution
Steam
Hot
Water
Hot Ethylene
Glycol Solution
200 to 800
[1 to 4]
200 to 800
[1 to 4]
200 to 800
[1 to 4]
200 to 1,500
[1 to 8]
200 to 1,500
[1 to 8]
200 to 1,500
[1 to 8]
65 to 100
[18 to 38]
65 to 100
[18 to 38]
65 to 100
[18 to 38]
-20 to 100
[-29 to 38]
0.0 to 100
[-18 to 38]
-20 to 100
[-29 to 38]
60 to 85
[16 to 29]
60 to 85
[16 to 29]
60 to 85
[16 to 29]
---
---
---
---
1
1.0 to 8.0
[0.3 to 2.4]
2
1.0 to 6.0
[0.3 to 1.8]
---
0.5 to 8.0
[0.1 to 2.4
2
0.5 to 6.0
[0.1 to 1.8]
---
35 to 65
[1.7 to 18]
0.0 to 90
[-18 to 32]
---
120 to 250
[49 to 121]
0.0 to 200
[-18 to 93]
30 to 55
[-1.1 to 13]
---
---
---
---
---
6.0
[3.3]
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
2.0 to 250.0
[14 to 1723]
---
---
Maximum superheat in
steam at coil inlet, F [C]
---
---
---
50
[28]
---
---
Item
Concentration by mass, %
--
--
10 to 60
--
--
10 to 60
> 32
[> 0.0]
> 32
[> 0.0]
> 32
[> 0.0]
> 32
[> 0.0]
> 32
[> 0.0]
> 32
[> 0.0]
> 32
[> 0.0]
> 32
[> 0.0]
> 32
[> 0.0]
> 32
[> 0.0]
On lower limit, Re shall exceed 3100 at twm. Predicted performance and actual performance in the water velocity range below the
tube-side fluid velocity listed above is expected to show variations in excess of currently accepted tolerances for the following
reasons:
1) Application of coils at low velocity can lead to excessive fouling.
2) Application of coils at low velocity can lead to possible air entrapment.
3) Differences in coil design/type affect the variation in low Re heat transfer coefficient.
On lower limit, Re shall exceed 700 at tgm.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Section 4. Classifications
4.1 Coil Surface Dimensions, Terminology and Surface
Calculations.
4.1.1 Tube Arrangements
Combinations.
4.1.1.1
and
Types
of
Fin
Plate fins
adjacent fin
with
collars
touching
L f Ld
x e =
N t
0.5
L f Ld
x e =
0.5
xb =
D o + 2Y f
2
w = xe xb
fa
From the curve of w
6k f Y f
0.5
w 2 f a
k f Yf
0.5
for
b.
Do + Y f
2
d.
Do
2
Df
2
xb =
fa
From the curve of w
6k f Yr
0.5
Do
2
w 2 f a
k f Yr
w = xe xb
0.5
L f Ld N h Do + 2Y f 2
Do + 2Y f ( N h N t )Lc
As = N f
+
72
91.68
45.84
L L
N h Do + 2Y f 2
Do + 2Y f (N h N t )Lc
f d
= N f
500000
636688
318344
N t Do Lt N t N f Y f (Do 2Lc )
Ap =
45.84
N
D
L
N
t o t
t N f Y f (Do 2 Lc )
=
318344
b.
) (
As =
N f Nt
D 2f Do2 + 2 D f Ye
91.68
N f Nt
=
D 2f Do2 + 2 D f Ye
636688
D N
A p = o t Lt N f Yr
45.84
D N
= o t Lt N f Yr
318344
c.
N f N t
D 2f D n2
As =
Dn (Dn Do ) +
+ D f Ye
45.84
2
N f Nt
D 2f D n2
=
D n (D n Do ) +
+ D f Ye
318344
2
D N
A p = o t Lt N f Yr
45.84
D N
= o t Lt N f Yr
318344
d.
L f Ld
Do + 2Y f 2
L f + L d Y f
As = N t N f
+
72
91.68
72
L f Ld
Do + 2Y f
L f + Ld Y f
= N t N f
+
500000
636688
500000
Do + 2Y f N t
Ap =
Lt N f Y f
45.84
Do + 2Y f N t
Lt N f Y f
=
318344
) (
) (
1000000
Af =
Ao = As + A p
Di N t Lt
45.84
D N L
= i t t
318344
Ai =
B = Ao / Ai
Aix = 0.00545Di2 N c
= 7.85x10 7 Di2 N c
N p = Nt / Nc
N b = N p N ih 1
Le = 0.833 L s N p + Leb N b
= 0.001 Ls N p + Leb N b
)]
Type of Coil
No Test1
No Test2
No Test3
Test four-row, or fiverow, or six-row coil
The same steam ratings may be used as determined for steam distributing tube coil of same surface geometry.
The overall thermal resistance, R, may be determined by either of the following procedures:
RaD is determined from steam coil tests, assuming a steam-side heat transfer coefficient, fv, of 2000 Btu /(hft2F)
[11360 W/(m2C)]. One-row steam coil tests shall be used to determine RaD for one-row hot water coils. Onerow or two-row steam coil tests may be used to determine RaD for two-row hot water coils.
(b) RaD is determined from sensible cooling tests. One-row sensible cooling tests shall be used to determine RaD for
one-row hot water coils. One-row or two-row sensible cooling tests may be used to determine RaD for two- or
more-row hot water coils.
(c) For either (a) or (b) above, it is necessary to conduct isothermal water pressure drop tests per 5.4.7.
(a)
The air-side thermal resistance, RaD, may be determined as in 3 except that two-row coils shall be used.
A complete set of tests is not required, provided the air-side heat transfer coefficients, fa, as determined from a
sensible cooling water test series, are within 2.5% of those from four- or more-row tests. If this agreement exists for a
one-row coil, no test is required for a two-row coil.
Section 5. Test Requirements
10
tested to establish the correlation between the tubeside heat transfer coefficients, with and without
turbulators.
5.2.4 Fin Spacings.
Air film heat transfer
coefficients and air-side pressure drops for various
fin spacings may be determined without testing
provided that the interpolated fin spacing is between
two spacings previously tested which are not more
than 8 fins/in [315 fins/m] apart.
5.2.5 Optional Changes from Test Coil.
5.2.5.1 Changes Requiring No Test. After
establishing the original Standard Ratings,
one or more of the following changes can be
made or offered as an option in a coil line
without changing Published Ratings, provided
that the calculated influence of any or all of
b.
c.
d.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
11
12
13
- t1wb = Entering
depression
6.0F [3.3C]
wet-bulb
14
a.
b.
(1)
Do
ln
Di
BD D
= i ln o
2kt Di
1
(R aD ) (for dry surface)
R f =
cp
1
R aW
R f =
m"
As + A p
=
Ao
(2)
(2a)
(3)
Ao t m
R
(4)
R aD
+ Rt
(5)
(6)
R w = B
+ R ffa
fw
(7)
For steam:
Rv =
B
fv
(7a)
15
R g = B
+ R ffa
fg
(7b)
(7c)
t m =
(9a)
t1db t g 2
ln
t 2 db t g1
ww
224500 Aix
(t w2 t1db ) (t w1 t 2db )
t t
ln w2 1db
t w1 t 2 db
(10)
(t g 2 t1db ) (t g1 t 2db )
t g 2 t1db
ln
t g1 t 2 db
(10a)
(t1db t r1 ) (t 2db t rc 2 g )
t t
ln 1db r1
t 2 db t rc 2 g
(11)
ww
=
998.927 Aix
t m =
(t1db t g 2 ) (t 2db t g1 )
Vw =
t m =
wg
(t 2db t1db )
t vmg t1db
ln
t vmg t 2 db
(12)
3600 g Aix
wg
=
g Aix
t m =
(t 2db t1db )
t v 2 g t1db
ln
t v 2 g t 2 db
(12a)
(t1db t w2 ) (t 2db t w1 )
t t
ln 1db w 2
t 2 db t w1
16
qt =
AD t m
= q tD = Dry surface capacity
R
(13)
b.
Temperature
a.
Coil Depth
Graphic representation of Equations (15) and
(16)
t m =
hm =
(t1db t w2 ) (t Bdb t wB )
t t
ln 1db w 2
t Bdb t wB
(15)
(h B hsB ) (h2 hs 2 )
(16)
h B hsB
ln
h2 hs 2
For thermal counterflow volatile refrigerant
coils:
Temperature
For the wet part of the coil, the wet surface area,
AW, or the corresponding total heat capacity, qtW,
is calculated by using the mean air enthalpy
difference between the air stream and that
corresponding to the coil surface temperature.
Equations relating the average or rated total heat
capacity, qt, to both air- and tube-side fluid, by a
material heat balance, are given in applicable
paragraphs of ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 33.
The identical total heat capacity, qt,
corresponding to this material heat balance, for
the general case where a portion of the coil
surface area operates dry is:
Enthalpy
h1 h2
AW hm
= q tW = Wet surface capacity
c p R aW
Enthalpy
c p (t1db t 2 db )
(14)
where:
6.2.3.1 Sensible Heat Ratio. The ratio of airside sensible-to-total heat is calculated as
follows:
q s /q t =
AD t m AW hm
+
R
c p R aW
17
hm =
(h B hsB ) (h2 hs 2 )
h hsB
ln B
h2 hs 2
C=
(16a)
Enthalpy
Temperature
Coil Depth
Graphic
representation of Equations (15b) and (16b)
hm =
(h B hsB ) (h2 hs 2 )
h hsB
ln B
h2 hs 2
(15b)
(16b)
18
Rm + Rr
(for volatile refrigerant)
c p R aW
aqueous
ethylene
glycol
(17b)
C=
t1db t g 2
ln
t Bdb t gB
(for
solution)
(t1db t g 2 ) (t Bdb t gB )
c p R aW
(15a)
C=
t m =
Rm + R g
C=
ts tw
(for water)
h hs
t s t rg
h hs
ts tg
h hs
(18)
(for
aqueous
solution)
ethylene
(18a)
glycol
(18b)
(19)
(17)
For thermal counterflow volatile refrigerant
coils:
(17a)
hB =
(19a)
y=
y=
t w2 t w1
(for water coils)
h1 h2
t r1 t rc 2 g
t g 2 t g1
h1 h2
(20)
h1 h2
(for
aqueous
solution coils)
(24a)
(19b)
C+y
where:
y=
ethylene
glycol
Ao
Ao
=
60c p wa R aD 14.58wa R aD
(25)
Ao
Ao
=
=
1000c p wa R aD 1017 wa R aD
(20b)
and also:
(21)
The total heat load for the dry surface region is:
qtD = 60wa (h1 h B )
(22)
= [1000wa (h1 h B )]
The total heat load for the wet surface region is:
qtW = q t q tD
h2 hs t 2 db t s
=
h1 hs
t1db t s
(26)
(27)
(28)
(23)
e c =
(24)
19
Thermal Conductivity, k
Btuft/(hft2F)
[103 Wmm/(m2C)]
128.3 [221.7]
111.7 [193.0]
89.2 [154.1]
226.0 [390.5]
196.0 [338.7]
92.0 [159.0]
26.0 [44.9]
17.0 [29.4]
64.0 [110.6]
30.0 [51.8]
9.4 [16.2]
14.4 [24.9]
9.3 [16.1]
F [C]
77 [25]
77 [25]
77 [25]
68 [20]
68 [20]
68 [20]
68 [20]
68 [20]
68 [20]
212 [100]
212 [100]
212 [100]
212 [100]
20
Temperature
R vs. V a
b.
p st
vs. V a
Nr
c.
p tv
w
vs. v
Le v vmg
Nc
R aD vs. V a
b.
c.
p st
vs. V a
Nr
d.
h Lt
vs. V w
Le Ft
R aW vs. V a
b.
p sw
vs. V a
Nr
R aD vs. V a
d.
p st
vs. V a
Nr
e.
h Lt
vs. V w
Le Ft
21
R r vs.
qt
Nc
p rc
w
vs. r
Le v rc 2 g
Nc
p st
vs. V a
Nr
d.
p sw
vs. V a
Nr
e.
R aD vs. V a
f.
R aW vs. V a
22
c.
R aD vs. V a
d.
R aW vs. V a
e.
f.
p st
vs. V a
Nr
g.
p sw
vs. V a
Nr
Standard Ratings.
6.4.1 Tolerances. Standard Ratings shall be such
that any coil selected at random will have a total
capacity, when tested, not less than 95% of its
published total capacity. Published values of air-side
pressure drop, under test, shall not be exceeded by
more than 10%, or 0.02 in H2O [5 Pa], whichever is
greater. Published values of tube-side pressure drop,
under test, shall not be exceeded by more than 10%,
or 1.0 ft of fluid [0.3048 m of fluid], whichever is
greater.
6.4.2 Computations. Computations for Standard
Ratings shall be based on heat transfer coefficients
and coil characteristics obtained by Laboratory Tests.
In this standard, expressions for logarithmic mean
effective differences, tm and hm, are only
illustrated for the case of thermal counterflow
between the air- and tube-side fluids, as defined
under 6.2.2 and 6.2.3.2. It shall be the responsibility
of the manufacturer to include appropriate
allowances to these logarithmic mean effective
where the air sensible heat ratio, qs/qt < 0.95. For
conditions where qs/qt 0.95, use the dry surface,
sensible heat method described in 6.4.4.
A
suggested method for rating cold water cooling and
dehumidifying coils is shown on Form 410-6.
Standard Ratings for determining either total
external surface area, Ao, requirements or total heat
capacity, qt, for specific job conditions may be
obtained by use of the following data:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
6.4.6 Volatile
Refrigerant
Cooling
and
Dehumidifying Coils. This method of rating is for
application where the air sensible heat ratio, qs/qt <
0.95.
For conditions where qs / qt 0.95, use the dry
surface, sensible heat method described in 6.4.4
except for the following change of data
a.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
b.
c.
23
h.
i.
24
As
Letter Symbols.
Area, ft2 [m2]
Total internal surface area, ft2 [m2]
Total external surface area, ft2 [m2]
Primary surface area, which consists of the
exposed external tube area (if any) plus the
external fin collar area, if used, less the area under
the fins corresponding to the fin root thickness, ft2
[m2]
- Secondary surface area (net fin area), ft2 [m2]
1.
is
2.
j
k
25
D
d
db dp -
26
Air-side
Conditions at dry-wet boundary
Fin root (when used with symbol, x)
Return bends (when used with symbol, N)
Assumed value (when used with symbol,
A)
Plate fin external collar (when used with
symbol, L)
Tube circuits (when used with symbol, N)
Dry surface
Plate fin depth in direction of air flow
(when used with symbol, L)
At outer edge of spiral fin at Df (when
used with symbol, Y)
Dry-bulb
Dew point (when used with symbol, t)
Saturated air at t1dp (when used with
symbol, h)
st
sw
t
tw
v
W
w
wb
x
8.3 Superscripts.
8.3.1 Numerical superscripts denote the power to
which a number or symbol is raised.
Section 9. Reference Properties and Conversion
Factors
9.1 Reference Properties.
The thermodynamic
properties of water and steam shall be obtained from
References A1.13 or A1.14. All other properties shall be
obtained from the ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals.
9.2 Metric Conversion Factors. For conversion factors
from I-P to SI units of measure, see Table 1 of
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 33 and Table 4 in this
standard. (Note: Equations in [ ] are in SI Units)
27
Item
Dynamic Viscosity
Heat Transfer Capacity
Heat Transfer Coefficient
Mass Flow Rate
Mass Velocity
Pressure Drop Parameter
Thermal Conductivity
Thermal Resistance
28
Conversion Factor
I-P x Factor = SI
0.41338
0.00029307
5.6783
0.000126
0.0013562
362.35
1730.7
0.17611
RAD + RmD = RAD / + Rt = Combined Air Film and Metal Thermal Resistance for Dry Surface, h ft 2 F / Btu
Figure 1.
Combined Air Film and Metal Thermal Resistance for Dry Surface
vs.
Air Film Thermal Resistance for Dry Surface
Illustrating performance factors as determined from laboratory tests
29
1
For Wet Surface Area: fa = f aW =
RaW
m"
Note: Determine
c
p
m"
cp
from Figure 8
Figure 2. Total Metal Thermal Resistance of Fin and Tube Assembly Based on Total Surface
Effectiveness
Illustrating performance factors as determined from laboratory tests
30
100 w
v
- Steam Mass Flow Rate Per Tube Circuit, 100 lb/(h tube circuit)
N
c
31
Figure 4. Rating Data for Hot or Cold Water Sensible Heat Coils
Illustrating performance factors as determined from laboratory tests
32
Figure 5. Rating Data for Cold Water Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils
Illustrating performance factors as determined from laboratory tests.
33
10
Nc
wr
Nc
- Refrigerant Loading Rate per Tube Circuit, 10-1 Btu /(h tube circuit)
- Refrigerant Mass Flow Rate per Tube Circuit, lb/(h tube circuit)
Va Standard Air Face Velocity, std. ft/min
Figure 6. Rating Data for Volatile Refrigerant Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils
Illustrating performance factors as determined from laboratory tests
34
Tube
1.122
1.081
1.038
1.000
0.937
0.889
0.852
0.825
0.814
0.804
0.787
0.774
0.764
0.756
Header
Ft =
0.999
0.999
0.999
1.000
1.005
1.013
1.021
1.033
1.039
1.045
1.061
1.076
1.094
1.125
(h Lt /L e )t wm
(h Lt /L e )60 F
( )
( )
( 0.25 /?2 )t wm
( 0.25 /?2 )60F
( )
( )
h
t wm
1/? 2 t wm
Fh = Lh
=
2
h Lh 60 F
1/? 60 F
1.2
1.1
Fh
1.0
0.9
Ft
0.8
0.7
0
[-17.8]
50
[10.0]
100
[37.8]
150
[65.6]
200
[93.3]
250
[121]
35
36
Coil Characteristic "C" as defined in equation 18, 18a, 18b, for the appropriate fluid.
Figure 9. Surface Temperature Chart for Air Cooling and Dehumidifying Coil
Application
37
xb
xe
w
Yf
fa
- Fin efficiency
- Fin root radius, in [mm]
- Fin tip radius, in [mm]
- Fin height = xe xb , in [mm]
- Fin thickness, in [mm]
- Film coefficient,
Btu/(h ft 2 F) [W/(m2 C)]
kf - Fin material thermal conductivity
Btu ft /(h ft 2 F) [W mm/(m2 C)]
As + Ap
- Surface effectiveness =
Ao
Ao - Total external surface area, ft 2 [m2 ]
Ap - Primary surface area, ft 2 [m2 ]
As - Secondary surface area, ft 2 [m2 ]
fa - Effective film coefficient,
Btu/(h ft 2 F) [W/(m2 C)]
w fa / ( 6k f Y ) w 2 f a / ( k f Y f
f
U b 1 (U e / U b )
Ub =
f a /( 6 k
(x e
I 1 (U b ) 1 K1 (U b )
I (U ) + K (U )
0
b
1
0
b
Yf )
/ x b 1)
2 fa / k f Y
(x e / x b
U e = U b ( xe / xb )
1 =
w fa / ( 6k f Y ) w 2 f a / ( k f Y f
f
38
I 1 (U e )
K1 (U e )
1)
Nomenclature:
- Fin efficiency
xb - Fin root radius, in [mm]
xe - Fin tip radius, in [mm]
w - Fin height = xe xb , in [mm]
Yr - Fin thickness at root, in [mm]
fa - Film coefficient,
Btu /(h ft 2 F) [W/(m2 C)]
kf - Fin material thermal conductivity,
Btu ft /(h ft 2 F)[Wmm /(m2 C)]
As + Ap
- Surface effectiveness =
Ao
w f a / ( 6 k f Y r ) w 2 f a / (k f Y )
r
4
3U b 1 U e / U b
( (
) )
4/3
I - 2/3 (U b ) + I 2/3 (U b )
I (U ) + I (U )
1/3 b
-1/3
b
= I 2 / 3 (U e ) / I 2 / 3 (U e )
Ub =
2 w f a / (6 k f Y r )
3 ( xe /xb 1 )
2 w 2 f a / k f Yr
3 ( xe /xb 1)
U e = Ub ( xe / xb ) 3 / 2
Y = Yr (xb / x )
w f / (6 k Y ) w 2 f a / (k f Y )
a
f r
r
Figure 11. Efficiency of Annular Fins of Constant Area for Heat Flow and Spiral Fins
39
Ac = Ao
RaW
For Fully-Wet Surface Cold Water Coils
Ac = Ao
fr
For Volatile Refrigerant Coils
Ac = Ao
qt
For Partially Dry and Fully-Wet Surface Cold
Water, Volatile Refrigerant and Cold Aqueous
Ethylene Glycol Solution Coils
Figure 12.
Determination of RaW , fr and qt
40
When M > 0 : E =
M 1 e o
1e
When M = 0: E = 1 e
co
(tw1 t1db ), (tg1 t1db ), or (tvlg t1db ) = Initial Air-toFluid Temperature Difference, F [C]
tw - Water Temperature Difference, F [C]
tg - Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solution
Temperature Difference, F [C]
tadb - Air Dry Bulb Temperature Difference, F
[C]
Reference A1.12
Air Side Unmixed
Tube-Side
Mixed
Also for H2 O:
M = tw / tadb
4.5 QaSTD c p 1.2 QaSTD c p
=
ww c pw
ww c pw
? t adb
? tm
= [ Ao / (1.2 cp QaSTD R )]
41
1
cosh
(M (1
( c / 2 )
e o
M 1 e ( co / 2 )
)) +
(c / 2 ) sinh
e o
(M (1
(
c o / 2 )
e
))
E =
c
When M = 0: E = 1 e o
(tw1 t1db ), (tg1 t1db ), or (tvlg t1db ) =
Initial Air-to-Fluid Temperature Difference, F [C]
Air - Side Unmixed
Tube-Side
Mixed
Reference A1.17
Also for H2 O:
M = tw / tadb
4.5 QaSTD c p 1.2 QaSTD c p
=
ww c pw
ww c pw
? tadb
? tm
= [ Ao /(1.2 cp QaSTD R) ]
42
When M 1 : E =
1 e
c (1 M )
o
1 - Me
c
o
When M = 1: E =
co + 1
- c (1 M )
o
(tw1 t1db ), (tg1 t1db ), or (tvlg t 1db ) = Initial Airto-Fluid Temperature Difference, F [C]
tw - Water Temperature Difference, F [C]
Also for H2 O:
M = tw / tadb
4.5 QaSTD c p
=
ww c pw
1.2 QaSTD c p
ww c pw
? tadb
? tm
= [ Ao / (1.2 cp QaSTD R )]
43
Figure 16. Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solution Performance for Smooth Internal Wall Tube Coils
Illustrating performance factors as calculated
44
Figure 17. Smooth Internal Tube Wall Heat Transfer Factor for Water
45
46
47